毕业设计（论文）-中英寒暄语对比研究.doc

Comment L1: 注意字体，且非斜体 Comment L2: 小二号、黑体。封面、 开题报告书、评审登记表、答辩记录 表等各处题目应一致。 Comment L3: 去掉“Title” Comment L4: 楷体 ，小三号 Comment L5: 线条对准。 封面页用 A4 白色铜版纸打印。 学科分类号学科分类号 050201 本本 科科 毕毕 业业 论论 文文（设设计计） 题 目 中英寒暄语对比研究 A Contrastive Study of the Phatic Communion between English and Chinese 姓 名 杨 婧 学 号 1002010540209 院 （系） 外 国 语 学 院 专 业 英 语 年 级 2010 级 指导教师 杨秀岚 职 称 教 授 二二一一 四四 年年 四四 月月 Comment L6: 封面及本页单面打印。 以下各页双面打印。 Comment L7: 手写 Comment L8: 答辩前提交论文的日 期。 DECLARATION I, Yang Jing, the undersigned, hereby declare that this essay does not contain any material which has been accepted for the award of any other higher degree or graduate diploma in any tertiary institution and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, this essay does not contain any material previously published or written by another person, except when due reference is made in the text of the essay. Signed: Dated: Comment L9: 1.自动生成，1.5 倍行 距， CONTENTS Abstract in Chinese.1 Abstract in English.2.Introduction. .3 1.1 Research Background.3 1.2 Research Purpose.3 1.3Research Significance.3 . Theoretical Frameworks .4 2.1 The Definition of Phatic Communion.4 2.2 The Origin of Phatic Communion. 4 . Difference between Chinese and English on Phatic Communion.5 3.1 Different Backgrounds on Different Phatic Communion between Chinese and Western Cultures.5 3.2 Chinese and Western People Thinking in Different Ways on the Different Causes by the Traditional Greetings.7 3.3 Different Communicative Habits due to Differences on Greetings between China and America.8 .Conclusion.10 Bibliography.1 1 Acknowledgements.12 Comment wing10: 页眉加横线，从 这页开始 Comment wing11: 四号黑体 Comment wing12: 四号仿宋，1.5 倍 行距。摘要中不宜使用公式、图表、 不标注引用文献标号。控制在 200 字 以内。 Comment wing13: “关键词”四号 黑体。其余词语：四号仿宋体，并用 分号隔开，最后一个关键词无标点符 号 贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计） 1 摘 要 在当今这个经济飞速发展的时代，全球化跨文化交际活动越来越频繁。 寒暄语，作为一种表示寒暄、应酬的辅助性语言，是维持良好社会关系的有 效润滑剂。寒暄语具有缩短交际者之间的距离、打破僵局、表示敬意以及乐 于与之结交等功能。寒暄语的多功能性决定了它在跨文化交际活动中的重要 性。本文从中西思维方式、文化背景、交际习惯等各个层面研究了英汉寒暄 语的差异，以期对跨文化交际做出些微贡献。 关键词：寒暄语;思维方式 ;文化背景 ;交际习惯 ;对比研究 Comment wing14: TIMES NEW ROMAN，四号，加粗。1.5 倍行距 Comment wing15: 小四号，1.5 倍行 距 Comment wing16: 四号，TIMES NEW ROMAN 体。关键词首字母除 专有名词、书名等，其余不需大写。 贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计） 2 Abstract With the fast development of the economy, the global intercultural communication has become more and more frequent. Phatic communion, as a ministrant language to express negotiations and social engagement, is a well lube for the social relationship. Phatic Communion has many functions, such as to shorten the communication distance between people, to break the deadlock, and to show respect to other people. Also, it is a strategy to maintain comfortable interpersonal relationship. Phatic communion is important in intercultural communications. Therefore, the paper studies the differences of phatic communion between English and Chinese from different aspects, such as their mode of thinking, their cultural background, and their habits of communication. Key words: phatic communion; mode of thinking; background of culture; habit of communication; contrastive study Comment wing17: 一级一级标题标题 ，四号，四号， 加粗。一级标题段前段后加粗。一级标题段前段后间距间距均为均为 0.5 行行，1.5 倍行距。倍行距。 Comment wing18: 正文部分小四号， 1.5 倍行距，段前段后均为 0 行。左 起空四个字母。 Comment wing19: 二级标题，小四 号，加粗。各级标题要突出重点，简 明扼要，不得使用句子、标点符号。不得使用句子、标点符号。 注意大小写规范。注意大小写规范。 贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计） 3 . Introduction With the fast growing of the intercultural communication activities, Chinese and western countries are getting to know more and more from each other about their history, culture, and customs. People always conjecture from many different angles for their different experiences. Phatic communion, as one function of language, has been used into solecism. After that, there are more and more studies about phatic communion. Different countries and customs have different expressions to perform phatic communion. The function of phatic communions is similar in Chinese and western countries, that is to keep comfortable relationship between people. 1.1 Research Purpose To compare phatic communion between English and Chinese is to improve mutual understanding between people from the two different cultures. Phatic communions under different cultures of different countries are quite different. At the same time, different conditions such as different backgrounds, different thinking way, and different habits result in different phatic communion. All kinds of living ways make great influences on peoples mind. And people in different countries also have different ideas of phatic communion. 1.2 Research Significance This paper analyzes the differences of phatic communion between English and Chinese language. Phatic communions emotional information is passed as a language method under the constraints of thinking, manners and customs and other factors, and the meaning and purpose of expression is different. After knowing these, we can make accurate and rational use of greetings at different occasions. In the 21st century global intercultural communication becomes more usual as the exchange of Chinese and Western trade has become more frequent. And the constant trade frictions between China and the West have a regulatory and eliminating role in promoting cross-cultural communication. . Theoretical Frameworks 2.1 The Definition of Phatic Communion Phatic communion, to make greetings when people meeting, is a lip service from the Word- Ocean. From Ci Hai, phatic communion was used to ask the weather whether it is warm or cold. But O Donnel and Todd have the relatively broad division. They believe that takings can be Comment wing20: 引文出处格式： 作者姓、出版年份、页码。 Comment L21: 引文出处格式： 引文前出现作者姓名时，只需标出年 份和页码。 贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计） 4 seemed as phatic communion except the subject (Todd, 1980:124). Sun Xuemei said that greetings are used to produce a certain atmosphere or maintaining social contact (2009:122). Phatic communion is including two different sides-Language communication and non-language communication (Zhu, 1989:16). He said that language is not the only method to make the contracts between people. Sometimes, only a smile, a nodding, a shaking and a hug can achieve the same effect. And there is another definition of phatic communion. Phatic communion is an informal type of discourse that does not cover any functional topics of conversation or any transactions which need to be addressed (Wang, 2012:238).There are some definitions of the phatic communion in peoples daily life. Different nations and countries have different ways to perform the phatic communion. From here we can see that phatic communion is not only used to ask the weather, but also can be greeting words of communication with each other. Phatic communion on a certain occasion used properly or not will directly affect the following communication. Sometimes even can directly relates to whether the state and society harmonious development. Currently, deeply understand the definition of the phatic communion and properly use it is what the people need to do right now. 2.2 The Origin of Phatic Communion Phatic communion is the prologue when people meet and a stepping stone for the communication. It as a conversational interaction between friends and acquaintances, often can only provide a little information, is driving the conversation to a great extent of the both sides. Norrick once said that from the pragmatic function of the speech acts, phatic communion acts as a sufficient amount of social roles. In order to show the good behavior from the speaker (Norrick, 1978:277). As people mention about the phatic communion, we can naturally think of a great British social anthropologist-Malinowski. He was the first man in the world who put forward the term- phatic communion and start using it .Primitively, there is a study about social changes and cultural custom of Trobriand Islands in the west of Pacific. He ate with the local residents about two years while he lived there. Although it seems to have little useful purpose to maintain and establish the good relationships between themselves and the society, he found that there are many subtle words in the interpersonal communication between people. Phatic communion, put by Malinowski, has no practical meaning but to maintain the relationship between people communicative language（Malinowski, 1923:59）. This term is recognized very soon by all sectors of the community. Then it has become an important research object of social language. Malinowski points out several characteristics of phatic communion. First of all, phatic communion is a Comment L22: 正文中的例子用(1)， (2)，(3)为序号排列。 贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计） 5 kind of behavior patterns, rather than to pass thought. Secondly, all kinds of phatic communion, is a kind of language activity. And this kind of activity is to complete a social function. Last but not least, the function is used to overcome the strange and silence that makes people uncomfortable. Phatic communion in China is also known as socializing language, which refers to socializing general sense of language, rather than establishing and maintaining social ties associated with body language. According to Malinowskis article “The Problem of Meaning in Primitive Language”, phatic communion is divided into verbal communication and non-verbal communication aspects. It does not mean that all social situations need the help of language, but people can use a smile, a nod, a hug, shaking hands, kissing on the cheek to achieve expected communicative effect. Clark suggested determine which was greetings are the three conditions: (1) The particular situational context. (For example, a small talk at the bus station.) (2) Language and paralanguage aspect of communicative behavior.(The use of the regular expression, such as discussing the weather.) (3) Social function. (To avoid silence, establish and maintain a good atmosphere in some situations.)(Clark, 1990:165) People can use the phatic communion reasonable after the understanding of the greetings and decision conditions. But just to know this is far to meet todays communication of the international community. People need to understand further on the basis of different people in different places how to use different phatic communion. . Different Phatic Communions between Chinese and Western People Different phatic communion tends to convey different communicative purposes. Chinese and western culture and customs also influence the expression of the phatic communion. So people need to compare Chinese and western countries phatic communion from different aspects. Here are there major aspects of the differences. 3.1 Different Phatic Communion due to Different Backgrounds of Chinese and Western Cultures China is a state of ceremonies and also pays more attention to etiquette civilizations. So the phatic communion is very important in the Chinese speaking countries. When people get together, they will use some useful phatic communion words to show their respect to other people. Take “Have you eaten yet?” as an example, there are some fixed communications. 贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计） 6 (1) A: Have you eaten yet? B: No. How about you? A: I have already had dinner with my family. It is my sisters birthday today. So we had dinner together. (2) A: Where are you going? B: Im going to potter in the garden. Have you eaten yet? From the two spectacles above, we can see, “Have you eaten yet?” is a special greeting in Chinese culture. Especially, this pattern was used frequently in rural area. This special phatic communion can be regarded as a greeting pattern of Chinese national cultural tradition. There are two original reasons; firstly, the lack of food and clothing in the past China was a long-term unsolved problem. Secondly, China cares about food very much, a “Bite of China” as it is called. So this sentence-Have you eaten yet, expresses the concern of other people, also, it reflects Chinese peoples hospitality. In English-speaking countries, phatic communions are legion. “Hello” is one of the most widely used one. English people always say hello with their friends and acquaintances. They use Hello at the beginning of a conversation. Some people also use other phatic communion instead, such as “How do you do”, “How are you? or “Good morning, Good afternoon , Good night” and so on and so forth. Here are three fixed communication spectacles: (1) A: Hello! B: Hello! (2) A: How are you? B: I am fine. Thank you, and you? A: I am fine, too .Thanks. (3) A: Good morning! B: Good morning! As an important medium for cross-cultural communication and culture, phatic communion has a very close relationship with the economic development of all countries. Because language has effects on culture, language has anti-impact of counter-culture; language is an important part of culture. Like learning a language, people first have to learn the culture of the target language. Because there is no language exists without its culture and without language. Culture can not be understood by human being too. People have to understand the differences between the Chinese and Western cultural background so as to know the different phatic communion between English and Chinese. In western countries, marriage and age are regarded as privacy. They pursue equality. Meanwhile they believe that everyone has their own rights. English people usually 贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计） 7 express their idea directly. China is a country with 5000 years history. Chinese people emphasizes on justice and benefit. They are humble, hospitable and delicate. The inquiries of the youngers marriage and age by the elder and superior are considered as a concern, and will never be thought as an interference to their privacy .The most typical greeting in China is to ask questions about the topic of money , marriage and health. Take money for example, “Your skirt is so beautiful, how much? Where did you buy it? About marriage, “Have you married? Do you have children?” About health, “Are you ok? Go to the hospital and see the doctor.” While in western countries people think that these topics are not necessary and hurt peoples self-esteem. As a result they usually ask other people about “How your vacation was or how about your family?” If they have more intimate relationship, they would ask each otherhow many children do you have? At this time, the relationships between people close or not affect the content of their conversation secretly. This is an absolute evidence for different cultural backgrounds directly affecting the different greetings used in different social situation. 3. 2 Different Traditional Greetings Caused by Different Thinking Ways Nowadays, phatic communion plays an extremely important role in cross-cultural communication. The phatic communion likes a good lubricant. Before using the greetings directly, people need to know the different ways of thinking between Chinese and western. The most typical example is talking about age and wages. China is an ancient nation, has a laudatory name of “nation of the etiquette”. Politeness is Chinese traditional moral excellence. Both the acquaintances and the strangers, the elders and the younger, men and women are never shy to talk about age and wages. Sometimes these topics are considered as a kind of care for others. For the elders, it is a natural topic by asking peoples age to express their respect, for example, to wish the old that their happiness is like the East Sea and longevity over the southern hill. As it can be seen from these events, showing respect for the old man and care for children is a virtue of Chinese people. For Americans, like people in any other cultures, growing up is a wonderful process. But growing up is another different case. Growing up old is not exactly to be celebrated for people in youth-oriented American culture. Most Americans like to look young, act young and feel young. Although some people in some countries value the aged as a source of experience and wisdom. Americans seem to favor those who are young or at least “young at heart”. Many older Americans find the “golden years” to be anything but golden. Economically, “senior citizens” often struggle just to get by. Older people may suffer from poor nutrition, medical care and housing. Some even experience age discrimination. Despite the challenges they face, Americans in their “twilight years” generally refuse to give up on life. They find a variety of ways to keep themselves active. They really do not want to fell embarrassed in public. It is not only about their self-esteem but also about their human right. So people feel that 贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计） 8 their privacy is very important. They rarely talk about age, especially the womens age. Talking about peoples wage is another topic, which people from different cultures hold different opinions. There is an extremely simple relationship between Americans. They dont like to drop across and have coffee at others home at night .They just say hello although they are acquaintances. So they cant understand why Chines