系列讲座-写作和翻译篇.ppt

,Fourlevels,14points.切题.表达思想清楚,文字通顺,连贯性好.基本无语言上错误,仅有个别小错.11points切题.表达思想清楚,文字通顺,连贯性好.但有少量语言错误.8points基本切题.有些地方表达思想不够连贯,语言错误相当多,其中有一些是严重错误.5points基本切题.表达思想不清楚,连贯性差.有较多数为严重错误.,作文的命题思路,命题思路变化点评：四六级委员会作文命题是围绕“一个中心，（以学生生活为中心）两个基本点（情景作文出现和经典段落的重组）”来展开的。目前命题思路有以下两大变化：,第一种思路:情景作文大量出现。命题思路是强调英语的实用性，设立一个情景让你用所学的英语去处理一件假定的事情。2001年6月的书信作文，写信给同学安排度假事宜2002年1月的书信作文，写信给学校校长讨论食堂情况2003年6月考察的是假设你见到车祸，然后进行描述,2003年12月的书信作文，写信给朋友选专业；2004年6月假设你是一位导游，给外国游客介绍行程和介绍景点；2005年1月假设你要去竞选学生会主席；2005年6月假设你要描写一位心中的好老师。,第二种思路是：把各种经典的段落进行排列和组合。命题主要是把十种经典的段落进行自由组合，形成新的题目。,十大经典段落1第一段：Introduction,现象现状描述段（03.1/98.1/.）图表描述段（02.6/91.6）对立观点陈述段,2第二段：Body利弊说明段意义阐释段（概念，图表）原因列举段举例论证段3第三段：Conclusion归纳结论段预测趋势段建议措施段,比如2005年12月24日的考题：ShouldtheUniversityCampusBeOpentoTourists?1名校校园正成为旅游新热点2校园是否应对游客开放，人们看法不同3我认为这就是现象现状描述段，加上对立观点陈述段，最后加上自己归纳结论段落。,应对写作的具体措施,.写提纲/主题句迅速根据中文提纲写出每一段的主题句，并且根据提纲写出进一步的提纲（关键词即可），如具体的原因是什么？(5分钟）确定连接词迅速根据你的提纲确定一套你觉得较有新意的连接词来串联自己提纲中的要素避免使用first,second,third这一类的词（分钟）,应对写作的具体措施,.巧妙地引出话题,以精彩的第一句话吸引阅卷官的注意力.在不涉及个人观点时避免使用Inmyopinion,Ithink等短语.(2分钟)1).Thereisagrowingconcernoncampuslove.2).Noonecandenythefactthatsthisapopulartopic3)Nowadays,anincreasingnumberofpeopleprefertosettledowninAmerica.4.具体的写作（20分钟）5检查润色（2分钟）,应对写作的具体措施,6.取得高分的六个避免）避免开篇的withthedevelopmentofthesociety.2)举例时的forexample3)谈因果关系时的because，so4)谈个人观点时的Ithink,inmyopinion5)列举细节时的单一句型中式思维，避免出现Womenarehalfsidesky这样的句子,举例时的经典句型,1.Takesth/sbasanexample.2.Citesth/sbasanexample3.sthisacaseinpoint4.acaseinpointissth/sb/thatYoungpeopleareallpursuingpersonalhappiness.Sheisancaseinpoint./Sheisnoexception.4.关于自身的例句：Ihavehadsuchexperiencesformanytimes.,表达有人“认为”时的句型,SbbelievesthatSbarguesthatSbholdsfirmlytotheviewthatSbmaintainsthat,表达另一种不同观点时的转折连词,WhileOnthecontraryHoweverIncontrast,写作词汇匮乏时的应急措施,1试用笼统词英语语言中有havetakemake等笼统词，笼统词的重要特点在于意义广泛，搭配性强，构成词组后可以替代众多具体动词，虽然不能精确表达一个动作，却能大致表达意思。在一些具体动词写不出来时，用一些笼统词取代，也能收到异曲同工的效果。例如：我经历了一个极其艰苦的年代。,）Iexperiencedaterriblehardtime.改为:Ihadaterriblehardtime,）Doyouunderstandmymeaning,sir?改为:Doyoutakemymeaning,sir?）Iwillpresideoverthemeeting.改为:Iwilltakethemeeting.,2联想有关词汇当遗忘产生或遇到未曾学过的词时，应采取放射性思维，发挥想象力，想出与之有关的单词，利用语言的内在联系，多层次，多角度地运用语言。一般情况下，联想可按下列思路进行：1.联想同义词；2.联想反义词。试看下列句子。Ihadanightmarelastnight.=Ihadabaddreamlastnight.Nightmare使用频率不太高，因此不太好记。而其同义词baddream却容易记，以后者取代前者丝毫不影响原句的意义。,3试用解释性语句语言的功能在于表达，而表达的方式是多种多样的。当一个词影响到某个意思的完整表达时，我们可以用迂回的方式加以沟通。英语中多功能解释性语句就可以起到这一作用。Heisadumb.=Heisapersonwhocannotspeak.Herefused/declined/rejected.=Hesaid“no”.,使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式,1.表示原因1)Therearethreereasonsresponsibleforthesituation.2)Thereasonsforthisareasfollows.3)Therearethreemajorreasonsthatcanexplainthesituation.4)Therearethreereasonsthatcanaccountforthephenomenon.5)Thesituationsareduetoa,bandc.6)Therearethreereasonsthatcontributetothesituation.,使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式,Therearethreereasonsforthechangesthathavetakenplaceinourlife.Tobeginwith，peopleslivingstandardhasbeengreatlyimproved.Besides，mostpeoplearewellpaidandtheycanaffordwhattheyneedorlike.Finally,anincreasingnumberofpeopleprefertoenjoymodernlife.,使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式,2.表示好处1)Ithasthefollowingadvantages2)Itisbeneficialtous.3)Itbenefitsusquitealot.4)Itisofgreatbenefittous.,使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式,Booksarelikefriends,whichareverybeneficialtous.Theycanhelpusknowtheworldbetter，andtheycanopenourmindsandwidenourhorizons.Therefore/consequently/accordingly/hence/Asaresult，readingextensivelyisofgreatbenefittous.,使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式,3.表示坏处1)Ithasmoredisadvantagesthanadvantages.2)Itdoesusmuchharm.3)Itisharmfultous.,使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式,However，everythingdividesintotwo.Televisioncanalsobeharmfultous.Itcandoharmtoourhealthandmakeuslazyifwespendtoomuchtimewatchingtelevision.,使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式,4.必要、困难、方便、可能1)Itisimportant(necessary，difficult，convenient，possible)forsb.todosth.2)Wethinkitnecessarytodosth.3)Thechancesofdoingsthisslim.Chancesarethatsbwilldosth.Sbisverylikelytodosth.,使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式,4.表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能1)Thebicycleisofimportanceforus.2)Thebicycleplaysanimportantroleinourlife.3)Thebicycle,environmentalfriendlinessvehicle,playsanimportantroleinourlife.,使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式,Computersarenowbeingusedeverywhere，whetherinthegovernmentinschoolsorinbusiness.Soon，computerswillbefoundineveryhome，too.WehavegoodreasontosaythatcomputersareplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinourlifeandwehavesteppedintotheComputerAge.,可能性ChancesarethatsbwilldosthChancesofdoingsthisslim.sbisverylikelytodosthItislikelyforsbtodosth,使文章精彩的插入语,所谓插入语，英语中有两种形式。一种是有两个逗号之间引起的成分称之为插入语；第二种是有两个半破折号引起的成分称之为插入语。突出主语,使用同位语或非限制性定语从句如：）Jinan,theSpringCity,isafamoustouristcity.）He,whowouldliketoplaybasketball,isagoodstudent.,使文章精彩的插入语,解释作用People,especiallystudents,shouldworkhard.,）对比选择型,首先摆出两种观点或做法，然后要求作者比较，最后要求作者表明自己的观点，做出选择。,一.议论文,TypeOne1表明一方观点及理由；2.表明另一方观点及理由；3.表明个人观点、看法、做法,对比选择型,TypeTwo1.表明双方观点2.指出双方观点的理由；3.表明个人观点、看法、做法,对比选择型,TypeThree1.表明双方观点2.表明个人观点（二者取其一)；3.表明个人态度、做法,对比选择型,TypeFour1.引言,点出主题2.摆出双方观点及理由3.表明个人观点、看法、做法,对比选择型,Asregards_，thereisaheateddiscussionamongthegeneralpublicinoursociety.Amajorityofpeoplearguethat_.Otherpeople,however,maintainthat_.AsfarasImconcerned,Iprefertheformer(latter)idea.Tobeginwith,_.Whatsmore,_,Thirdly,_.Finally,_.Inconclusion,Idohopethatpeopleshouldmakeeveryefforttotakeadvantageof_ratherthanquarrellingoveritsshortcomings.,模板一,Nowadays,hasbecomeapopularconcernfor.Shouldweobjecttoit?Oracceptit?Differentpeoplehavedifferentideas.Somepeoplearestronglyagainst.Theyarguethat.Otherpeople,however,donotagree.Intheirview,theythinkthat。Formypart,Iprefertheformeridea（latteridea).Foronething,_.Foranother,_.Therefore,_.,模板二,Recently,thereisaheateddebateover.Manypeopletakeitforgrantedthat.However,othersholdtheoppositeopinionthat.Thosewhoholdthefirstopinionsuggestthat.Intheirview,.However,astothesupporters,theyarguethat。AsforasImconcerned,Iprefertheformeridea,Ontheonehand,.Besides,.Ontheotherhand,.Inshort,.Therefore,.,模板三,Thereisaheateddebateover.Itiscommonlyacceptedthat.Incontrast,otherholdthatThosewhoholdthefirstopinionsuggestthat.Intheirview,.However,othersthinkthat.Theyarguethat。Consideringoneafteranother,Istandonthesideoftheformer（latter)opinion.Firstofall,_.Furthermore,_.Thirdly,_.Therefore,Ibelievethat_.,模板四,对比式模式5SomepeopleareinclinedtoAforthefollowingreasons.Firstly,_.Besides,asweoftenobserve,_.Otherpeople,however,preferB.Theythink_.Whatsmore,_.Tome,AismoreattractiveinthatBisthefollowingitemsthatcantbecomparedwithA.Clearly,B_.AndmypersonalexperiencecertainlydrivesmetochooseA.,模式6Nowadays,_becomepopularinourdailylives.But_?Generally,therearetwoopinionstowardit.Oneopinionisthat_because_.Theotheris_.Peoplewhoholditarguethat_,consequently_.Inconclusion,Imaysaythat_.Because_.Inaword_.,模式7Atpresent,quiteafewpeoplethink_.Itsoundsgoodbecause_.Therefore,_.Onthecontrary,thereisafamoussayingthat_.Tomyknowledge,_.Besides,itshouldbealwaysrememberedthat_.,Training,MyOpiniononCampusLove,Outline,1)目前大学校园普遍流行campuslove；.2)不同的人有不同的观点和理由；）我的看法和理由,Nowadays,howtohandlecampuslovehasbecomeapopularconcernforcollegestudents,theirparentsaswellascollegeteachers.Shouldweobjecttoit?Oracceptit?Differentpeoplehavedifferentideas.,Somepeoplearestronglyagainstcampuslove.Theyarguethatifstudentsfallinlove,theywillbegreatlydistractedfromtheirstudy.However,otherpeopledonotagree.Intheirview,theythinkthatmodernsocietyisanopensociety,sodoesthecampus.Whynotlettheyourloverstogainasortofexperiencefortheirfuturemarriagewhiletheyareinacomparativelypurecircumstance?,AsfarasImconcerned,Iprefertheformeridea.Foronething,moreandmoreuncertaintieswillchallengetheinnocentloversaftertheirgraduation.Foranother,lovemeansresponsibility,tolerance,mutual-understandingetc.Youngloversarenotmatureenoughtotakeonallthese.,Therefore,campusloverisademandingromance.Besurethatyouarereadyforeverythingbeforeyoumakeyourdecision.(166),ShouldMenandWomenbeEqual,Thereisheateddebateoverwhethermenandwomenshouldbeequalinthisworld.Mostpeopletakeitforgrantedthatmenissuperiortowomen.Theymaintainsuchanideabecausethephenomenonallovertheworldshowmenmakeupmostproportionoftheworkforce,andmostwomenjuststayathomeforhouseworkandtakecareofchildren.Whatsmore,theleadersofcompaniesarelargelymen.People,naturally,areundertheillusionthatmenhavespecialtalentforpoliticsandeconomy.,Incontrast,peoplewhoadvocatehumanrightarguethatwomenstalentareasgoodasmen.Thereiseveryindicationthattheyhavetheirabilitiestocompetewithmen.Intheirview,womencandoverywellprovidedthereisnogenderdiscrimination.Inaddition,theywilltakeadvantageoftheirpotentialsiftheyareofferedthesameopportunitiesasmen,evenbetterinsomefields.WuYi,thevice-chairmanofourcountry,isacaseinpoint.,Asforme,Iholdtheideathatmenandwomenshouldbeequal.Bothofthemarecreatedequal.Inaddition,itturnsoutthatwomenareasdistinguishedasmeninsomefieldfrompolitics,managementtoscience.,）阐述性论说文,WhyIattendCET-4Test?WhyICametoCollege?对策:正面阐述作者自己的观点和理由,二.解释性论说文,Two-dayweekendPracticemakesperfect对策:1).解释某一事物如谚语,政策2).重要性,必要性,危害性3).实际运用,解释性论说文模式,模式1Afamoussayinggoesthat_.Itmeansthat_.Ihavehadsuchexperiencesformanytimes._.Itsalsothesamein_.Anothercaseinpointis_,_.Ilikethesaying_,whichencourageme_.,模式2_means_.Agoodexampleofthissayingis_._,butwithout_,youcannever_.Moreover,_.Theonlywaytosolvethisproblemisto_.Anotherexample_.Onlywhenyou_canyou_.,practice,Morehaste,Lessspeed1)explaintheidiom2)giveexamplestosupportyourview3)offerabriefsummaryofwhatyouhavediscussedintheformerparagraph.,Morehaste,LessSpeedAfamousproverbgoesthatmorehaste,lessspeed.Ifyouemphasizeonlyonspeedbutignorethequalityofyourwork,youwillgettheoppositeeffect.,Secondexplanationoftheproverb:Themorehastyyouare,thesloweryouachievecompletenessandsuccessInshort,hastemakeswaste.,Supposethatyouarepreparingforyourfinalexamination.Thefactthatyouhavenoenoughtimemakesyouveryworried,consequentlyallyoureffortsleadtonothingbecauseyoudoitinsuchahaste.Anothercaseinpointis“GreatLeapForward”,Chinassocialismconstructionin1950s.Theleadersatthattimewishedtorealizecommunisminashorterperiodtime.However,theeconomywastotallydamagedduetothemistakeinthepolicy.,Inconclusion,whateveryoudo,pleaserememberthesayingmorehaste,lessspeed.Ifyouunderstanditandapplyittoyourstudyorwork,youaremostlikelytobenefitalotfromit.,三：问题解决型,首先提出一种社会问题或现象，然后要求作者分析这一问题，提出解决的方法，最后表明态度，总结。,解决办法式模式1Inrecentyears,wehavetofaceaproblemthat_.Peoplehavefiguredoutmanywaystosolvethisproblem.Firstly_.Thoughthismethodhasitsgoodsideslikethatitcan_,oneofthisbadsidesitbringsaboutisthat_.Besides,_isanothermeans.Butitalsohasitsadvantagesanddisadvantages.Ononehand,_.Ontheotherhand_.Allinall,thesolutionsmaynotbringtheperfectresult,butaslongaswedo_itwithourbrainsandhands,weonedayresolvethisproblem.,模式2Therearemanywaysto_.Tobeginwith,_.Besides,_.Finally,_.Astome,thesecondwayfitsme,andthereasonsareasfollows.Foronething,_.Foranotherthings,thischoicebenefitsmeinawaythat_.Asasstudentinthemodernsociety.Weshould_.Inconclusion,aboveallthereasons,mywayto_isto_.,四.图表作文,StudentsUseofComputersChangeinPeoplesDiet对策:1).描述图表内容特别是图表中的变化趋势.(先总的变化趋势,后重点用第一、中间、最后几个数据阐述总的变化趋势）2).解释某一变化的原因（注一主题句细节的阐述模式）3).作出结论或提出存在的问题,After-5_Someuseful,常见的图表作文的第一句话,1)Thepicture/curve/piechartshows2)Thistableshowsthedifferencesbetween3)Thediagramrepresents4)Thechartaboveindicates/presents5)Theinformationrepresentedinthegraphindicates,6)Ascanbeseenfromthechart,7)Asisshowninthebargraph,therewere8)Fromthediagramitcanbeseenclearlythat9)Fromthesefiguresonecaneasilyseethat10)Accordingtothegraphgivenabove,wecanseethat,11)Thisisanillustrationof/atypicalexampleof12)Therewasagreat/slightincrease/rise.13)Therehasbeenasudden/slow/rapidfall/drop14)Taketheabovechartasanexample,15.Fromthedata(figures)presentedinthetable(graph/chart/curve)wecanconcludethat,图表描述时的经典句型,1.Therewasan(very)slight/slow/gradual/small/steadydrop(decline/fall/reduction/decreaseinsth2.Therewasan(very)sudden/dramatic/large/rapid/sharp/markedriseinsth,图表式模式1Fromthegraph,weknowthestatisticsof_and_.Itcanbeseeneasilythat_.Therearemanyreasonsresponsibleforthisinstance,andthefollowingarethetypicalones.Foronething,_.Inaddition,_.Themainreasonisthat_.However,thisgraphmaynotpredicttheentiresituationinthefuture.Ibelieve_.,模式2Asshowninthepictures,Wecanseethat_.Fromthefigureinthechart,wecancometoaconclusionthat_.Therearereasonsfor_.First,_.Besides,_.Inconclusion/therefore,_.,批评、抱怨、投诉模版Date:_Dear:_Mynameis_.Iam_.Iventuretowriteyoualetterabout_Thefocusofthecomplaintis_Foronething,_.Foranother,_.Honestlyspeaking,_.But_.Besides,_Allinall,thereisstillmuchroomforimprovement.Idohope_.Thankyouforyourtimeandkindconsideration.Sincerelyyours,.申请信(公司)1)Iamwritingtoapplyforthepostofadvertisedin2)IfeelIhavethenecessaryqualificationsandexperiencesneededforthepositionofadvertisedinthepaper.3)Ishallbringwithmethefulldetailsofmytestimonialsasyourequest.4)Ishouldratherbepleasedtoattendforaninterviewatyourconvenience,whenIcouldgiveyoufurtherdetailsconcerningmyself.5)Itseemstomethatthisexperience,togetherwithmyeducation,hasgivenmeidealpreparationtoassumetheroleofinayourfirm.,汉译英的翻译,这部分并不是考整个句子的翻译，而是考部分词组片断的翻译；这个片断的翻译还会比较侧重词组的考查。做题方法：确定重点词组，翻译剩余内容，最终把两者结合复习方法：紧跟教师上课的思路，在英汉互译中做到能游刃有余；多记重点短语；尝试一个句子的多种翻译方法以免考试时犯难尝试翻译带有重要短语或句型的半截句子,Practiceone,1.Yourfatheristhepresidentofthebank,butthatdoesntmean_(你有资格在这里工作).2.Onlybyworkingateveningsandweekends_(他才能完成报告)bythedeadline.3._(其他条件相同的情况下),amanwhoexpresseshimselfeffectivelyissuretosucceedmorerapidlythanamanwhosecommandoflanguageispoor.,4._(就经济发展而言),Chinahasmadeoutstandingachievementinthepasttwentyyears.5.They_(一定是误了火车),otherwisetheyshouldhavearrivedheretwohoursag