美国概况 英文介绍.ppt

AGeneralSurveyofUSA,Part1GeneralIntroductionofUS,NationalFlag,NationalFlag:Thenumberofthestars50starsrepresentthe50statesofAmerica.13stripesrepresentthefirst13statesthatusedtobethecolonies.,ImportantFactsAboutUSA,Fullcountryname:TheUnitedStatesofAmerica(USA)Population:275,000,000Area:3,618,000sqmiles(9,370,000sqkm).The4thlargestintheworld.Capitalcity:Washington,DC(pop:607,000),People:Caucasian（高加索人，白种人）(74%),AfricanAmerican(12%),Latino(9%),Asian(3%),NativeAmerican(0.8%)Languages:English(officiallanguage),plusmanysecondarylanguage,chieflySpanishReligion:Protestant(56%),RomanCatholic(28%),Jewish(2%),Muslim(1%)Government:Federalrepublicof50states,President:ObamaGDP:US$9trillionGDPperhead:US$25,850Annualgrowth:4.1%Inflation:2.6%Majorindustries:Oil,electronics,computers,automobilemanufacturing,aerospaceindustries,agriculture.Majortradingpartners:Canada,Japan,theEU,Thelongestriver:MississippiRiver,thelongestintheworld.TheGreatLakes:(fromwesttoeast)LakeSuperior,LakeMichigan,LakeHuron,LakeErie,&LakeOntario.LakeMichiganbelongstoUSA.Theother4belongtobothUSA&Canada.ThefamousNiagaraFalls.,Thethreemostfamousnationalparksare1.TheRockyMountain&YellowstoneNationalPark2.TheGreatCanyonofColoradoinArizona3.YosemiteintheSierraNevada,WashingtonD.C.,ThecapitaloftheU.S.WashingtonMonumentJeffersonMemorialLincolnMemorialTheWhiteHouseTheCapitolLibraryofCongress,BostontheStateofMassachusetts,ItistheearliestcityestablishedintheUnitedStates.Ithasmanyfamousuniversities,suchasHarvardUniversity,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyandUniversityofBoston.ItisfullofEuropeanatmosphere.,NewYork(theBigApple)theStateofNewYork,ThelargestcityinboththeU.S.andtheworldSkyscrapersEmpireStateBuildingTheUnitedNationsHeadquartersChinatownWallStreetGreenwichVillageCentralPark,PhiladelphiatheStateofPennsylvania,IndependenceHallBetsyRossHousePennsylvaniaAcademyoftheFineArtsFranklinInstitute,ChicagotheStateofIllinois,ThethirdlargestcityintheU.S.Ithasanickname“TheSupermarketofAmerica”SearsTowerLincolnPark,HoustontheStateofTexas,NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministrationMannedSpacecraftTherearemanyfamouscorporationsaroundthecity,suchasGeneralElectric(GE)andInternationalBusinessMachines(IBM).,SanFranciscotheStateofCalifornia,IntheearlydaysitwastheplacewhereChinesepeopleconcentrated.GoldenGateBridgeThelargestChinatownoutsideofAsia,LosAngeles(theBigOrange)theStateofCalifornia,ThesecondlargestcityintheU.S.HollywoodBeverlyHillsDisneylandUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles(UCLA),DifferentPartsofUS,TheAtlanticCoastThecentralnorth-eastThecentralareaFurtherwestThesouth-westTheWestCoast,ImportantMountains,Therearethreemajormountainranges:theAppalachiansintheeast,theRockyMountainsinthewest,andtheSierraNevadaalongtheborderofNevadaandCalifornia.AppalachianMts阿巴拉契亚山脉RockyMts落基山脉SierraNevada内华达山脉,ImportantRivers,(NationalRivers)1*HudsonRiver2*MississippiRiver3*MissouriRiver4*OhioRiver,(InternationalRivers)1*ColoradoRiver2*ColumbiaRiver3*RioGranda4*St.LawrenceRiver,Part2PoliticalSystemofUSA,GeneralPrinciples,FederalismtheseparationofpowersrespectfortheConstitution&theruleoflaw.,TheTwoGovernments,ThestategovernmentTheFederalgovernment,PoliticalParties,DemocratsRepublicans,SeparationofPowers,executive(thePresident)legislature(Congress)judicial,ThePresident,ThePresidentistheeffectiveheadoftheexecutivebranchofgovernmentaswellasheadofstate.WiththePresident,aVice-Presidentiselected,&ifthePresidentdiestheVice-PresidentbecomesPresidentfortheunexpiredpartofthe4year.,TheCongress,theSenate(electedevery6years)theHouseofRepresentatives(2years),ThePartyPolicies,Simple-majorityelectoralsystem,liketheAmericanone,tendtocauseanationspoliticstobedominatedbycompetitionbetween2parties.The2greatAmericanpartiesareRepublicParty&DemocraticParty.,FamousPresidents:GeorgeWashington(1732-1799),Commander-in-chiefoftheContinentalArmyduringtheAmericanRevolution&1stPresidentoftheU.S.1789-1797),ThomasJefferson(1743-1826),3rdPresidentoftheU.S(1801-1809)&authoroftheDeclarationofIndependence.,2019/11/22,32,可编辑,BenjaminFranklin,BenjaminFranklin(17061790),Americanstatesman,diplomat,scientistandwriter.HewasbornintoapoorfamilyinMassachusetts,andworkedasprinterapprenticeinhisyouth.,AbrahamLincoln(1809-1865),16thPresidentoftheU.S.(1861-1865)FamousandadmiredbecauseofhisleadershipduringthedifficultperiodoftheAmericanCivilWarandtheliberationofNegroesfromslavery.,Part3AmericanHistory,TheEarliestInhabitants,20,000yearsago,AmericanIndiansColumbusfoundthenewcontinent10,000yearsago,thelaterEskimostheyear1000,theearliestEuropeans,Discovery,Inlate15th-centuryEurope,therewasagreatdemandforspices,textilesanddyesfromAsia.ChristopherColumbus,amarinerfromItaly,mistakenlybelievedthathecouldreachtheFarEastbysailing6,400kilometerswestfromEurope.,EnglishSettlements,ThefirstsuccessfulEnglishcolonyinAmericawasfoundedatJamestown,Virginiain1607.Ofthefirst105colonists,73diedofhungeranddiseasewithinsevenmonthsoftheirarrival.OnegroupofEnglishPuritanscrossedtheAtlanticintheshipMayflowerandsettledatPlymouth,Massachusettsin1620.AmuchlargerPuritancolonywasestablishedintheBostonareain1630.,ColonialEra,By1733Englishsettlershadoccupied13coloniesalongtheAtlanticcoast,namely,Connecticut,NewHampshire,NewYork,NewJersey,Massachusetts,Pennsylvania,Delaware,Virginia,NorthCarolina,SouthCarolina,Georgia,RhodeIsland,andMaryland.,WarofIndependence,April19,1775,theAmericanWarofIndependencebegan.May1775,asecondContinentalCongressmetinPhiladelphia.ThomasJeffersondraftedaDeclarationofIndependence,TheTreatyofPariswassignedinSeptember1783,inwhichBritainrecognizedtheindependenceoftheUnitedStates.,TheDeclarationofIndependenceTheConstitution,CivilWar,Time:1861-1865Participants:theSouth(Democratic)andtheNorth(Republican)Cause:AbrahamLincolnwaselectedaspresidentThePreface:LincolnwaselectedasPresident-1860年11月SouthCarolinavotedtoleavetheUnion-thesignalofthewarTheelevensouthernstatesformanindependentnationtheConfederateStatesofAmerica(beginning),TheprocessoftheCivilWar,Thefirststage(186i-1862夏)FailureafterfailurecametotheNorth.(seethecontrast)Thesecondstage：（1862，91865，4）TheEmancipationProclamation-1863,1,1HomesteadBill1862,5BattleofGettysburg-1863,7.1,turningpointThethirdstage:thevictory.1865,4,2Richmondwasabandon.,Influenceofthewar,Twoachievements:realizetheunificationoftheAmericannationEndtheslaverysystem,WesternMovement,Time:theyearsfollowingtheendofthecivilwarin1965People:minersPurpose:seekforgoldandsilverPlace:RockymountainregionFamousfigures:hiredhorsemen-cowboysResults:Indiansarewithdrewandbuffaloweredestroyed,Progressivemovement,Cause:economybooming+prosperityspreadingbutpovertycoexistMeasures:changepolicybefore1900:laissez-faireafter1900:progressivismAchievements:passinglawsrestrictingchildlabor,protectingwomenworkers,limitingworkhoursandprovidingworkermencompensation,letthesleepingdoglie,NewDeal,Economycircle:lowestpointrecovery-recessionprosperityrecession-lowestpoint1929,10,24BlackThursday,GreatDepressionbrokeout.HooverFranklinD.RooselveltNewDeal,Part4AmericanEducation,StructureofAmericanEducation,Earlychildhoodeducation,Grammarschoolorelementaryschool(primary),Highschool(secondary),Collegeanduniversity(higher/tertiaryeducation),Part5AmericanHolidays,January1NewYearsDay(新年）15MartinLutherKingJr.sBirthday19MartinLutherKingJr.sBirthdayObservedFebruary12LincolnsBirthday14ValentinesDay（情人节）16PresidentsDay22WashingtonsBirthday25AshWednesdayMarch8InternationalWomensDay（国际妇女节）17St.PatricksDay,April1AprilFoolsDay（愚人节）5PalmSunday10GoodFridayArborDay（植树节）11Passover12Easter（复活节）17OrthodoxHolyFriday19OrthodoxEaster22SecretariesDay22EarthDayMay6NursesDay7NationalDayofPrayer10MothersDay（母亲节）16ArmedForcesDay25MemorialDayObserved30MemorialDay,June14FlagDay（美国国旗纪念日）21FathersDayJuly4IndependenceDay（美国独立日）August2FriendshipDaySeptember7LaborDayGrandparentsDay17CitizenshipDay21RoshHashanah30YomKippur,October11NationalChildrensDay12ColumbusDay16NationalBossDay17SweetestDay24UnitedNationsDay31Halloween（万圣节前夜）November3ElectionDay11VeteransDay（退伍军人节）26ThanksgivingDecember14FirstDayofHanukkah25Christmas（圣诞节）26FirstDay