英语写作教学设计的理论和实践.ppt

英语写作教学设计的理论和实践北京工业大学附中孔彬,写作教学,BeginningtoWrite,情景作文试题（满分20分）最近你的同班同学上课总是睡觉，严重影响了学习。请你给他（她）写一封信,劝说他（她）改掉这个不良习惯。上课睡觉会导致学生成绩下降，并影响老师的心情和思维。同时你对他的学习生活提出自己的建议。写作提示：按着要求：发现问题列出原因改进方法这一结构，有理有据地描写全文。句与句之间要连贯，并正确地使用动词及词组。,Dearfriend：ImsorrybutIhavetosaythatthereexistsaseriousprobleminyourstudyhabit.Recentlyyouarealwaysfallingasleepinclass.Idontknowwhyyouarebehavinglikethisbutobviouslyitisveryharmfultoyourstudybecauseyouhavefallenbehindotherfellowstudents.Inmyopinion,thereareseveralreasonstoshowthatyourbehaviorisnotproper.First,thereisnoneedtosaythatfallingasleepinclassisbadforyourstudyforyouwillmisswhattheteachersay.Whatsmore,itshowsdisrespectfortheteachertofallasleepinclass.Lastbutnotleast,youhavetoconsiderwhatyourfellowstudentswillthinkandhowtheywillfeel.,Asyourclosefriend,Idliketogiveyousomesuggestions.Inordertokeepawakeinclass,youshoulddevelopahealthysleepinghabit,anddontstayuptoolate.Andconcentrateonwhattheteacherissayingandtrytoforgetyoursleepiness.Ireallyhopeyoucangetridofyourbadhabit,andbeanenergeticstudentinclass.Yoursincerely,Tom,共190个单词,Alotofmyfriendsworryabouttheenvironment.Theyfeeltheycantdoanythingaboutthingslikepollution,rainforestsdisappearingandtheamountofwastewemake.Ithinkwecanalldosomethingtohelptheenvironment.Forastartwecanrecycle.Itsaprocessthatseasytostartinourownhomes.,共55个单词,Theskywasblueandtherewereonlyafewclouds.Thebreezewascoolandcarriedthesmelloftheoceanonit.Asthetreesswayedandthesunshoneoverhead,theatmospherewasinterruptedbythepurrofacarcomingdowntheroad.Thecarwasmovingonthesoftasphalt.Thefourboyslooked,outofthecar.SurfBeachwasoftenpackedatthistimeofyearbuttodaywasSundayandeveryonehadspenttheweekswimmingandwasnowlyingonthissummerday.,共91个单词,Theskywasacrystalclearblueandtherewereonlyafewpuffywhiteclouds.Thebreezewascoolandcarriedthesmelloftheoceanonit.Asthetreesswayedlazilyandthesunshonedirectlyoverhead,thequietatmospherewasinterruptedbythesteadypurrofacarcomingdowntheroad.Thecarpulledupontheasphalt,whichwassoftfromtheheatofthesun.Thefourboyslooked,outofthecarandsurveyedtheirsurroundings.SurfBeachwasusuallypackedatthistimeofyearbuttodaywasSundayandeveryonehadprobablyspenttheentireweekswimmingandwasnowrestingonthishotanddrowsysummerday.,共118个单词,一、当前写作教学中存在的问题:1.写作教学的整体设计和规划不够。2.写作教学的训练模式太单一。3.没有形成系统的写作教学训练材料。4.写作练习题设计的情景缺乏真实性。5.考试中作文所配图不能充分说明问题。,二、何谓写作:交际语言教学（CLT）对写的理解：认为写是实现交际目的的一项重要技能。写是用书面语传递信息的一种交际能力。20世纪80年代费劳尔（Flower)和海斯（Hayes)提出了认知程序理论（cognitiveprocesstheory)。认知程序理论注重写作过程即：教师要帮助学生提高写作的效率，减少写作过程中的困难。,三、写作教学的目标:在于帮助学生形成一套可行的写作策略：1.动笔前的酝酿（构思,定中心,拟提纲,定步骤）2.起草；调整（增补，修正，调整思路）3.修改（注意：修辞，句子结构，语法等）,四、写作的程序:席尔瓦（Silva）认为大体可分为：1.写前阶段（Pre-writingprocesses）a.策划（Planning）b.确定目标（Targeting）c.组织思路（Organizing）2.写作阶段（In-writingprocesses）a.起草（Drafting）b.评估（Evaluating）c.整理（Editing）d.修改（Rewriting）,五、写作的技术性细节:InsearchofcapitalsInvestigatingtypographicalconventionsDictationandcommentarypunctuatingdirectspeechUsingtypographicalconventionsdesigningahandbillListingMakinglabelsSpellingwithadifferenceConsequencesstorywritingPunctuationtemplates,六、写作教学的重点:1.制定写作的教学计划。包括：课时，内容，训练活动，检测题等。写作要求适中；难度不可过高；要对学生的需求和兴趣做必要的调查。2.注意写作教学的真实性，实用性和趣味性。写是传递和储存书面信息的交际方式，并能超越时间和空间的限制。写作练习应发挥这一功能，才能具有真实性。写的内容应能引起学生的兴趣，激发他们的动机，激活他们的思维。,3.提倡“互动式和社会结构式”的写作训练。约翰斯认为写作不完全是个人行为，而是发生在团体中的行为，因此他提倡互动式（Interactive）和社会结构式（Socialconstructive）的写作训练方法。所谓互动式是指作者和读者之间的相互作用。所谓社会结构式是指文章和作品的写作是离不开集体的。强调写作的社会性，就是提倡学生的小组活动，通过讨论合作完成写作，使写作的过程变成作者和读者的交流和学习。,七、树立写作的信心:ShoppingforafriendaidememoireWritinginstructionsWritingaboutfoodTheperfectinstructionRepresentingselfpersonalwritingSimplifyingwritingWritinginstructionstoaccompanyapicturesequence(场景),8.Glossingatextpersonalizingtext9.Recordingtelephonemessage10.Writingaweatherforecast11.Creatingcharactersdescriptionofpeople,八、写作教学训练内容:Beforeyouwritethinklikeareader.Transitions（过渡词）:Pre-test;Post-testSubordination（从属句）:Pre-test;Post-testParallelism（平行）:Pre-test;Post-testTopicsentence（主题句）:Pre-test;Post-testControllingIdea（次中心）:Pre-test;Post-testUnity（一致）:Pre-test;Post-testCoherence（连贯）:Pre-test;Post-test,九、写作教学训练内容解读:1.Transitions:Whenarunnerinarelayracepasseshiswandtoanotherteammember,histeamkeepsmovingahead.Whenawriterusestransitions,hekeepshisideasmovingahead2.Subordination:Whenpeoplewantedtolookespeciallygood,theyarewillingtospendmorethantheirbudgetallowsinordertohavethelatesthairstyle.Theleastimportantideaatthistime-savingmoney-issubordinatedtothemostimportantidea-havingattractivehair.,Whenawriterwantstoshowareaderthatoneideainasentenceismoreimportantthananotheridea,thewriteralsosubordinatesthelessimportantidea.3.Parallelism:Tobecomeagoodskier,apersonlearnshowtokeepskisonparalleltrackswhilespeedingdownaslope.Parallelstructureinwritingalsomakesitpossibleforawritertomoveforwardsmoothly.,4.Topicsentence:IfyouaimaFrisbeewell,yourpartnerwillbeabletocatchitmoreeasily.Andifawriterputsatopicsentenceinaparagraph,areaderwillbemorelikelytocatchtheparagraphsmainidea.5.ControllingIdea:Abackpackthatiswellfilledkeepsyoualiveinthewilderness.Andatopicsentencethatincludesacontrollingideakeepsawriterspurposealiveinaparagraph.,6.Unity:Aviolinistsmusicdoesnotfitwitharockbandsbeat.Removingtheviolinistproducesaunifiedsound.Awritergainsunityinthesamewaybycuttingoutanythoughtsthatdonotfitinwithaparagraphscontrollingidea.7.Coherence:Ridingadirectlinethroughthesurfwithoutfallingisasurfersgoal.Awriterisalsoconcernedwithdirectforwardmovement.Bycreatingadirectlineofthought,awritergivesaparagraphitsnecessarycoherence.,TransitionsPre-Test:Wilmalikestravelingbybusbetterthantravelingbyairplaneforfourreasons._1_(Thus,First,Infact)itcostsless.ShecanridebybusfromNewYorktoChicagofor$20._2_(And,So,Yet)theairfarebetweenthetwocitiesis$78._3_(Nor,But,Second)travelingbybusgivesheracloserlookatthecitiesandcountrysidethanshecouldgetfromaplane._4_(Still,Next,Forexample)enjoysdrivingthroughthebigcitiesofPhiladelphia,Pittsburgh,andFortWayne._5_(Third,Now,Indeed),Wilmafindsthatthepassengersonthebusareoftenclosertoherownage._6_(Similarly,Instead,Afterall,So),theyareeasytotalkwithonthesharedtraveladventure.,_7_(Incontrast,Finally,Otherwise)manyairlinepassengersarebusinessmenwhokeepbusywiththeirworkwhileflying._8_(Therefore,Fourth,Accordingly),ridingabusallowsWilmatoexploreanystopalongtheway._9_(Ontheotherhand,Moreover,Forinstance),onceshegotoffthebusatasmalltowninIndianaandspentthenightwithagirlfriend._10_(So,Then,Yet),thenextdayshetookanotherbustoChicago._11_(Forthesereasons,Atlast,Now),Wilmausuallyprefersbusesinsteadofplanesunlessshehastogetsomewhereinahurry.,TransitionsPost-Test:Paololikestoflyasanairlinepassengeratnightratherthanduringthedayforfourreasons._1_,itcostsless._2_hewouldhavetopay$125toflyfromSanFranciscotoMexicoCitybyday._3_bynight,thefareis$75._4_,theplaneislesscrowedonnightflights._5_,Paolorarelyhastositthreeabreastwhenhefliesatnight._6_,hehasmoreroomtostretchout._7_,nightflightsarequieterthandayflights.,_8_,Paolocanstudyorreadwithoutbeingdistractedbyloudconversationsorbypeoplewalkingupanddowntheaisle._9_,passengersonnightflightscanusuallysleepquitecomfortablyiftheywantto.Theydo_10_byfoldupthearmrestsbetweenthreeemptyseats._11_allowsapassengertoliedownforanapunderablanket._12_,Paolorarelyreservesadaytimeflightonacommercialairline.,十、写作教学的小组活动:PlanningwithMindMapWritethetopic,forexample,Holidays,inthemiddleoftheboard.Askthestudentstobrainstormsub-topicsthattheymightexpecttocoverintheirpassage.Writeeachmajorsub-topicontheboardsothatyouendupwithaboarddiagram,likethis:(Makesurethattherearenofewerthanfiveandnomorethansevensub-topics.),HOLIDAYS,specialmemories,plansandpreparation,PlanningWritingExplainthatyouwillbegivingthemasetofstatementsaboutwritingandthattheyshoulddecidewhich5-7statementstheywoulduseinapassageaboutwriting.Explainthatthepurposeofthelessonistoworkoutthepassageplanwhichwillrevolvearoundthese5-6statements.Thepassageplanshouldbewrittendowninnoteformandwillincludesub-topicssuggestedbythechosenstatementsaswellassuggestionsforanintroductionandconclusion.,3.KnowingyourreaderAskthestudentstoworkinsmallgroups.Eachgroupisgoingtodesignanadvertisement,andsofirsttheyneedtodecideontheproducttheywishtosell.Itmayhelpiftheclassbrainstormspossibleproductsorifyoubringinpicturesofproductsorevenproductsthemselves,4.TalkingtothereaderAskthestudentstoworkinpairs.Onestudentisgoingtobethewriterandtheotherisgoingtotakenoteonwhatgoesonwhiletheirpartnerwrites.Onceeachpairhavedecidedwhoistowrite,thewritershouldchooseapicturefromthesetyoubroughttoclass.Thispicturerepresentsthepersontheyaregoingtobewritingfor.,5.ArrangingyesterdaysdiaryAskeachstudenttowritethehourwhentheywokeupinthemarginatthetopofthepageandthehourwhentheyfellasleepinthemarginatthebottomofthepage.Askthestudentstowritedownanhour-by-houraccountofwhattheydidbetweenthetimetheywokeupinthemorningandthetimetheyfellasleepatnight.Dothesamethingyourselfontheboard.Asthestudentswillinevitablyreadyourdiarywhiletheywrite,setagoodexamplebybeingfairlydetailed.,6.ObservingthewritingprocessAskthestudentstoworkingroups.Sevenisanidealnumber.Explainthatthreemembersofeachgroupwillbe“writers”andtheotherfourwillbe“observers”.Thewriterswillsitinthecentreofthecircleandworkcollectivelyonproducingapieceofwriting.Theobserverswillsitontheoutsideofthewritersandmakeacollectivewrittenrecordofhowthewritersproceed.Bothwritingandobservinggroupswillneedtoconferamongthemselves.Theobserversmayaskthewritersquestionsatanypointandmaylookattheirworkinprogress.,7.TheschoolreportExplainthateachstudentistowriteareportonthemselvesbasedonthesenotesbutwrittenasthoughtheyweretheteacher(i.e.you)writingfortheirparents.Remindthemthatreportsshouldsummarizepastprogressandmakesuggestionsforareastoworkoninthefuture.Askthemtothinkcarefullyabouthowtoorganizethematerialtheyhavenoteddown.（Thiscanbeahomeworktasktoo.）,8.Writingtoaformula(准则)Allowthestudentstoworkindividuallyorinpairs.ExplainthattheeditoroftheirseriesofreadershasdecidedthatfromnowonthereshouldbenosentencesshorterthanXwordsandnosentenceslongerthanYwords.Theirjobistorewritethepagetakingthisinstructionintoaccount.,9.WaysofrewritingAskeachstudenttothinkofonesimplesentencethatdescribeswhattheyarewearinginclassatpresent,orwhattheyworeinclassyesterday,orwhattheyliketowearingeneral.Wheneveryonehasthoughtofasentence,askeachstudenttosaytheirsentenceinturnwhileeachmemberoftheclasswritesitdown.SoifJohnsays,Iworebluejeansinclassyesterday,everyonewritesdownJohnworebluejeansinclassyesterday.,10.Studentsreformulation(改写)Divideyourclassintogroupsofabouteight.(Iftheclassdoesntdivideequally,itsbettertohavebiggerratherthansmallergroups.