英语本科毕业论文-论以学生为中心的小学英语教学.doc

毕业论文（设计） 题 目：论以学生为中心的小学英语教学系 别：外国语学院专 业：英语班 级：2012级专接本3班姓 名：学 号：指导教师：教师职称：教授2013年4月21日毕业论文（设计） 题 目：论以学生为中心的小学英语教学系 别：外国语学院专 业：英语班 级：2012级专接本3班姓 名：学 号：指导教师：教师职称：教授2013年4月21日On the Student-Centered Teaching Style in Primary School English ClassesBySupervisor: ProfessorA Thesis Submitted to the English DepartmentOf Cangzhou Normal University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Bachelor of ArtsCangzhou, ChinaMarch, 2014沧州师范学院2014届毕业论文（设计）郑重声明 本人的毕业论文（设计）是在指导教师李平的指导下独立撰写并完成的。除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写的研究成果。所有合作者对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文（设计）中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。如有剽窃、抄袭、造假等违反学术道德、学术规范和侵权行为，本人愿意承担由此产生的各种后果，直至法律责任；并愿意通过网络接受公众的监督。特此郑重声明。毕业论文（设计）作者（签名）： 年 月 日论文使用授权说明本人完全了解沧州师范学院有关保留、使用学位论文（设计）的规定，即：学校有权保留送交论文（设计）的复印件，允许论文（设计）被查阅和借阅；学校可以公布论文（设计）的全部或部分内容，可以采用影印、缩印或其他复制手段保存论文（设计）。 毕业论文（设计）作者（签名） 指导教师（签名） 年 月 日Abstract Recent years, the student-centered teaching model becomes a new tendency. As early as 1975 years ago, Carl Ransom Rogers offered a view of student-centered teaching model. It embodies the dominant position of students and teachers should give full play to the students in the learning process. This should be well applied in our basic education in 21st century. Traditional style is considered as a single teaching model and cannot meet educational development. It not only lacks learning initiation and individual differences but also neglects the demand of learners in the whole teaching process. Student-centered teaching style cultivates the awareness of students independent learning and improves students subjective initiative and learning autonomy. It also enhances the activity of learning in classroom teaching. This thesis discusses student-centered teaching style in some aspects including theoretical base, approaches, individualized teaching and the role of teacher. This study concentrates on studentcentered English teaching in primary school. Experiments have been carried out to test the validity of student-centered teaching style in Primary English Classes. This paper make a conclusion that student-centered teaching style is an applicable and suitable teaching approach in primary English classes. The results suggest that cooperative language learning is likely to be affected by the level of the students. A high level of student might learn more benefits. It proposes too demanding for teachers and teachers may be difficult to complete the prescriptive task. Key words: Humanistic psychology; Total physical response; Cooperative language learning; Individualized teaching; Teachers role; Primary English teaching摘 要近几年来以学生为中心的英语教学模式成为一种新的趋势。早在1975年前，卡尔罗杰斯提出了一种新型的“以学生为中心的教学模式”，它体现了学生的主体地位又不忽视教师的指导作用。二十一世纪的我们更加注重基础教育，传统的教学模式比较单一，不能满足教育发展，它不仅缺乏学习动机和个体差异，也忽略了学生在整个教学过程中的需求。而以学生为中心的教学风格，有利于培养学生自主学习的意识，提高学生的主观能动性和自主学习能力。这也增强了学习的课堂教学活动。本文主要以人本主义心理学为理论基础，详细介绍了以学生为中心的全身反应法和合作学习法，并对个性化教学和老师角色做出了解释。该论文主要研究小学的英语教学，已经在以学生为中心的小学英语课堂上进行了有效性实验测试，最后可以得出一个结论，即以学生为中心的教学模式适合于小学英语课堂教学。但是，合作学习语言法很可能受到学生水平的影响，高水平的学生可能从中得到更多的益处；其次，对教师的要求太高，教师可能难以完成规定的新角色任务。关键词：人本主义心理学；全身反应法；合作语言学习法；个性化教学；教师的角色；小学英语教学 ContentsIntroduction1 Chapter one Theory Base on Student-Centered and Teaching Methods of Primary English Class4 1.1Humanistic Psychology4 1.2Total Physical Response and Cooperative Language Learning6Chapter two Individualized Teaching and the Role of Teacher9 2.1 Individualized Teaching9 2.2 Teachers Roles in Individualized Teaching9Chapter three Experimental Investigation on Primary School12 3.1Results of Questionnaire12 3.2 Students Attitude of Learning English13 3.3Experimental Test14 3.4Summary16Conclusion17Works Cited18Appendix20 Acknowledgements32iiiIntroductionThe student-centered teaching model becomes a new tendency in the last few years. English teaching is drawing more and more attention. As early as in 1975, American humanistic psychology, Carl Ransom Rogers offered a view of student- centered teaching model. Traditional teacher-centered teaching model still can hardly meet the local needs of educational development. Traditional style is considered as a single teaching model. It not only lacks learning initiation and individual differences but also neglects the demand of learners in the whole teaching process. However, the learner-centered approach in English Teaching embodies the dominant position of students and teachers should give full play to the students in the learning process. This should be well applied in our basic education in 21st century. Much of the earlier work emphasized student-centered. Some researches have focused on constructive and behaviorism while others have focused on the humanistic. Constructivism can be regarded as a theory of learning which suggests people can construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world through experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences. Main representatives are Jean Piaget, Poplin, Jerome, Bruner and R.J. Sternberg. They stress environmental factors, individual learning, learning initiative and social interaction with others. They also pay attention to their professional development. Disadvantages: A good learner-centered class should be responsible for this problem that a students learning style differs from the teachers teaching style. Teacher express subjective matter may conflict with student views. So, teacher should respect individual learner differences and discover their own learning processes and preferences. Researchers also should make efforts to get learners involved not only in forms of activity but also in their contents, skill integration and cooperative relationships. Behaviorism can be regarded as a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment. Environmental stimuli shape our behaviors. Main representatives are Ivan Pavlov, Edward Thorndike and Clark Hull. They stress human behaviors and pay attention to environmental factors. They are based on experiment and acquired a high exact conclusion. Disadvantages: They regarded human psychology as so simple and neglect peoples internal psychology. Behaviorism negatives metal activity, content and meaning. It neglect spiritual.Personally, I think that humanistic psychology is more influence in student centered classroom teaching. Humanistic psychology mainly studies peoples nature, potentiality, experience, value, creativity and self-actualization. Main representatives are Abraham Marlow, Carl Rogers and Arthur Combs. The humanistic approach pays particular attention to the role of non cognitive variables in learning. Specifically, learners needs, emotion, values and self-perceptions. It held that researching the whole people and high psychological activities. Everyone has a competence to achieve you own value. It also stress learner individual participation, encourage and criticism in order to reach a high degree where you can achieve myself. Humanities stress the nature of human and the relations between nature and social life. You can touch the whole world through your own position and have a better understanding to our life.The research will apply Total Physical Response (TPR) and Cooperative language learning (CLL) to my English teaching in primary school. Total Physical Response (TPR) is a language teaching method built around the coordination of speech and action. It is more suitable for child who learns basic language. Child can understand learning content easily and cultivate students initiative through body languages. Students can perform themselves through communicating and involve in class activities. Cooperative learning is an approach to teaching that make maximum use of cooperative activities involving pairs and groups of learns in the classroom. It develops students communicative competent and cultivate the interest of learning. It can also enhance learner motivation and reduce learner stress and to create a positive affective classroom climate. This research also emphasis the personality of teaching and the role of teacher. Personality teaching respects the individuality of the student. It is based on each students individuality, interests, strengths and needs. It takes diverse forms and teaching styles, for example, individual, group and collective. Teacher plays a big role in teaching. Individualized teaching requires teachers to use the personality teaching style to guide students individualized learning. The importance of teachers is becoming significant in social development and educational development. In the process of primary English teaching, teachers produce their own teaching style. They are being skilled in teaching. Teachers bring the teaching skill into full express and teachers are vigorous to achieve the individualized teaching. Teachers are the communicator of knowledge but also spiritual edification. Teachers should respect students self-esteem and pay attention to students self-esteem. It establishes a harmonious, democratic and harmonious teacher-student relationship in order to give full play to the leading role of the teacher.Significance of the study: Child can understand learning content easily and cultivate students initiative through body languages. Students can perform themselves through communicating and involve in class activities. It cultivates the awareness of students independent learning and increase students subjective initiative and learning autonomy. It also reinforces classroom teaching activities. It develops students communicative competent and cultivate the interest of learning. It can also enhance learner motivation and reduce learner stress and to create a positive affective classroom atmosphere.Most reaches of student-centered are about senior and university. Few of researches are about primary English teaching. Primary is a key stage for English teaching in China. It lays a foundation for entrancing a high level school. We must pay more attention to primary English teaching. This article is mainly study student-centered teaching style in primary school English class. Chapter overviews: Chapter one: Theory base on student-centered and teaching methods of primary English class. Theory is based on humanistic psychology and describes the educational purposes, learning theory, teaching theory and educational guiding significance of humanistic psychology. This theoretical basis of student-centered includes two teaching methods. One teaching approach is Total Physical Response. Another approach is Cooperative Language Learning.Chapter two: Individualized teaching and the role of teacher. Papers from the definition and teaching meaning to introduce individualized teaching. The role of the teacher introduces the basic features of modern teachers and teachers leading role. This chapter reflects the main role of students and guiding role of teacher. Chapter three: Experimental investigation on primary school. The experiment was divided into experimental group and control group. The experimental group is “student-centered” and the control group is “teacher-centered”. This chapter includes a questionnaire, three tests and a survey. Data will be analyzed and discussed and finally come to a conclusion: student-centered teaching is more suitable for primary school English teaching.Chapter One Theory Base on Student-Centered and Teaching Methods of Primary English Class Chapter one is to discuss theoretical basis and English teaching methods. Theory is based on humanistic psychology and describes the educational purposes, learning theory, teaching theory and educational guiding significance of humanistic psychology. This theoretical basis of student-centered includes two teaching methods. One method is Total Physical Response. Another method is Cooperative Language Learning. This paper describes the advantages, disadvantages and impact of the two teaching methods. The presentation of the theoretical basis and the teaching approach laid a solid theoretical foundation for the article. It makes teaching more suitable for primary English class.1.1 Humanistic Psychology It emphasizes human dignity, values, creativity and self-realization. Everyone has a competence to achieve you own value. You can touch the whole world through your own position and have a better understanding to our life. Humanistic psychology studies human psychology from human nature. It saw the consistency of human psychology and human nature. Educational goals: Rogers had the most direct and important impact on the humanistic education. He believes that effective education help students to develop a positive self-awareness and promote learning and personal potential. Rogers held that it trains people to change and know how to learn.The basic features of such a person is: (1) Creative. (2) Constructive and trust. (3) It has an independent nature. (4) There is freedom of choice Learning Theory: Its main contents are: (1) Learning is meaningful psychological process and education should help people to self-realization and mental health. (2) Humans are born with the potential to learn. learning-centered education enable students to select and shape their own behavior. (3) It provides learning resources and creates a good atmosphere for learning. (4) It promotes learning by doing and encourage students to explore freely. (5) It emphasizes the dominant position of students in the process of learning and teachers are facilitators of student learning. (6) It emphasizes the learning process is a process of learners to acquire knowledge. More important, it teaches us how to learn. Rogers will be divided into two basic types , namely, meaningful and meaningless learning. Meaningful learning has four characteristics: (1) Learners is significance or value personal. (2) This study emphasizes the rational and intuitive. (3) Self- initiated learning. Rogers stressed the interest of children from starting to learn. (4) Self-evaluation study. Teaching theories: Rogers proposed a student-centered theory and nondirective teaching. Teachers trust and respect students. students fully reveal their potential and complete self-realization. Teachers treat students with real emotions and notice students unconditionally. Teachers not immediately tell students how to learn and solve problems they face. However, the teacher focuses on the creation of teaching atmosphere. Its main points: (1) Student-centered. (2) It creates an atmosphere of acceptance. (3) It comes with emotion and empathy. (4) Self-directional learning. Nondirective teaching is presented from self-realization and personal learning. It is with a strong humanistic color. It is opposed to the conventional teaching method. It has its own advantages as an educational theory. Advantages: (1) It regards the teaching as a “whole person” activity and it causes changes in teaching purposes. (2) It regards emotion as a breakthrough and it presents a challenge to the traditional rational education. (3) It advocates “people-oriented” and students realize the value of life in school. (4) It emphasizes students personality and develops the potential of students. (5) It stresses the important of emotions and relationships and advocates building a genuine and acceptable classroom atmosphere. Educational guiding significance: students should be respected in the process of teaching. It emphasizes the dominant position of students and gives full play to the potential of students. It also help students achieve self-worth. It cultivates the awareness of students independent learning and increase students subjective initiative and learning autonomy. It also reinforces classroom teaching activities. It facilitates the development of the individuality of the learners. It also helps them realize their personalities and their own potentials. 1.2 Total Physical Response and Cooperative Language Learning Total Physical Response (TPR) is a language teaching approach. It try to instruct language through bodily activity. James Asher developed this approach. Asher is a outstanding psychology professor. This teaching method is performed through body language. Children can not concentrate their attention in a long time. They have a strong self-esteem and curiosity. Teachers add new teaching methods to improve the efficiency of classroom teaching. Most importantly, the children experience the joy of language learning, high achievement and increase interest in learning English. It lays the foundation for their future higher level of English learning. It enjoys high reputation as an effective teaching strategy among teachers of different languages such as Spanish, French, German and English. Main features: (1) First, students develop listening comprehension, and then ask students to use oral expression. (2) Students should be improved by understanding the body language. Students understand and grasp the language through teachers guidance. (3) Teachers do not force students to speak. (4) Teaching should emphasize the significance of teaching rather than the form. Main advantages: (1) It can be quickly grasped the attention of students and attract students to participate in activities. It helps students to eliminate the psychological tension and students need not fear defeats in learning environment. (2) It can provide a real learning environment and students learn English in in a variety of activities. (3) Left brain help student