英语语法专题名词和冠词.ppt

RevisionoftheSentenceStructures句法结构复习,高三英语第一轮复习,简单句的五种基本句型,句子成分详解,句子的分类,复合句的种类,1._makesthisshopdifferentisthatitoffersmorepersonalservices.（06辽宁）A.WhatB.WhoC.WhateverD.Whoever2.Seetheflagsontopofthebuilding?Thatwas_wedidthismorning.（06全国I）A.whenB.whichC.whereD.what,复合句的种类,3.Pleaseremindme_hesaidhewasgoing.Imaybeintimetoseehimoff.（06全国I）A.whereB.whenC.howD.what4.Enginesaretomachines_heartsaretoanimals.（06山东）A.asB.thatC.whatD.which,复合句的种类,5.Hespokeproudlyofhispartinthegame,withoutmentioning_histeammateshaddone.（06上海）A.whatB.whichC.whyD.while6.-Itsthirtyyearssincewelastmet.-ButIstillrememberthestory,believeitornot,_wegotlostonarainynight.A.whichB.thatC.whatD.when,复合句的种类,7.Nobodybelievedhisreasonforbeingabsentformtheclass_hehadtomeethisuncleattheairport.（06重庆）A.whyB.thatC.whereD.because8.Theotherday,mybrotherdrovehiscardownthestreetat_Ithoughtwasadangerousspeed.A.asB.whichC.whatD.that,复合句的种类,9._leavestheroomlastoughttoturnoffthelights.(88)A.AnyoneB.ThepersonC.WhoeverD.Who10.CarolsaidtheworkwouldbedonebyOctober,_personallyIdoubtverymuch.A.itB.thatC.whenD.which,名词和冠词海丰县梅陇中学许玮俊,专有名词（ProperNouns）和普通名词(CommonNouns）专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。,名词的分类,1）个体名词（IndividualNouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：apple。2）集体名词（CollectiveNouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。3）物质名词（MaterialNouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：milk。4）抽象名词（AbstractNouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。,普通名词又分为四类,个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（CountableNouns）物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（UncountableNouns）,所以一般情况下我们所说的名词复数指的就是可数名词的复数问题,归纳表格如下,|专有名词|名|个体名词|可数名词|集体名词|普通名词|词|物质名词|不可数名词|抽象名词|,一般情况加-s1.清辅音后读/s/map-mapsbook-books2.浊辅音和元音后读/z/bag-bagscar-cars,名词复数的规则变化(1),以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加-es读/iz/bus-buseswatch-watches,bridge-bridges以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词加-s读/iz/exercise-exercises,名词复数的规则变化(2),以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时，直接加-s变复数：twoMarystheHenrysmonkey-monkeysholiday-holidays,以辅音字母+y变y为i结尾的词再加es读/z/baby-babies,名词复数的规则变化(3),以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时：a.加-sroof-roofsb.去f,fe加-veshalf-halvesknife-knivesleaf-leaveswolf-wolveslife-livesthief-thievesc.均可handkerchief-handkerchiefs/handkerchieves,名词复数的规则变化(4),一个首领(chief)带着一个农奴(serf)在海湾(gulf)的悬崖(cliff)上发现一个屋顶(roof)上面有个保险箱(safe)。,一个贼人(thief)的妻子(wife)冒着生命(life)危险用半(half)片树叶(leaf)似的小刀(knife)杀死了一只狼(wolf)。,atomato,sometomatoes,somepotatoes,someheroes,Heroeslovetomatoesandpotatoes.,名词复数的规则变化(5),foot-feet,child-children,tooth-teeth,mouse-mice,名词复数的不规则变化(1),名词复数的不规则变化(2),man-men,woman-women,mendoctors,womenteachers,aGerman,someGermans,American-AmericansAustralian-AustraliansCanadian-Canadians,somepolicemen,apoliceman,EnglishmanEnglishmenFrenchman-Frenchmen,一些需要强调的表示人的名词复数,onesheep,twosheep,aChinese,twoChinese,aJapanese,severalJapanese,名词复数的不规则变化(3):单复数形式相同,onefish一条鱼,fishes不同种类的鱼各种各样的鱼,threefish三条鱼,somefish一些鱼肉,可数名词,不可数名词,名词复数的不规则变化(4):好玩的“fish”,有些名词的复数形式表示特别的意义。papers(报纸，稿件)works(工厂，作品)times(时代)drinks(饮料)manners(礼貌)部分物质名词可以用复数表示种类。silksfruitsfoodsword用做“消息”“通知”不与冠词连用，也不用复数。WordcamethatthemeetingwouldbeheldonFriday.keeponeswordhaveaword/afewwordswithsb.havewordswithsb.leavewordinawordinotherwords,备注：有些名词只有复数形式。例如。goods(货物)glasses(眼镜)compasses(圆规)thanks(感谢)clothes(衣服)remains(遗物，遗体)trousers(裤子),守信,与某人说句话,与某人吵嘴,留言,简而言之,换句话说,必须注意的若干名词方面的问题(1)a.有些词既可数又不可数但意思不同:paper报纸/试卷/文件/讲义纸张time次数/倍数时间glass玻璃杯玻璃room房间空间fish鱼鱼肉b.有些词虽以-s结尾但却是单数:news,math(s),physics,politics,.c.有些词始终是复数形式:people(人们),clothes,trousers,glasses(眼镜),works(著作),goods(货物),times(时代).有些词通常都是复数形式:shoes,gloves,d.people有两种意思:人/人们;民族Thereare56peoplesinChina.民族(加-s构成复数)Thereare56peopleintheroom.人(们)(本身就是复数)e.这些是最常见的不可数名词,一般都没有复数形式news,information,weather,work(工作),bread,knowledge,advice,fun但是可以加上一些表示单位的名词来够成短语:a_ofpaper/bread/meat/work/advicea_oftea/coffeea_ofwater/milka_ofglasses/trousers/gloves,必须注意的若干名词方面的问题(2),piececupglass/bottlepair,a.“数词+名词”构成的合成词作定语时该名词用单数形式atwo-monthholidayan8-year-oldboy试比较theboys400-metreracetheboys400metres,必须注意的特殊用法,b.关于几个表示数量的单位词hundreds/thousands/millionsofpeople(表示约数时)9hundred/thousand/millionpeople(表示准确数量时),名词的格,在英语中有些名词可以加s来表示所有或所属关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：ateachersbook。名词所有格的规则如下：（修饰有生命的名词用s，无生命的一般用of结构）1）单数名词词尾加s，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加s，如theboysbag男孩的书包，mensroom男厕所。专有名词s结尾（一般应加s）Charlessjob2）若名词已有复数词尾-s，只加s，如：theworkersstruggle工人的斗争。3）凡不能加“s”的名词，都可以用“名词+of+名词”的结构来表示所有关系，如：thetitleofthesong歌的名字。4）在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：thebarbers理发店。5）如果两个名词并列，并且分别有s，则表示“分别有”；只有一个s，则表示共有。如：JohnsandMarysroom（两间）JohnandMarysroom（一间）6）复合名词或短语，s加在最后一个词的词尾。如：amonthortwosabsence,双重所有格在英语中，-s所有格与of所有格放在一起使用所构成的结构叫双重所有格。例如：Somephotosofmyparentswillbeputaway.Anoldfriendofherswrotealettertoherlastweek.AlotofclothesofmyauntswereboughtinShanghai.,双重所有格的用法（1）of前面的名词之前通常有一个限定词，如a/an,any,some,no,few,several,two等。例如：somebooksofLuXuns鲁迅的一些作品afewfriendsofmine我的一些朋友severaltoysofthechilds这个孩子的几件玩具（2）of前面的名词通常可以用指示代词this,that来强调某种感情色彩。如ThisballofHuPingsisnotexpensive.胡平的这个球不贵。Imnotpleasedwiththatanswerofhers.我对她的答案感到不满意。,（3）of后带-s的名词通常是表示具体的人的名词，或是名词性物主代词。例如：Thatsthespiritoftheworkers.Thisisadaughteroftheirs.,3）of所有格与双重所有格结构的区别（1）侧重点不同。试区别：Sheisasisterofmyfathers.(侧重说明父亲的妹妹不止一个)Sheisasisterofmyfather.(侧重说明“她”是父亲的惟一一个妹妹)（2）当of前的名词是picture等词时，含义不同。试区别：Itisapictureofmymothers.这是我妈妈收藏的一幅画。Itisapictureofmymother.这是我妈妈的一张照片。,名词的句法功能:名词在句中可以做主语，表语，宾语，宾语补足语，定语，状语，同位语和呼语等如：Yesterdayaboycametoseeyou.(主语)Edisonwasaworld-famousinventor.(表语)Wouldyoulikesomebananas?(宾语)Wechosehimmonitorofourclass.（宾语补足语）Theywillmeetattheschoolgate.(定语)Thenewfilmwilllasttwohours.(状语)MrSmith,myfirstteacher,diedyesterday.(同位语)Boysandgirls,pleaselookattheblackboard.(呼语),高考题选：Iwrotealettertoshowmy_ofhisthoughtfulness.A.achievementB.agreementC.attentionD.appreciation2.Weallknowthat_speakslouderthanwords.A.movementsB.performancesC.operationsD.action3.Myparentsalwaysletmehavemyown_ofliving.A.wayB.methodC.mannerD.fashion4.Thenewlawwillcomeinto_onthedayitispassed.A.effectB.useC.serviceD.existence,高考题选：5.Youllfindthismapofgreat_inhelpingyoutogetroundLondon.A.priceB.costC.valueD.usefulness6.Whodidyouspendlastweekendwith?-_.A.PalmersB.ThePalmersC.ThePalmersD.Thepalmers7.Illlookintothematterassoonaspossible.Justhavealittle_.A.waitB.timeC.patienceD.rest8.Thenumberofpeopleinvited_fiftybutanumberofthem_absentfordifferentreasons.A.were,wasB.was,wasC.was,wereD.were,were,高考题选：9.Asaresultofdestroyingtheforestsalarge_ofdesert_coveredtheland.A.number,hasB.quantity,hasC.number,haveD.quantity,have10.Hereismycard.Letskeepin_.A.touchB.relationC.connectionD.friendship11.Wehavemissedthelastbus.Imafraidwehaveno_buttotakeataxi.A.wayB.choiceC.possibilityD.selection12.Wehaveworkedouttheplanandnowwemustputitinto_.A.factB.realityC.practiceD.dead13.HowcanIrepairit?-Well,lookatthe_.A.explanationsB.expressionsC.instructionsD.introductions,RevisionoftheArticles冠词复习,高三英语第一轮复习语法专题之02,1(2005.湖南)IcantrememberwhenexactlytheRobinsonsleft_city.Ionlyrememberitwas_Monday.A.the;theB.a;theC.a;aD.the;a2(2004.全国)Ifyoubuymorethanten,theyknock20percentoff_.A.apriceB.priceC.thepriceD.prices,说听双方均知晓的事物或定指的事物用定冠词；泛指用不定冠词,考点1考查不定冠词和定冠词的基本用法,不定冠词的特殊考查要点1,1(2006.I)Hello,couldIspeaktoMr.Smith?Sorry,wrongnumber.Thereisnt_Mr.Smithhere.2(2004)John,thereis_Mr.Wilsononthephoneforyou.Iminthebath.A./B.aC.theD.one,1、不定冠词放在姓名前acertain，意为“某一（个）”。,不定冠词的特殊考查要点2,Johnhadmadeuphismindtogiveitup,buton_secondthoughthedeterminedtotry_thirdtime.A./;aB./;/C.a;aD.the;a,2、不定冠词放在序数词前表“再一，又一”。,1Onewaytounderstandthousandsofnewwordsistogain_goodknowledgeofbasicwordformation.A./B.theC.aD.one2Chinafirst-everF1racehasproved_greatsuccess.Itprovides_platformforChinesecompaniestoconnectwiththeinternationalmarket.A.a;aB./;aC./;theD.the;the,不定冠词的特殊考查要点3,3.抽象名词具体化和不可数名词具体话常加定冠词asuccess/failure/shame/surprise/honor/pleasure,1.(2005安徽）AfterdinnerhegaveMr.Richardson_ridetotheCapitalAirport.2.Thedriverwasat_losswhenwordcamethathewasforbiddentodriveforspeeding.A.a;B./C.theD.one,不定冠词的特殊考查要点4,4、常用于一些固定搭配中,常考不定冠词使用搭配,amostimportanttip,a17thcenturycottage,haveagiftfor,acollectionof,aworldof,givesb.aride(载某人一程),keepupagoodstateofmind（处于良好的状态或情形),beataloss,inamess,ameansof,makealiving,haveabetterunderstandingof,therewasatimewhen.,makeadiscovery,withoutsayingaword,常考不定冠词搭配,onasecondthought,haveabreak,makeastudyof,makeastir(产生轰动),take/haveawalk,allofasudden,keepitasecret,developaninterestin,inahurry,payavisitto,anaverageof.,manya+n(不止一个）,定冠词的特殊考查要点1,1(2005安徽)AfterdinnerhegaveMr.Richardson_rideto_CapitalAirport.A.the;aB.a;theC.a;/D.the;/2(2004重庆)Themostimportantthingaboutcottoninhistoryis_partitplayedin_IndustrialRevolution.A./;/B.the;/C.the;theD.a;the,1、由普通名词构成的专有名词前加定冠词。thegreatwall,theWHO等,(山东模拟）InChina,_carisbecoming_popularmeansoftransportation.A.the;aB.a;/C.the;theD.a;the(2004广东)Whilehewasinvestigatingwaystoimprovethetelescope,Newtonmade_discoverywhichcompletelychanged_mansunderstandingofcolor.A.a;/B.a;theC./;theD.the;a,定冠词的特殊考查要点2,2、the可数名词单数特指某一类别。注意：man表示“人类”时只能用单数，不能加冠词。,Whoinvented_computer?Idontknow.A.aB.theC./D.one,定冠词的特殊考查要点3,3、发明创造物前加定冠词the。,（2000北京春）Summerin_southofFrancearefor_mostpartdry.A./;aB.the;/C./;/D.the;the,定冠词的特殊考查要点4,4、表示方位的名词前加定冠词the。但在atowneastofChongqing等结构中方位名词前不用冠词。,Thecleaningwomengetpaidby_hour.A./B.theC.anD.one,定冠词的特殊考查要点5,5、按.方式的表达中。getpaidbythehour/theday注意：besoldbyweight/timebythe+度量衡单位名词in名词复数by+度量衡名词,Thisisoutof_questionanexampleofanimportantrulethatappliestoallmachines.Thankyouforyourexplanation,butitleftmenone_wiser.A.the;aB.a;theC./;theD.a;/,定冠词的特殊考查要点6,6、在固定短语和搭配中,knock10%offtheprice,onthephone,thesame,theformer.thelatter.,breakthesilence,intheSouthofChina,forthemostpart(整体上，多半),theChinese/Japanese/Frenchlanguage,thefirstone,thelargestone,theSmiths,nonethe+比较级(一点也不比.),thecityofLondon/Shanghai,makethemostof,forthemoment(暂时),intheeventof.(=incaseof),playthepianothesun/moon/universe,常考定冠词的固定搭配,Fiveyearsagoherbrotherwas_universitystudentof_physics.A.a;theB.,an;theC.an;/D.a;/,零冠词的特殊考查要点1,1、在学科名词前不用冠词。,(北京模拟)Infaceof_failure,itisthemostimportanttokeepup_goodstateofmind.A./;aB.a;/C.the;/D./;the,零冠词的特殊考查要点2,2、在专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词前不用冠词。如：Australia,wool,air,life,love,education,society，failure等等。但注意抽象名词具体化前加冠词。,Hewaselected_presidentoftheUSA.JorgeBush,_presidenttotheUSA,isvisitingChina.,零冠词的特殊考查要点3,3、独一无二的头衔、职位名词作表语，补语或同位语。,1._wordcomesthatChinahaswontheFIFAWorldcup.A./B.OneC.AD.The2.(广东)Whilehewasinvestigatingwaystoimprovethetelescope,Newtonmade_discoverywhichcompletelychanged_mansunderstandingofcolor.A.a;/B.a;theC./;/D.the;a,零冠词的特殊考查要点4,4、word表“消息”man表“人类”前不用冠词。,1.Hisdreamwastoturn_doctor.2._childasheis,heknowsalot.A./B.theC.aD.one,零冠词的特殊考查要点5,5、turndoctor/teacherturn表当.名词前不用冠词;在as引导的让步状语从句中，提前的名词前无冠词。Childasheis,.,(2004年天津)Whenheleft_college,hegotajobas_reportinanewspaperoffice.A./;aB./;theC.a;theD.the;the,零冠词的特殊考查要点6,4、零冠词的常见考查短语,零冠词的常考短语,leaveschool/college,incaseoffire,withoutdoubt,bytrain/bus=inabus,onfoot,takeoffice(就职),inquantity(批量地),inda