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我国数控技术战略发展途径在我国，数控技术与装备的发展亦得到了高度重视，近年来取得了相当大的进步。特别是在通用微机数控领域，以PC平台为基础的国产数控系统，已经走在了世界前列。但是，我国在数控技术研究和产业发展方面亦存在不少问题，特别是在技术创新能力、商品化进程、市场占有率等方面情况尤为突出。在新世纪到来时，如何有效解决这些问题，使我国数控领域沿着可持续发展的道路，从整体上全面迈入世界先进行列，使我们在国际竞争中有举足轻重的地位，将是数控研究开发部门和生产厂家所面临的重要任务。 为完成此任务，首先必须确立符合中国国情的发展道路。为此，本文从总体战略和技术路线两个层次及数控系统、功能部件、数控整机等几个具体方面探讨了新世纪的发展途径。1 总体战略制定符合中国国情的总体发展战略，对21世纪我国数控技术与产业的发展至关重要。通过对数控技术和产业发展趋势的分析和对我国数控领域存在问题的研究，我们认为以科技创新为先导，以商品化为主干，以管理和营销为重点，以技术支持和服务为后盾，坚持可持续发展道路将是一种符合我国国情的发展数控技术和产业的总体战略。1.1 以科技创新为先导中国数控技术和产业经过40多年的发展，从无到有，从引进消化到拥有自己独立的自主版权，取得了相当大的进步。但回顾这几十年的发展，可以看到我们在数控领域的进步主要还是按国外一些模式，按部就班地发展，真正创新的成分不多。这种局面在发展初期的起步阶段，是无可非议的。但到了世界数控强手如林的今天和知识经济即将登上舞台的新世纪，这一常规途径就很难行通了。例如，在国外模拟伺服快过时，我们开始搞模拟伺服，还没等我们站稳市场，技术上就已经落后了；在国外将脉冲驱动的数字式伺服打入我国市场时，我们就跟着搞这类所谓的数字伺服，但至今没形成大的市场规模；近来国外将数字式伺服发展到用网络（通过光缆等）与数控装置连接时，我们又跟着发展此类系统，前途仍不乐观。这种老是跟在别人后面走，按国外已有控制和驱动模式来开发国产数控系统，在技术上难免要滞后，再加上国外公司在我国境内设立研究所和生产厂，实行就地开发、就地生产和就地销售，使我们的产品在性能价格比上已越来越无多大优势，因此要进一步扩大市场占有率，难度自然就很大了。为改变这种现状，我们必须深刻理解和认真落实“科学技术是第一生产力”的伟大论断，大力加强数控领域的科技创新，努力研究具有中国特色的实用的先进数控技术，逐步建立自己独立的、先进的技术体系。在此基础上大力发展符合中国国情的数控产品，从而形成从数控系统、数控功能部件到种类齐全的数控机床整机的完整的产业体系。这样，才不会被国外牵着鼻子，永远受别人的制约，才有可能用先进、实用的数控产品去收复国内市场，打开国际市场，使中国的数控技术和数控产业在21世纪走在世界的前列。1.2 在商品化上狠下工夫近几年我国数控产品虽然发展很快，但真正在市场上站住脚的却不多。就数控系统而言，国产货仍未真正被广大机床厂所接受，因此出现国产数控系统用于旧机床改造的例子较多，而装备新机床的却很少，机床厂出产的国产数控机床大多数用的都是国外的系统。这当然不是说旧机床的数控化改造不重要，而是说明从商品的角度看，我们的数控系统与国外相比还存在相当大的差距。影响数控系统和数控机床商品化的主要因素除技术性能和功能外，更重要的就是可靠性、稳定性和实用性。以往，一些数控技术和产品的研究、开发部门，所追求的往往是一些体现技术水平的指标（如多少通道、多少轴联动、每分钟多少米的进给速度等等），而对影响实用性的一些指标和一些小问题却不太重视，在产品的稳定性、鲁棒性、可靠性、实用性方面花的精力相对较少。从而出现某些产品鉴定时的水平都很高，甚至也获各种大奖。但这些高指标、高性能的产品到用户哪儿却由于一些小问题而表现不尽人意，最后丧失了信誉，打不开市场。这说明，高指标、高性能的样机型的产品离用户真正需要的实用、可靠的商品是有相当大的距离的，将一个高指标、高性能的产品变为一个有市场的商品还需做出大量艰苦的努力。另一方面，数控系统和数控机床不像家电类产品那样易于大批量生产，应用环境也不那么简单。数控产品是在生产环境中使用，面临的是五花八门的工艺问题。如果开发部门对这些问题掌握得不透，就难以将产品设计得很完善。而且数控产品的某些问题在开发、试用，甚至鉴定时都难以发现。这就造成，同样型号的数控机床在有的用户那儿运行得很好，而在别的用户那儿却表现欠佳。或者同样型号的数控机床用于加工某些零件工作得很好，但用于加工其他零件时却不尽人意。出现这种情况，有时是用户操作人员的水平问题，但有时就是数控产品本身潜在问题的暴露。为解决这一问题，国外一些公司设立了专门机构来测试考验自己的产品，如为考验新开发的数控系统，厂家自己设计和从生产实际中收集了大量零件程序，让数控系统运行各种各样的程序，一旦发现问题，即立即反馈给开发部门予以解决。经过这样的测试考验过程后，数控系统的潜在问题就大为减少。以往，我们的产品就很少进行这样严格的全面的自我测试考验。好些问题要等到用户去给我们挑出来。这样，即使一个小问题也将严重影响国产数控产品的声誉。因此，我们应充分重视上述问题，在商品化上切实狠下工夫，将其作为数控产业的主干来抓，贯穿于技术研究、产品开发、试制、生产等的全过程中，从而将我们已有的技术水平较高的数控产品变成真正有市场的好商品。1.3 将管理和营销作为产业发展重点经过20来年市场风雨的冲击，国人已越来越认识到，技术固然重要，但在市场经济的环境下，要在激烈的全球竞争中获胜，管理和营销就显得更为重要。例如，我国台湾生产的数控机床不但占领了大陆市场的相当大的份额，而且还打进了美国市场。是台湾数控机床的技术和质量超过美国了吗？显然不是。那他们靠的是什么？重要的一条就是在企业管理和产品营销上下了工夫。而我们长期以来把主要精力放在开发技术和提高水平上，忽视了经营管理、市场开拓、产品营销等方面的工作，结果在新技术、新产品开发出来以后，在产品质量提高以后，企业仍然处于产品销售不畅的困境。国内外的经验说明，数控产品的竞争力不仅取决于技术，更取决于经营管理能力和营销能力。因此，从现在起我们应将管理和营销作为产业发展重点，真正摆脱计划经济时代所遗留下来的思维方式和工作习惯的束缚，建立适应市场的高效、灵敏的运行机制和有效的激励机制。通过这种机制，一方面切实加强企业管理，激发企业负责人和广大职工的负责精神、创造精神和献身精神，努力提高产品的竞争能力；另一方面充分调动企业内外、行业内外一切积极因素，大力加强市场开拓力度，奋力打通营销渠道。可以坚信，有过硬竞争力的产品，再加上北京开关厂那样的“找、挣、钻、抢”精神，我们就一定能在市场竞争中取得胜利。1.4 大力加强技术支持和服务数控系统和数控机床作为典型的高技术产品，对用户的技术支持和服务是相当重要的。以前国产数控产品丧失信誉的原因，除可靠性问题外，另一大问题就是缺乏有力的技术支持和服务。用户花了很多钱买的数控机床或数控系统，一旦出现问题却叫天天不应，叫地 地不灵，以后谁还敢买我们的产品。因此，应将对用户的技术支持和服务当成重要的日常工作来抓，使我们在市场上向纵深挺进时，有一个强大后方。因此，为了取得数控产品市场竞争的全面胜利，必须建立以技术支持和服务为核心的强大后方。当然，为赢得主动，后方也须主动出击。目前，利用先进的信息技术手段（如网络和多媒体），将为建立新一代立体化的技术支持和服务体系开辟新的途径。1.5 坚持可持续发展道路可持续发展是下一世纪企业发展的重要战略，我国数控产业要有大的发展也必须坚持走可持续发展的道路。绿色是实现可持续发展的重要途径，其主要思想是清洁和节约。为此应大力加强绿色数控产品的开发，加速促进数控产品、数控产业以及整个制造业的绿色化，主要战略措施应考虑以下几方面：有效减少产品制造及使用过程中的环境污染。如减少数控机床的铸件结构，消除铸造对环境的污染；将数控机床主轴的润滑以油气润滑、喷油润滑等取代油雾润滑，减少对生产环境的污染；在精密数控机床及其运行环境的温度控制中取消氟利昂制冷的恒温技术；以电传动代替机械传动，减少噪声污染。大幅度降低资源消耗和能源消耗。如以软件代替硬件，从而减少硬件制造的资源和能源消耗及污染，并减少产品寿命结束后硬件装置的拆卸回收问题；以永磁驱动代替感应驱动，提高效率和功率因数，节约能源；以电传动代替机械传动，提高效率，减少能源消耗。加强用数控技术改造传统机床。这既符合运用信息技术和自动化技术改造传统产业，使传统产业生产技术和装备现代化这一产业可持续发展的目标得以实现，又可取的巨大的经济效益。我国拥有普通机床数百万台，加强用数控技术改造传统机床将成为下世纪我国数控领域的重要发展方向。大力发展绿色数控机床。绿色数控机床应是材料消耗少、能耗低、无污染，寿命长且便于拆卸回收的新型机床。例如，以并联结构代替串联结构就是开发绿色数控机床的一条途径，这是因为并联结构机床消耗的金属材料仅为常规串联结构机床的几分之一，其加工量也比常规机床大幅度减少，特别是消除了大型结构件的铸造，这将显著降低机床制造过程中的能源消耗和对环境的污染。此外，并联结构机床有利于采用电传动，效率高，可有效降低使用中的能源消耗。国际标准化组织制定了ISO14000环境管理标准，全球环境问题“法律化”的趋势正在进一步发展，可持续发展将成为企业通向国际市场的通行证。因此，我们的数控产品要在下一世纪走向国际市场，我们的企业就必须“从我做起，从现在做起”。2 技术途径2.1 发展具有中国特色的新一代PC数控系统数控系统是各类数控装备的核心，因此通过科技创新首先发展具有中国特色的新型数控系统，将是推动数控产业化进程的有效技术途径。实践证明，10年来我们所走的PC数控道路是完全正确的。PC机（包括工业PC）产量大、价格便宜，技术进步和性能提高很快，且可靠性高（工业PC主机的MTBF已达30年3）。因此，以其作为数控系统的软硬件平台不但可以大幅度提高数控系统的性能价格比，而且还可充分利用通用微机已有软硬件资源和分享计算机领域的最新成果，如大容量存储器、高分辨率彩色显示器、多媒体信息交换、联网通讯等。此外，以通用微机作为数控平台还可获得快速的技术进步，当PC机升级换代时，数控系统也可相应升级换代，从而长期保持技术上的优势，在竞争中立于不败之地。目前，PC数控系统的体系结构有2种主要形式：（1）专用数控加PC前端的复合式结构；（2）通用PC加位控卡的阶梯式结构。另外还有一种正在发展的数字化分布式结构。其方案是将由DSP等组成的数字式伺服通过以光缆等为介质的网络与数控装置连接起来，组成完整的数控系统。这种系统虽然性能很好，但由于开发和生产成本太高，近期难以被国内广大用户所接受。我们认为，上述结构并不是符合中国国情的最好方案，适合中国国情的应是将所有数控功能全软件化的集成式结构，因为这种结构的硬件规模最小，不但有利于降低系统成本，而且更重要的是可以有效提高系统的可靠性。几十年的经验表明，可靠性好坏是国产数控系统能否发展的关键。虽然影响数控系统可靠性的因素很多，但过大的硬件规模和较低的硬件制造工艺水平往往对可靠性造成最大的威胁。以往，国产数控系统在总体设计时由于种种原因的限制，不得不选用技术指标不太高的普通CPU，这样，为完成数控的复杂功能往往需要由多个CPU来组成系统，有时还需另加一些专用或通用硬件电路来实现数控系统的一些高实时性功能（如细插补、位置伺服控制等），从而造成系统硬件规模庞大。对于数控系统这种批量不大的产品，在国内现有工艺条件下，很难从硬件制造的角度保证系统的可靠性，因而使得国产数控系统在生产现场的表现不佳，对国产数控系统的形象和声誉造成严重影响，使得不少用户现在还心有余悸。Chinas technology strategy development paths NC In China, the CNC technology and equipment development has also been a high degree of attention in recent years has made considerable progress. Particularly in the area of general computer numerical control, PC-based platform for domestic CNC systems, has been at the forefront of the world. China, however, is in NC technology research and development industries also have many problems, particularly in the ability of technological innovation and commercialization process, and other aspects of market share is even more conspicuous. In the arrival of the new century, how to effectively solve these problems, Chinas NC areas along the path of sustainable development, from the overall comprehensive entered the ranks of the advanced world, we in the international competition in a pivotal position, will be NC research and development departments and manufacturers facing the important task. To accomplish this task, first of all, must be established in line with Chinas national conditions and development. Therefore, this article from the overall strategic and technical level and two line CNC system, functional components, NC complete machine, and several specific aspects of the development in the new century means. An overall strategy Develop in line with Chinas national conditions of the overall development strategy of China in the 21st century CNC technology and industrial development. Through the CNC technology and industrial development trends of Chinas NC and the field of the study, we believe that technology innovation as a precursor to commercialization is the mainstay for the management and marketing, with the focus on technical support and services for backing , will adhere to the road of sustainable development consistent with the actual situation in China is a CNC technology and the development of the industry overall strategy. 1.1 technology innovation as a pilot Chinas CNC technology and industry after 40 years of development, from scratch, from the introduction of digestion to have their own independent autonomous copyright, made considerable progress. But looking back decades of development, we can see progress in the field of NC mainly by foreign models, the step-by-step development of truly innovative small components. This situation in the early days of the initial stage, is understandable. However, strong opponents such as the World NC-lam today, and the knowledge-based economy will be boarded stage of the new century, this means it will be very difficult to conventional conversation. For example, in foreign outdated analog servo soon, we began to engage in mock Servo, but he did not wait for us to take a firm market has been technically backward; abroad will be pulsed digital servo drive into Chinas market, we have to engage with the Such so-called digital servo, but has not been a large market size; recent abroad will be to the development of digital servo using networks (through fiber optic cable, etc.) and NC device connection, we have followed the development of such systems, is not optimistic about the future . This always go with the others behind, has been under foreign control and drive mode to develop the numerical control system, it is inevitable that lag behind in technology, coupled with foreign companies in China and the establishment of the Institute and production plants, on the implementation of and the development, in situ production and in situ, allowing our products has been increasing in the cost-of little advantage, it is necessary to further expand market share, on the very nature of the difficulty. In order to change this situation, we must thoroughly understand and earnestly implement the science and technology are the primary productive force great thesis, vigorously strengthen the NC field of scientific and technological innovation, research efforts with Chinese characteristics and practical advanced numerical control technology, and gradually build their own independent, advanced technology system. On the basis of this development is in line with Chinas national conditions vigorously NC products, thus forming from the NC system, the NC components to the full range of CNC Machine Tool the integrity of the industry. In this way it will not be foreign to lead the nose, always constrained by the others, will it be possible to use advanced and practical NC recovering domestic product to market, open international markets to Chinas NC NC technology and industry in the 21st century take the forefront in the world. 1.2 in the commercialization and pay special attention to NC products in recent years China has been developing rapidly, but there is really a firm foothold in the market not many. On the NC system, Guochanhuo have not really been accepted by the overwhelming majority of Machine Tool Plant, resulting in domestic CNC machine tool systems for the old examples of the more, and equipment of the new machine is small, Machine Tool Plant produces domestic CNC machine tools Most were used foreign systems. This is not to say that the old machine NC transformation is not important, but the goods from the point of view of our CNC system compared with other countries there are still a considerable gap. NC system and the impact of commercialization of CNC machine tools major factor in addition to the technical performance and functionality, but more important is the reliability, stability, and practicality. Previously, some of CNC technology and product research and development departments, and often it is pursued by a number of indicators of the level of technology (such as the number of channels, the number-axis, the number of meters per minute feed rate, etc.), and the impact usefulness of some of the indicators and some small problems but not paid much attention in the product stability, robustness, reliability, practicality, the energy spent relatively little. This way, the identification of certain products at a very high standard, but also by the various awards. But these high targets, high-performance products to the user where because of some minor problems and unsatisfactory performance, the final loss of credibility, being unable to open the market. This shows that the high targets, high-performance models like the products from the users really need a practical, reliable goods is a considerable distance, will be a high targets, high-performance products into a commodity market needs to be done a lot of painstaking efforts. On the other hand, CNC systems and CNC machine tool products like home appliances, as easy to mass production, application environment not so simple. NC products are in use in a production environment, is facing a variety of technological issues. If the development sector on these issues are not thoroughly grasp on the product design will be very difficult to complete. NC products and some of the issues in the development, test, even when they can not find identification. This caused the same type of CNC machine tools in some users run very well there, and there are other users in the poor performance. Or the same type of CNC machine tool for processing certain parts work very well, but other parts for processing when unsatisfactory. This happens, sometimes the standard user operation, but sometimes NC product itself is the potential exposure. To solve this problem, some foreign companies to set up specialized agencies to test a test of its own products, such as the development of a test of the new NC system, manufacturers its own design and production from the actual collection of a large number of components in the process to run the NC system kind of a variety of procedures, once discovered, that is, immediate feedback to the development sector to be addressed. After this test test process, the CNC system on the potential problems greatly reduced. The past, our products are rarely carried out such stringent comprehensive self-test test. Some issues we have to wait until users to give us singled out. Thus, even a small problem will seriously affect the reputation of China-made products NC. Therefore, we should pay full attention to the above problems, and pay special attention to the commercialization, as the backbone of NC industry task throughout the technology research, product development, Preparation, the entire process of production, thus we have the higher the skill level of NC products into genuine good commodity market. 1.3 will manage the development and marketing as a key industry After 20 of the coming year, the market impact of the storm, people have become increasingly aware that technology is important, but in a market economy environment, we must in the face of fierce global competition and win, management and marketing has become more important. For example, Chinas Taiwan CNC machine tool production to the mainland not only occupied a large market share, but also into the United States market. Taiwans CNC machine tool technology and quality than the United States? Clearly not. That they rely on? The most important one is in the enterprise management and product marketing of the work from top to bottom. We long to focus on the development of technology and improve the quality and neglected the operation and management, market development, product marketing, and other aspects of the work results in new technologies, new products developed later, in the improvement of product quality, the enterprises still at the plight of poor sales. Domestic and international experience shows that the competitiveness of the products NC depends not only on technology, but also dependent on capacity management and marketing ability. Therefore, from now on we should management and marketing as a key industrial development, the real from the planned economy era left from the way of thinking and work habits, adapt to the market to establish an efficient, sensitive operational mechanism and an effective incentive mechanism. Through this mechanism, on the one hand effectively strengthen enterprise management, and stimulate enterprises are responsible for the vast majority of workers and responsible spirit, creative spirit and the spirit of sacrifice, and strive to improve the competitiveness of the products; on the other hand to fully mobilize domestic and foreign enterprises, industry and outside all positive factors, vigorously strengthen market development efforts, strive to get through the marketing channels. We can firmly believe that there are strong competitive products, coupled with Beijing Switch Factory as find, earn, drilling, and looting spirit, we will certainly be able to compete in the market in the victory. 1.4 vigorously strengthen technical support and services CNC systems and CNC machine tool as a typical high-tech products, the users of technical support and services is very important. NC domestic product before the reasons for the loss of credibility, in addition to reliability problems, another big problem is the lack of strong technical support and services. Users spent a lot of money to buy NC NC machine or system, but if there are problems every day is not being heard by anyone, after Who Ganmai our products. Therefore, users should be on the technical support and services as an important task of the day-to-day, we in the market into depth, a strong rear. Therefore, in order to achieve product market competition NC comprehensive victory, we must establish a technical support and services at the core of the powerful rear. Of course, to gain the initiative, the rear has to take the initiative to attack. At present, the use of advanced information technology tools (such as Internet, and multimedia), will be a new generation of three-dimensional technical support and service system opened up new avenues. 1.5 adhere to the road of sustainable development Sustainable development is development of the next century are an important strategic enterprises, China NC industries have great development must also adhere to the path of sustainable development. Green is the achievement of sustainable development an important way, the main idea is clean and economical. Of this, we should vigorously strengthen the green NC product development, accelerate the promotion of products NC, NC industries, as well as the green of the entire manufacturing sector, the main strategic measures should take into account the following aspects: effectively reduce the manufacture and use of products in the process of environmental pollution . CNC machine tools such as reducing the casting structure, eliminate the environmental pollution caused by casting; NC will be in the machine spindle lubrication oil lubrication, lubrication, such as fuel injection replaced mist lubrication, reducing the production environment pollution in precision CNC machine tool and its operation environmental temperature control of the thermostat cancelled freon refrigeration technology; to replace mechanical transmission, drive to reduce noise pollution. significant reduction in the consumption of resources and energy consumption. If the software instead of hardware, thereby reducing hardware resources and energy consumption and pollution, and reducing product life after the demolition of hardware device recovery; to replace the permanent magnet drive induction drive, improve efficiency and power factor, energy conservation; Electric Drive to replace mechanical transmission, improve efficiency and reduce energy consumption. intensify NC technology to transform traditional machine. This not only conforms to the use of information technology and automation technology to transform traditional industries, the production of traditional industries technology and equipment modernization of the industrys sustainable development objectives are achieved, and the enormous economic benefits desirable. China has millions of general machine tools, used to strengthen NC technology to transform traditional machine next century China will become an important field of NC development direction. vigorously develop green CNC machine tools. Green CNC machine tool should be less material consumption, and low consumption, pollution-free, long life and easy recovery of demolition new machine. For example, parallel structure to replace the tandem structure is the development of a green CNC machine tool ways, it is because the parallel structure of machine tool consumption of conventional metallic materials tandem structure only a fraction of the machine, processing volume than conventional machine tools significantly reduce , in particular the elimination of the large-scale structure of the casting, which will significantly reduce manufacturing machine in the process of energy consumption and environmental pollution. In addition, the parallel structure of machine to use electric drive, high efficiency, which can effectively reduce the use of energy consumption. International Organization for Standardization developed ISO14000 environmental management standards, global environmental issues legal is the trend of further development, sustainable development will become a business permit to the international market. Therefore, we NC products in the next century to the international market, our enterprises must be starting with me, start now. 2 Technical Approach 2.1 development with Chinese characteristics and a new generation of PC NC system NC system is the core of all types of CNC equipment, first through the development of scientific and technological innovation with Chinese characteristics, the new NC system, will be to promote the industrialization process of NC effective technical means. Practice has proven that the past 10 years we are moving in the PC NC road is completely correct. PC machines (including industrial PC) output is big, cheap, technological progress, and quickly improve performance, and high reliability (MTBF host PC industry has reached 30 3). Therefore, as a CNC system with the hardware and software platform can greatly improve the cost-NC system, but also make full use of existing generic computer hardware and software resources and sharing the latest achievements in the field of computers, such as large memory capacity, high - color display, multimedia information exchange, networking and communic