Review-7-9.doc

Chapter SevenTerms of Payment 支付条款I. Important Factors in International Payment 国际支付中的重要因素1. When - Time of payment 支付时间2. Where - Place of payment 支付地点3. What - Currency of payment 支付通货4. How - Means of Payment 支付方式II. Letter of Credit 信用证1. DefinitionA kind of written promise which is issued by the opening bank, requested and ordered by the applicant, to the exporter, promising to pay a certain sum of money within a certain period of time against the stipulated documents. 指开证银行应申请人的要求并按其指示向第三方开立的载有一定金额的，在一定的期限内凭符合规定的单据付款的书面保证文件。The banks conditional promise of payment. 银行的有条件的付款承诺2. Principal parties involved in Letter of Credit operation 参与信用证操作的主要方(1) The Applicant 申请人The Opener (the Importer or Buyer) who applies to the bank for opening the L/C. 向银行申请开立信用证的人(2) The Beneficiary 受益人The Favoree (the Exporter or the Seller) who has the right to use the L/C. 信用证上所指定的有权使用该证的人，出口人或者供货人(3) The Opening Bank开证行The Bank (the Issuing or Establishing Bank) which issues the relevant L/C required. 接受开证申请人的委托开立信用证的银行，它承担保证付款的责任(4) The Advising Bank 通知行The Notifying bank entrusted by the opening bank to inform the beneficiary after exchanging papers with the opening bank and checking whether the L/C is a real one or a counterfeit. 受开证行的委托，将信用证转交出口人的银行，证明信用证的真实性，不承担其他义务，是出口地所在银行。(5) The Negotiating Bank 议付银行The Bank which buys documents from the beneficiary and negotiates them. 愿意买入受益人交来跟单汇票的银行。Other parties(6) Paying Bank付款银行The Bank appointed by the Opening Bank to effect payment to a negotiating bank. 信用证上指定付款的银行，在多数情况下，付款行就是开证行。(7) The Confirming Bank 保兑行The Bank which confirms the L/C at the request of the exporter if the opening bank does not have a good financial status. 如果开证行财政状况不好，受开证行委托对信用证以自己名义保证的银行。3. The procedure of L/C payment 信用证支付的程序(1)开证申请人根据合同填写开证申请书并交纳押金或提供其他保证，请开证行开证。 (2)开证行根据申请书内容，向受益人开出信用证并寄交出口人所在地通知行。 (3)通知行核对印鉴无误后，将信用证交受益人。 (4)受益人审核信用证内容与合同规定相符后，按信用证规定装运货物、备妥单据并开出汇票，在信用证有效期内，送议付行议付。 (5)议付行按信用证条款审核单据无误后，把货款垫付给受益人。 (6)议付行将汇票和货运单据寄开证行或其特定的付款行索偿。 (7)开证行核对单据无误后，付款给议付行。 (8)开证行通知开证人付款赎单。4. Characteristics of L/C 信用证的特征(1) The opening bank bears the first responsibility to pay the beneficiary. 开证行承担支付受益人的第一责任(2) Credits are independent of the sales or other contracts on which they may be based. 信用证独立于销售或其他合同，合同已信用证为基础(3) The L/C deals with documents only. 信用证必须是书面文件格式5. Classification/ Forms of L/C 信用证的分类和格式(1) Payment Credit, Acceptance Credit and Negotiation Credit Payment Credit付款信用证The issuing bank promises to pay the beneficiary immediately when the beneficiary supplies documents in conformity with the terms of the L/C. 受益人提供和信用证一致的文件，开证行承诺立即支付受益人Acceptance Credit 承兑信用证After receiving the stipulated drafts and documents, the opening bank or paying bank first effects acceptance and then, when the drafts and documents become mature, it will pay on time. 开证行或信用证指定的付款行在收到信用证规定的汇票和单据，审单无误后，先在该汇票上履行承兑手续，等到该远期汇票到期，付款行才进行付款的信用证。Negotiation Credit议付信用证The beneficiary obtains payment by presenting a draft and/or relevant documents. 信用证规定由某一银行议付或任何银行都可议付的信用证。Open/Free Negotiation Credit公开议付信用证/自由议付信用证 No negotiating bank appears on the L/C and the L/C is freely negotiable. 开证行对愿意办理议付的任何银行作公开议付邀请和普通付款承诺的信用证，即任何银行均可按信用证的条款自由议付的信用证。Restricted Negotiation Credit 限制议付信用证 The negotiation of L/C is restricted to a certain bank. 开证行指定某一银行或开证行本身自己进行议付的信用证。(2) Documentary Credit and Clean Credit 跟单信用证和光票信用证(3) Irrevocable L/C and Revocable L/C 不可撤销信用证和可撤销信用证(4) Confirmed L/C and Unconfirmed L/C 保兑信用证和不保兑信用证(5) Transferable Credit and Non-transferable Credit 可转让信用证和不可转让信用证III. Collection托收1. DefinitionA way of international payment in which the seller (exporter) issues a draft against the invoice value and consigns to a bank the collection of money from the buyer (importer). 出口人在货物装运后，开具以进口方为付款人的汇票（随附或不随付货运单据），委托出口地银行通过它在进口地的分行或代理行代出口人收取货款一种结算方式。2. Parties Involved 有关各方(1) The Principal (Drawer) 委托人The consigner of collection. 托收的委托人(2) The Remitting Bank 托收银行The Bank consigned by the principal tasks itemized in the latters Collection Application.(3) The Collecting Bank 代收银行The Bank appointed by the remitting bank to perform collection.(4) The Presenting Bank 提示银行The Bank responsible for presenting the buyer (the Drawee) with the draft and documents.(5) The Drawee 付款人The party to pay the money; usually the importer.3. The Basic Procedure of Collection 托收的基本程序卖方作为委托人开立汇票，委托出口地银行收取货款，出口地银行作为托收行接受委托人委托后，再行委托进口地银行作为代收行（解付行）收取货款，最后由接受出口地银行委托的进口地银行向汇票指定的支付托收款项的人（通常就是买方）收取货款。4. Forms of Collection 托收的形式(1) Document against Payment: D/P 付款交单The collecting bank gives the relevant documents to the importer after he has paid. 代收行必须在进口人付款后方能将单据交予进口人的方式Documents against Payment at sight: D/P sight即期付款交单D/P after sight (D/P after days) 远期付款交单(2) Document against Acceptance: D/A 承兑交单The importer can obtain the relevant documents and take delivery of the goods after he shows his acceptance on the draft. 在使用远期汇票收款时，当代收行或提示行向进口人提示汇票和单据，若单据合格进口人对汇票加以承兑时，银行即凭进口人的承兑向进口人交付单据。5. Risks in Collection 托收的风险Risks Under D/A DA项下到期买家拖欠或破产的风险Risks Under D/P DP项下银行擅自放单或船公司无单防货的风险，也包含某些国家记名提单的风险。导致结果是虽然做的DP，但货被提走，钱没付。IV. Remittance汇付1. DefinitionA kind of payment in international trade, by which the importer entrusts a bank with the remittance of a certain sum of money to the export. 国际贸易的一种支付方式，付款人通过银行将货款汇交收款人的一种结算方式。2. Parties concerned 有关各方(1) Remitter 汇款人(2) Beneficiary (Payee) 收款人(3) Remitting Bank 汇出行(4) Paying Bank 汇入行3. Varieties of Remittance 汇付的种类(1) Mail Transfer 信汇M/T, by which the buyer presents a sum of money to the Remitting Bank, which entrusts a Paying Bank, through mail in the exporters place of business, with the effecting of payment to the seller. 信汇是汇出行应汇款人的申请，用航空信函的形式，指示出口国汇入行解付一定金额的款项给收款人的汇款方式。(2) Telegraphic Transfer 电汇T/T, by which the buyer trusts the Remitting Bank with the remittance of money by telegraph to the Paying Bank, which effects payment to the seller. 电汇是汇出行应汇款人的申请，拍发加押电报或电传给在另一国家的分行或代理行（即汇入行）解付一定金额给收款人的一种汇款方式。(3) Demand Draft 票汇D/D, by which the importer buys a bank draft from the Remitting Bank and sends it directly to the seller, who draws the money against the draft from the nominated Paying Bank in his place of business. 票汇是指汇出行应汇款人的申请，代汇款人开立以其分行或代理行为解付行的银行即期汇票，支付一定金额给收款人的汇款方式。Chapter EightInsurance 保险I. Perils and risks 危险和风险1. Perils of the sea 海洋的危险The causes of losses of or damage to the goods, over which the captain of a vessel has no control. 船长无法控制的货物的损失或破坏(1) Natural calamities 自然灾害Bad weather, Thunder and lightening, Flood, Rough sea, Drift ice, Earthquake, etc. 恶劣天气，雷电，洪水，风浪，浮冰，地震等等(2) Fortuitous accidents 意外事件Grounding, Stranding, Sinking, Colliding, Catching fire, Exploding, Missing, etc. 搁浅，下沉，碰撞，火灾，爆炸，遗失2. Risks风险(1) General risks 一般风险Theft, Breakage, Leakage, Contamination, sweat and heating, taint of odor, hook damage, Shortage, Rust. 盗窃，破损，泄露，污染，受潮受热，串味，钩损(2) Special risks特殊风险Risks resulting from military affairs, political and administrative rules. 由于战争，政治或行政条例引起的风险II. Ocean average海损Loss sustained in sea transportation. 海洋运输中的持续损失1. Total loss 整体损失All the goods insured suffer loss. 所有投保的货物都遭受了损失2. Partial loss 部分损失Any loss other than a total loss.整体损失外的其他损失(1) General Average 共同海损The kind of situation in which the carrying vessel meets at sea with a disaster or an accident which endangers the common safety of the goods and the vessel, and in order to get rid of this danger and protect the ship and goods and continue the voyage, the party of the vessel naturally takes necessary measures, thus causing some special or extra fees. 船舶和货物等在海上运输中遭遇自然灾害、意外事故或其他特殊情况，为了解除危险保护船舶和货物并继续航行，而采取合理措施所引起的特殊损失（即牺牲）和合理的额外费用。(2) Particular Average 水渍险Any partial loss sustained by the interested party in a special case. 因自然灾害或意外事故等直接导致由船舶或货物所有人各自负担的损失III. Insurance Contract 保险合同1. The purpose of insurance 保险的目的(1) To change the uncertain risks into fixed charges by effecting insurance. 通过保险把不定风险成本算入固定成本中(2) To provide compensation for those who suffer from loss or damage. 为遭受损失或破坏的提供补偿2. The definition to insurance contract 保险合同的定义One between a party who agrees to accept the risk (the insurer) and a party seeking protection from the risk (the insured). In return for payment of a premium, the insurer agrees to pay the insured either the full amount of the loss that may be incurred or a specified percentage of the amount should the event insured against occur. 同意接受风险一方（保险公司）和寻求风险保护一方（投保人）的合同。3. Insurance value 保险金额Cost of goods + amount of freight + insurance premium + a percentage of the total sum to represent a reasonable profit on sale of goods 商品成本加运费金额加保险费加运输商品合理利润总数的一定比例4. Insurance premium 保险费The sum of money paid by the insured, which is quoted as a percentage of the sum insured. 由投保人支付一定数额的钱，数量是已投保总数额的一定比例5. The form of insurance contracts保险合同的种类(1) Insurance policy 保险单(2) Insurance Certificate 保险凭证IV. Insurance Clauses of CICCIC: China Insurance Clauses. 中国保险条款1. Three basic risks 三种基本险(1) FPA平安险Free from Particular Average means particular average is not included in the insurers liabilities. 单独海损不包括在保险公司的责任范围内(2) WPA or WA 水渍险赔偿With Particular Average means the insurer is responsible for particular average. 保险公司对单独海损负责(3) A.R 一切险All Risks cover not only those liabilities under FPA and WPA, but also all the damage caused by other factors. 包括平安险和水渍险，并且包括所有由其他因素引起的破坏2. Additional risks 附加险(1) General additional risks 一般附加险A. Theft, pilferage and non-delivery (TPND) 偷窃提货不着险B. Fresh water and rain damage淡水雨淋险C. Risk of shortage 短量险D. risk of leakage 渗漏险E. Risk of intermixture and contamination 混杂沾污险F. Risk of clash and breakage碰损破碎险G. Risk of odor串味险H. Damage caused by heating and sweating 受潮受热险I. Hook damage 钩损险J. Loss or damage caused by breakage of packing 包装破裂险K. Risks of rust 绣损险(2) Special additional risks 特殊附加险A. Failure to deliver risk 交货不到险B. Import duty risk 进口关税险C. On deck risk 舱面险D. Rejection risk 拒收险E. Aflatoxin risk 黄曲霉素险F. War risk 战争险G. Strike risk 罢工险H. Fire risk extension clauses for storage of cargo at destination Hong Kong including Kowloon or Macao出口货物到香港（包括九龙在内）或澳门存仓火险责任扩展条款3. W/W clause 仓至仓条款Insurance coverage of risks to a shipment of goods from the time the goods leave the warehouse for commencement of transit and continue during ordinary course of transit until delivered to final warehouse at destination or until the expiration of 60 days as of the moment of the insured goods are unloaded (if the shipment fails to reach the aforesaid warehouse), but with exception that the goods be transported to other place of destination not indicated on the insurance documents. 保险期间自货物从保险单载明的起运港（地）发货人的仓库或储存处开始运输时生效，到货物运达保险单载明目的港（地）收发人的最后仓库或被保险人用作分配、分派或非正常运输的其他储存处所为止；如未抵达上述仓库或储存处所，则以被保险货物在最后目的港（地）卸离海轮满60日为止；在货物未经运抵收货人仓库或储存处所并在卸离海轮60天内，需转运到非保险单载明的目的地时，以该项货物开始转运时终止。V. Insurance Clauses of ICC ICC: Institute Cargo Clause 协会货物条款 Clauses of ICC ICC中的条款ICC (A)All risks are covered except exclusions. 承保“除外责任”之外的一切风险Exclusions 除外责任(1) General exclusions一般除外(2) Unseaworthy exclusions 不适航除外(3) War exclusions 战争除外(4) Strike exclusions 罢工除外ICC(B)Risks which are within the list of the insurers liabilities are covered. ICC(C)The insurer only covers those risks which pertain to serious accidents. 只涵盖严重意外事件VI. Special Insurance Terms in Transportation of Easily Broken Goods 易损货物运输中的特别保险条款1. Franchise When the percentage of damage is not over the stipulated percentage, the insurance company does not compensate. When the damage exceeds the percentage stipulated, the insurance company compensates for all of the loss or damage.当破损比例不超过规定比例时，保险公司不予赔偿，当破损比例超过规定比例时，保险公司赔偿丢失或破损的全部2. DeductibleWhen the damage is over the stipulated percentage, the insurance company only compensates fo