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机械 横移式 加热炉 出钢机 设计 CAD

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关于出钢机及其相关设备的研究摘 要出钢机是加热炉区重要的机械设备之一，它的运转直接影响整套轧机的生产率。目前广泛应用的出钢机有两种，分别是侧出料出钢机和料杆式出机。本文对推钢式加热炉、推钢机、出钢机、出钢机的横移方式进行了研究。关键词：推钢式加热炉 推钢机 出钢机 机械横移 前言随着各行各业对钢材需求量的加大，各钢厂新上及改造的项目比较多，加热炉的选用就提到日程上来，现在加热炉的形式一般为两种，一种是推钢式加热炉，另一种是步进式加热炉。推钢式加热炉的加热质量不如步进式加热炉。坯料在推钢式炉中加热时是沿滑轨做直线运动的，坯料与滑轨的接触位置不能接受热辐射和热对流，而且从坯料高温部位传导而来的热量还要向滑轨传导一部分。这种接触位置是不能改变的，在坯料被加热的过程中它总是坯料温度最低的部位，甚至出料时形成低温“黑印”。现在的推钢式加热炉在设计中使用了全热滑轨，并布满加热段和均热段，这种滑轨在高温状态下强度高、硬度大、导热少，有效地减少了坯料热量向纵管冷却水中的流失，且获得了成功；还由于推钢式加热炉的投资是步进式加热炉的三分之一，且其对钢坯不直度的要求比较低， 因此推钢式加热炉的应用将会更加广泛，尤其是型钢及棒材的项目，现在首选的加热炉是推钢式加热炉。由此可见对推钢式加热炉区附属机械设备也将会提出更新的使用要求。1 推钢式加热炉对炉区附属机械设备的要求现代钢厂一直追求的目标是增加产量和降低生产成本。一般来讲，产量的增加可以通过采取增加小时产量和提高工厂效率两个方面的措施来获得。在传统的轧制工艺中，由加热炉顺序推出的钢坯之间要有几秒的间隔， 目的是为在精轧区完成顺序轧制。由于钢坯之间的间隔时间而降低了轧机的利用率，因而就导致产量的降低。此外，轧机反复不断地咬入钢坯可能产生废品，也会使轧机设备产生磨损和机械损坏。这就意味着要停机检修，增加维护量和备件存货，人力也会相应地增加。为提高轧机产量，除采用提高轧制速度的措施外，还可以采取其它方法。比如增加钢坯重量，即在断面相同时增加钢坯长度，或在钢坯长度不变时加大钢坯断面，实践证明在断面相同时增加钢坯长度是比较明智的想法，现在许多钢厂采用了此办法，由此对钢坯进炉和出炉的设备就有了更新的要求。在推钢式加热炉的装料、移动炉内坯料和出料过程中最常用的方式是端进侧出， 即炉子装料端设有推钢机，将入炉辊道上的一块或多块钢坯推入炉内，并推动整个炉内的钢坯前移， 出料由出钢机将钢坯推出至出炉辊道上。所以钢坯长度的增加不仅导致推钢机和出钢机推力的加大，而且还需增加推钢机的推头数量和出钢机的行程。2 推钢机的构造形式和创新推钢机的构造形式很多，常见的有齿条式、丝杠式、曲柄连杆式和液压式等几种。推钢机往往做成双排的，两个推杆各有驱动装置，还需保证同步。推钢机的主要参数是推力、推杆行程和推杆速度。图1为齿条式推钢机，它是由齿轮齿条机构将电动机的转动变为齿条的直线运动，齿条装在推杆上，使推杆移动并产生推力。其工作可靠，传动效率较高，推力和行程较大但设备自重大，这种推钢机应用最广。两台使用时由机械联轴器或电气连锁来保证同步。图1 齿条式推钢机丝杠式和曲柄连杆式推钢机的行程和推力较小，适用于小型钢坯加热炉。现在很少采用。液压推钢机直接由液压缸带动推杆，结构简单，设备轻便，推力大，速度行程易控制。但同步由液压控制阀或液压同步马达来保证。为提高生产率，往往用电机加速来缩短回程空载时间(通过电气变频控制系统来实现)，若采用液压传动则控制速度更方便，但是液压传动的同步控制精度不高，累积误差多。该方案通过吸收两方面的优点，推出了液压齿条式推钢机(见图2)。图2 液压齿条式推钢机它以液压传动为动力，机械同步做保证，即以油缸为动力推动齿条式推杆，通过齿条与齿轮轴，并把两齿轮轴用机械联轴器联在一起保证两推杆同步。3 出钢机的构造形式和创新侧向出料的加热炉，多用摩擦式出钢机(见图3)。推杆由摩擦辊的摩擦力带动，推杆内部通水冷却，推杆的导槽可以横移，使推杆对准被推的钢坯。正常操作时每次只推一根钢坯，但考虑钢坯之间可能粘连，出钢机应能推动两根钢坯； 出钢机的推力和行程取决于钢坯的长度、炉子宽度和工艺布置条件；推杆速度应使出钢能力与轧机生产能力相适应，一般取05ms2ms，出钢机的主要参数是推力、推杆行程和推杆速度。图3 摩擦式出钢机由于钢坯长度较长，所以出钢机的推力和行程都要加大，推杆一般选用无缝钢管，以便通冷却水，推力的大小与摩擦辊的正压力成正比，所以推力的增大必定导致正压力的增大，还由于摩擦辊与推杆之间的摩擦系数是滚动摩擦系数，即摩擦辊与推杆之间的压强将会成倍增加，而推杆表面没有淬火热处理，这样必将挤坏推杆，因此可以在原来两个摩擦辊的基础上再增加两个摩擦辊，四辊摩擦式出钢机见图4，这样就解决了推杆被挤坏的问题。以往推杆的冷却水回水为开放式，导致现场环境比较脏，这次给抚顺新抚钢有限责任公司做的出钢机在推杆的尾部增加了软管和拖链，进回水都在全封闭的状态下进行，改善了现场的环境。该出钢机的推力为28kN，最大行程为11000mm，推速为(进退)mms。该方案已在抚顺新抚钢有限责任公司棒材连轧厂加热炉区使用，得到了用户的好评。图4 四辊摩擦式出钢机图5 机械横移式加热炉出钢机将上图（图5）中横截面为圆形的推杆改为横截面为矩形的推杆，摩擦辊等作相应改进，将点接触改为线接触，这样可以增大摩擦辊与推杆之间的摩擦力、减小摩擦辊与推杆之间的压强，从而增加推杆的推力，减少摩擦辊与推杆的磨损，延长摩擦辊与推杆的使用寿命。还可以将上图（图5）中的活动小车由火车轮造型改为圆柱型，减小活动小车与轨道之间的压强，从而减少活动小车与轨道的磨损，延长活动小车与轨道的使用寿命。通过这两个改进措施该出钢机的生产率将提高，维护费用将降低，使用寿命将延长。 以下是无锡凯博冶金机械制造有限公司生产的CGJ系列出钢机：CGJ系列出钢机1概述 CGJ系列出钢机是冶金轧钢行业对加热炉内已达到加热标准的钢坯顶出进入下一环节的，主要设备故又称顶钢机。该设备有移动式和固定式两种，客户可根据实际需要选购。2结构特点及工作原理 CGJ系列出钢机（见图6）由电机、减速机、制动器、摩擦辊、水冷却推料、可移动平台等主要部件组成。它使落钢槽内钢坯通过摩擦，辊推动水冷却推杆，将钢坯推向下一环节，进入出炉辊道。该设备结构合理、安全可靠、操作方便。3 技术参数见表1 表1 CGJ系列出钢机的技术参数序号名称参数1最大推力P=1500kg2推杆行程S=6000mm3推杆速度V=0.222m/S4电机型号YZR200L-85减速机型号JZQ5006小车行走速度12m/min图6 CGJ系列出钢机以下是吉林东重机械制造厂研制的三种侧出料出钢机（见表2、表3、表4）：表2 机械齿条式出钢机参数/规格CJ1.0CJ1.5CJ2.0额定推力KN101520额定行程mm400050006000推进速度m/s111回程速度m/s1-21-21-2横移方式四车轮横移特点使用寿命长，前进、后退限位准确。不足是行程受限制，难实现大行程。表3 摩擦式出钢机（车轮横移式）参数/规格MCJ1.0MCJ1.5MCJ2.0额定推力KN101520额定行程mm5000800010000推进速度m/s111回程速度m/s1-21-21-2驱动方式双辊摩擦驱动横移方式四车轮横移特点可以实现较大行程，因摩擦各处消耗一部分功率，拖动功率相对大一些。表4 摩擦式出钢机（双油缸横移式）参数/规格YMJ1.0YMJ1.5YMJ2.0额定推力KN101520额定行程mm80001000010000推进速度m/s111回程速度m/s1-21-21-2驱动方式双辊摩擦驱动横移方式双油缸同步横移特点推进传动部分固定不动，双摩擦辊均主动传动、摩擦效率高。整机重量相对轻通过以上研究发现各种出钢机及其相关设备各有优劣，应该根据工况、成本等合理选择相应设备。参考文献1周明雄，凌士德，姜晓峰.加热炉出钢机设计改进J：浙江冶金，2002年2月第一期.2安斌.推钢式加热炉附属机械设备的开发与研制J：机械工程与自动化，2004年10月第5期(总第126期).3张海波.带钢厂出钢机的改进J：维普资讯 4陈滇怀，王春明.出钢机运行的定位控制J：一重技术，1997.1.5陈定晖，宋志东.加热炉出钢控制方式的改进J：浙江冶金，2002年5月第二期.6陈维新.重钢中板厂85 t推钢机设计J：重型机械科技，No3 September 20077刘京华，李子文 主编.小型连轧机的工艺与电气控制M.北京：冶金工业出版社，2000.7.8濮良贵，纪名刚 主编机械设计M.北京：高等教育出版社，2001.6（第七版）.9申永胜 主编.机械原理教程M.北京：清华大学出版社，1999.10王兰美 主编.机械制图M.北京：高等教育出版社，2004.2.11王章忠 主编机械工程材料M.北京：机械工业出版社，2006.7（第一版）.12李新和 主编.机械设备维修工程学M.北京：机械工业出版社，2005.13邹家祥 主编轧钢机械M .北京：冶金工业出版社，2000.2（第三版）.14摩擦磨损与润滑M：石油工业出版社.15丁学均，刘建臣 主编AutoCAD2004中文版M.北京：国防工业出版社，2004.15.16欧阳周，汪振华，刘道德 编著.毕业论文和毕业设计说明书写作指南M.长沙：中南工业大学出版社，1996.XX毕业设计（论文）题 目 机械横移式加热炉出钢机设计 姓 名 XX 学 号 XX 院（系） XXXX 专业班级 指导教师 职 称 评阅教师 职 称 20XX年 6月 15日出自 /wiki/Wheel和/wiki/Talk:Wheel车轮.一个车轮是一个圆形装置，能够在其轴旋转，移动或交通便利，同时支持负载（ 大众 ） ，或从事劳动的机器。常见的例子是在运输应用。一个车轮连同车轴克服摩擦 ，促进运动滚动 。为了使车轮旋转，一个时刻需要应用到它的轴轮，无论是经由重力，或由另一应用外力。更普遍的任期也可用于其他圆形物体旋转或打开，如船舶的车轮 ， 方向盘和飞轮 。 目录 1 词源 2 历史 3 力学与功能 3.1 稳定性 4 替代 5个 符号 6 讨论 7 参考 词源 英文车轮来自原始印欧语 * k 瓦特绽出瓦特乐 ， 1 这是一个扩展形式的根源* k 瓦特法 ，意思是“转动，走动。 ”.这也是根希腊 kuklos的梵 轮 ，和波斯 charkh ，所有的意思是“循环”或“车轮” ， 2 ，并在立陶宛 ， sukti手段“旋转” 。拉丁词罗塔是从原始印欧语* 旋转 ，扩大邻级形式的根源* 沤，意思是“推出，围绕” 。 3 历史 阿描绘onager拉车的苏美尔 “战斗标准乌尔 ” （大约3200年） 阿轮辐车轮陈列在国家博物馆的伊朗 ，在德黑兰 。车轮的日期是公元前3000年2月底和出土Choqa Zanbil 。 最当局关于车轮作为一个最古老和最重要的发明 ，它起源于古代的美索不达米亚在公元前3000年第5次 （ Ubaid期 ） ，最初的功能， 哈利波特的车轮 。近北面的高加索几个坟墓被发现，其中自3700年人被掩埋货车或手推车（两种类型） 。最早的描述可能是轮式车辆（这里车皮四个车轮，两个轴） ，是对3500年陶壶出土波兰南部。 4 车轮达到欧洲和西亚在公元前4000年，与印度河谷的公元前第三个千年。在中国 ，当然是在车轮目前通过了战车钙。1200年， 5 虽然巴比低（ 2000年）主张早期中国轮式车辆，大约公元前2000年。是否有一个独立的“发明轮子”在东亚，还是提出了这个概念后跳的方式有喜马拉雅障碍仍然是一个未决问题。 虽然他们没有发展适当的车轮的奥尔梅克和某些其他西半球 文化似乎已经接近它，因为车轮般工作石块被发现的对象确定为儿童的玩具可追溯到公元前约1500年。 9 早期古代努比亚人使用车轮旋转陶器和水车轮。 6 7 有人认为，努比亚水车轮可能已被氧化驱动 8 这也是众所周知，努比亚人用马驱动战车进口埃及 。 9 发明了车轮因此属于晚期新石器时代 ，并可能被视为与其他技术进步，产生了早期青铜时代 。请注意，这意味着通过了若干轮较少甚至几千年后的发明农业 。回首甚至进一步，这是有兴趣，尽管现在最新的出现解剖学上的现代人类ca.150000年前，十四点三 万这些年来“轮少” 。能力的人，完全平等走我们自己的地球如此之久的前四轮构想最初可能是令人惊讶，但人口是非常小的，通过这一时期的大部分和车轮，这就需要有一个车轴和插座实际上是有益的，不是简单的设备，因为它看起来可能。决策和平衡的轮子需要一个熟练的 轮匠 。 广泛使用的车轮很可能推迟，因为平稳的道路 ，需要车轮是有效的。 10 运载货物的回本来的首选方法运输超过表面载有许多障碍。缺乏发展道路无法广泛采用的轮运输，直到进入20世纪欠发达地区。 早期的车轮是简单的木制磁盘带孔的轴。由于结构的木材切片的横向干线是不适合的，因为它没有足够的结构强度，以支持重而不崩溃;四舍五入件纵向板是必需的。 在轮辐车轮最近发明，并允许建造更轻，更快的车辆。已知最早的例子是在Andronovo文化 ，可以追溯到约公元前2000年。不久后，马文化的高加索地区用马车轮辐轮战争战车的较大部分的三个世纪。他们将深入到希腊半岛，他们加入现有的地中海各国人民产生，最终古典希腊后打破迈诺安支配地位和合并为首的前古典斯巴达和雅典 。 凯尔特战车介绍了铁轮子周围环在公元前3000年的第一。 11 在轮辐车轮已经在继续使用没有重大修改，直到19世纪70年代行政长官时，钢丝轮毂和气动轮胎的发明。 11 发明了车轮也很重要的技术 ，一般情况下，重要的应用，包括水车的齿轮 （又见安梯机制 ）中， 纺车和阿斯特罗莱布或torquetum 。更现代后裔车轮包括螺旋桨 ，在喷气发动机的飞轮 （ 陀螺 ）和涡轮机 。 力学与功能 车轮是一种装置，能够有效的运动物体之间的表面存在着一个迫切的力量的对象表面。常见的例子是一个车绘制的马，和罗拉的飞机上皮瓣机制。 车轮配合车轴 ，无论是方向盘开启桥，或轴轮流对象机构。机械师是相同的在这两种情况下。 低抵抗运动（相比拖动）是解释如下（请参阅摩擦 ） ： 正常力在滑动界面是相同的。 滑动距离，减少对某一旅行距离。 摩擦系数的界面上通常较低。 轴承的使用，以减少摩擦界面上。 例如： 如果拖动100 公斤对象为10 米沿表面 = 0.5 ，在正常的武力是981 和工作完成（需要能量 ）是（工作=力x距离） 981 0.5 10 = 4905 焦耳 。 现在对象4个车轮。正常的部队之间的4个车轮和车轴是相同的（总） 981氮，承担 = 0.1 ，并说，车轮直径为1000毫米，轴直径为50毫米。.因此，虽然行动的目的仍然十米的滑动摩擦表面只有幻灯片互相距离0.5米所做的工作是981 x 0.1 x 0.5 = 49焦耳。 额外的能源丢失驾驶道路接口。这是被称为滚动阻力这主要是一个变形的损失。 车轮单独不是一台机器，但是当连接到一个轴 ，它构成了轮轴 ，一个简单的机器 。.驱动车轮的一个例子轮轴。请注意，驱动车轮车轮早了约6000年。 稳定 静态稳定轮式车辆 为unarticulated车轮，攀登障碍，会导致车身旋转。如果旋转角度太高，车辆将成为静态不稳定和翻倒。在高速行驶，车辆可以成为动态不稳定，能够侧翻的一个障碍小于其静态稳定极限。没有衔接，这可能是不可能的立场，以便恢复。 为前端至后端的稳定，最大的障碍高度一个unarticulated轮式车辆可以爬上职能之一，是轴距和横向和纵向位置的质心（厘米） 。 临界角的角度是在该中心的大规模的车辆开始通过外部的联络点的车轮。过去的临界角，反应部队在车轮再也不能抵消时刻所造成的车辆的重量，以及车辆翻倒。 At the critical angle, the vehicle is marginally stable.在关键的角度看，车辆轻微稳定。 The critical angle c r i t can be found by solving the equation:临界角 r我吨 ，可通过求解方程： where哪里 r is the radius of the wheels; R为半径的车轮; x c m is the horizontal distance of the center of mass from the rear axle; and x 米的水平距离中心大规模从后轴;和 y c m is the vertical distance of the center of mass from the axles. 米的垂直距离中心大规模从车轴。 For small wheels, this formula can be simplified to:小车轮，这个公式可以简化为： The maximum height h of an obstacle can be found by the equation:最大高度h的一个障碍可以找到的方程： where w is the wheelbase. 其中 w是轴距。 Alternatives 替代品 While wheels are used for ground transport very widely, there are alternatives, some of which are suitable for terrain where wheels are ineffective.虽然车轮用于地面运输十分广泛，有替代品，其中一些适合地形在车轮无效。 Alternative methods for ground transport without wheels (wheel-less transport) include:替代方法的地面运输没有车轮（轮不到运输）包括： Being raised by electromagnetic energy ( maglev train and other vehicles)目前提出的电磁能量（ 磁悬浮列车和其他车辆） Dragging with runners ( sled ) or without ( travois )拖动与亚军（ 雪橇 ）或无（ travois ） Being raised by air pressure ( hovercraft )目前提出的空气压力（ 气垫船 ） Riding an animal such as a horse 骑马的动物 ，如马 Human powered:人类供电： o Walking on ones own legs 散步对自己的腿 o Being carried ( litter/sedan chair or stretcher )正在开展（ 垃圾/轿子或担架 ） A walking machine阿步行机 Caterpillar tracks (although it is still operated by wheels) 卡特彼勒轨道 （虽然它仍然是由轮毂） Spheres , as used by Dyson vacuum cleaners 领域 ，所用的戴森真空吸尘器 In symbology 在符号 The Romani flag罗姆国旗 In the Unicode computer standard, the Dharmacakra is called the Wheel of Dharma and found in the eight-spoked form.在统一的计算机标准， Dharmacakra被称为“轮大法 ” ，并发现了8轮辐形式。 It is represented as U+2638 ()这是派 2638 （ ） The wheel has also become a strong cultural and spiritual metaphor for a cycle or regular repetition (see chakra , reincarnation , Yin and Yang among others).车轮也已成为一种强大的文化和精神比喻为一个周期或经常重复（见轮 ， 轮回 ， 阴阳等） 。 As such and because of the difficult terrain, wheeled vehicles were forbidden in old Tibet .因此，由于地形复杂，轮式车辆被禁止在旧西藏 。 The winged wheel is a symbol of progress, seen in many contexts including the coat of arms of Panama and the logo of the Ohio State Highway Patrol .该翼轮是进步的象征，看到在许多情况下，包括国徽 ， 巴拿马和标识的俄亥俄州州高速公路巡逻队 。 The introduction of spoked ( chariot ) wheels in the Middle Bronze Age appear to have carried somewhat of a prestige.采用轮辐（ 战车 ）车轮在中东青铜时代似乎已进行一定的威望。 The solar wheel appears to have a significance in Bronze Age religion , replacing the earlier concept of a Solar barge with the more modern and technologically advanced solar chariot .在太阳轮似乎有一个重要的青铜器时代的宗教 ，取代先前的概念太阳能驳船与更多的“现代”和技术先进的太阳能战车 。 The wheel is also the prominent figure on the flag of India .车轮也是著名人物的旗帜印度 。 The wheel in this case represents law ( dharma ).车轮在这种情况下，代表法（ 弘法 ） 。 It also appears in the flag of the Romani people , hinting to their nomadic history and their Indian origins.它也出现在国旗的罗姆人 ，暗示他们的游牧历史和他们的印度血统。 In recent times, the custom aftermarket car/automobile roadwheel has become a status symbol .最近， 自定义 售后 汽车/汽车已成为一种身份的象征 。 These wheels are often incorrectly referred to as rims .这些车轮往往误称为“ 边缘 ” 。 The term rim is incorrect because the rim is only the outer portion of a wheel (where the tire is mounted), just as with a coffee cup or meteor crater.所谓“环”是不正确的，因为只有环外部分的车轮（其中轮胎装） ，正如一个咖啡杯或流星陨石坑。 These rims have a great deal of variation, and are often highly polished and very shiny.这些“边缘”有很大的变化，而且往往是高度抛光和非常有光泽。 Some custom rims include a bearing-mounted, free-spinning disc which continues to rotate by inertia after the automobile is stopped.一些自定义“边缘”包括轴承安装，自由旋转盘继续旋转的惯性后，汽车停了下来。 In slang, these are referred to as Spinners .在俚语，这些被称为“ 纱厂 ” 。 讨论Talk:Wheel对话：车轮 Contents目录 1 What this article should be about 1 什么本条应该约 2 Notice of intention to overhaul 2 意向通知整顿 3 Authentication for The Iranian wheel picture 3 认证伊朗轮图片 4 Some linguistic evidence 4 有些语言上的证据 o 4.1 Cart vs wagon 4.1 车与旅行车 5 Archaeology 5 考古学 6 Axles 6 轴 7 Symbol 7 符号 8 reason for not using wheels 8不使用车轮理由 9 The Bronocice pot - Waza z Bronocic 9 Bronocice锅-瓦萨 Bronocic 10 Bronocice锅 11 Merging Wheel and axle and Wheel, discuss. 11 合并“轮轴”和“车轮” ，讨论。 12 Inconsistency 12 不一致性 13 Africa 13 非洲 14 Diagram out of place? 14 图的地方？ 15 Origin of wheels 15日 车轮的由来 edit What this article should be about 编辑 什么本条应该约 I think this article should be only about those things that we put on vehicles (and some other objects) to allow them to roll along.我认为这应该是条只有这些事情，我们把车（和其他一些物体） ，使他们能够推出沿。 This is what people think of when the wheel is talked about as the quintessential invention.这是人认为当车轮谈到作为典型的发明。 It is this improvement in the transport of goods and people that aided the spread of civilization and trade.正是这种改善运输货物和人员，帮助传播文明和贸易。 Other things that happen to be called wheels should not be on this page if they operate on different princinples and serve other purposes.其他的事情发生在被称为车轮不应在此网页上，如果他们工作在不同的和服务其他用途。 My intention is to move the article in the above direction.我的用意是将文章中的上述方向发展。 What do you think? Jimbowley 12:31, 15 October 2007 (UTC)你觉得呢？ Jimbowley 12时31分， 2007年10月15 （ UTC ）表示 No comments?没有评论？ OK to summarise what I am trying to do: I aim to modify the pages wheel wheel and axle simple machine to make it clear that a wheel on an axle on a cart is not a wheel and axle in the simple machine sense.行总结我所努力做的事情：我的目标是修改网页轮 轮轴 简单的机器 ，使之清楚，一个车轮车轴上的车不是一个轮轴的简单机械常识。 This task is made more difficult because wheel and axle is not well defined and there are many wrong or poor examples in teaching materials on the web.这项任务变得更加困难，因为轮轴没有明确界定，并有许多错误的或贫穷的例子教材在网上。 But I will try. Jimbowley 14:00, 31 October 2007 (UTC)但我会尝试。 Jimbowley 14:00 ， 2007年10月31 （ UTC ）表示 hi what up您好什么行动 hi您好 edit Notice of intention to overhaul 编辑 意向通知整顿 I find this description of the wheel to be very lacking.我认为这说明方向盘是非常缺乏。 The writer seems to think that dry equations actually impart a real knowledge of what is happening mechanically.作者似乎认为干方程实际上真正的知识传授的机械所发生的事情。 Far from it.远非如此。 Also, the history section was much better about a year ago.另外，历史科好得多大约一年前。 Im planning a total rewrite.我计划总重写。 If anyone has much to say for this version, please speak up in the next few days. JDG 05:02, 6 May 2005 (UTC)如果任何人有很多说的这个版本，请说出在未来几天内。 JDG 05:02 ， 2005年5月6日（ UTC ）表示 JDG, I agree with you that the article could use a good overhaul. JDG ，我同意你的，这一条可以利用良好的大修。 One thing which comes to mind for inclusion, is a counter to the view commonly expressed or implied that societies which lacked significant use of technology associated with the wheel are thereby deficient in some regard, and that the possession of wheel-based technologies necessarily confers some crucial advantage over those without it.特别值得一想到的包容性，是一个反的观点普遍明示或暗示的社会缺乏大量使用的技术与车轮因而在某些方面有缺陷，而且拥有四轮为基础的技术不一定赋予一些关键优势是它。 Many (primarily non-academic) references overplay this distinction.许多人（主要是非学术）凡表演过火这种区别。 As an efficient transport technology, the wheel requires not only the axle and vehicle chassis, but a suitable domesticated draught animal for propulsion, not to mention suitable terrain.作为一个高效率的运输技术，车轮不仅需要车轴及汽车底盘，但是一个合适的驯化役畜的推进，更不用提合适的地形。 Such animals were completely lacking in the pre-Columbian Americas, pre-colonised Australia, etc., and failure to explore this technology further should hardly be surprising.这些动物被完全缺乏前哥伦布美洲，前殖民澳洲等，并没有进一步探讨这个技术应该很难令人吃惊。 Even so, many impressive civilisations and edifaces were constructed without its substantive aid, such as the Egyptian pyramids, Mayan, Aztec, Zapotec and Inca cities, Great Zimbabwe, the Easter Island statues, etc etc.即使如此，许多令人印象深刻的文明和建造了没有实质性的援助，如埃及金字塔，玛雅，阿兹台克，萨波特克和印加城市，大津巴布韦，复活节岛雕像，等等等等 A case could be made that applications of the technology, such as for chariots in warfare, provided an advantage to the possessors (eg, Hittites v. Egyptians).一个例子可以提出申请的技术，如在战争中的战车，提供了一个有利的拥有者（如赫梯诉埃及人） 。 However, whilst undeniably a substantial and largely beneficial technology, the extent to which it has aided the development of those who employed it will need to be mapped out with some care.然而，尽管不可否认大量有益的和主要的技术，在何种程度上助长了它的发展是谁雇用，就必须制定出一些照顾。 - cjllw | TALK 02:22, 2005 May 26 (UTC) - cjllw | 浅谈 02:22 ， 2005年5月26日（ UTC ）表示 edit Authentication for The Iranian wheel picture 编辑 认证伊朗轮图片 In reply to Dabs objection that the spoked Iranian wheel dated in the 2nd Millenium BCE may not be authentic, to his request, I visited National Museum of Iran , and took the 3 pictures below.在回答民建联的反对伊朗的轮辐车轮月在公元前2千年不得效力，他的请求，我访问了伊朗国家博物馆 ，并采取了3图片如下。 The wheel in display at the Museum车轮在博物馆展出 Zooming in on the Label缩放在标签上的 The Label of the wheel.标签车轮。 The curator of the museum verified that the spoked wheels date had been determined by Carbon dating among other techniques, and that it had been excavated in Susa.该博物馆馆长证实，该轮辐车轮的日期已经确定由碳等技术，并指出已出土苏萨。 The wooden parts of course were added for display.木制部分课程增加了展示。 But the rest is made of an alloy of Copper and Tin.- Zereshk 14:41, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)但其他制成的合金铜和锡.- Zereshk 14:41 ， 2005年6月25日（ UTC ）表示 Zereshk, I asked because you had labelled the wheel 2000 BC.我问，因为你已经标记的车轮“公元前2000年。 ” Now of course you realize that late 2nd millennium means just before 1000 BC, ie almost 1000 years younger.现在你当然明白， “迟交第二千年”是指“公元前1000年之前” ，即近千年年轻。 That date is completely unproblematic and I accept it without batting an eyelid.这个日期是完全不成问题，我接受它没有击球的眼睑。 It isnt even particularly early, chariots were around in Mesopotamia since 1600 BC or so.它甚至不是特别早，战车大约在公元前1600年以来美索不达米亚左右。 But thanks for checking + taking the picture! dab ( ) 14:58, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)但由于检查+考虑的图片！ 民建联 （ ） 14点58分， 2005年6月25日（ UTC ）表示 Always happy to verify.总是高兴地核实。 Can you please see to it that Wheel Iran.jpg is updated?您能看到它的车轮更新？ Its still displying the old picture I put up.- Zereshk 15:04, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)它仍然旧图片我提出了.- Zereshk 15时04分， 2005年6月25日（ UTC ）表示 its a cache issue.这是一个缓存的问题。 It will appear.它会出现。 But why did you overwrite the old image?但是，你为什么覆盖旧的形象？ This one will have to be cropped.这一次将要出现。 Where did you get the one without background?你从哪里得到一个没有背景？ Incidentially, I am surprised that were wheels with metal rim in 1000 BC.，令我感到惊讶的是车轮与金属环在公元前1000年。 But surely, parts of the wood must be preserved (otherwise, how would they have Carbon dated it?) Maybe just the central spokes are replacement, and the rim is the original wood? dab ( ) 15:08, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)但毫无疑问，部分木材必须保留（否则的话，如何将它们碳月吗？ ）也许只是中央辐条的更换，以及环是原始木材？ 民建联 （ ） 15时08分， 2005年6月25日（ UTC ）表示 hey, and if they let you walk around with your camera in the museum like that, I am sure you can do a whole lot of other GFDLd images of notable artefacts for Wikipedia, hint hint,;o) dab ( ) 15:13, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)嘿，如果他们让你走走你的相机在博物馆这样的，我相信你可以做很多其他的整体形象显着文物的维基百科，暗示暗示， ; O ）的数字音频广播 （ ） 15 ： 13 ， 2005年6月25日（ UTC ）表示 Indeed.确实。 Is it too late to visit there again and snap some more photos?是太晚了访问，并提前一些照片吗？ I hope not.;-) - Natalinasmpf 21:17, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)我希望不会。 ;-) - Natalinasmpf 21时17分， 2005年6月25日（ UTC ）表示 Pictures are allowed at close range, provided no flashes are used.图片可以在近距离，没有提供闪光灯的使用。 Ill visit the museum again on my next trip to Iran.我会再次访问该博物馆在我下次访问伊朗。 Ill see if I can get special permission to visit their non-exhibit collection (as I have done before).- Zereshk 10:15, 19 February 2006 (UTC)我去看看我能得到特别许可，访问它们的非展览收集（如我之前完成） .- Zereshk 10时15分， 06年2月19日（ UTC ）表示 edit Some linguistic evidence 编辑 一些语言证据 JP Mallory writes: 太平绅士马洛瑞写道： Tomas Gamkrelidze and Vyachislav Ivanov, interestingly enough, have noted that one of our words associated with wheeled vehicles, Proto-Indo-European *k w ek w lo bears striking similarity to the words for vehicles in Sumerian gigir , Semitic *galgal , and Kartvelian * grgar .托马斯和伊万诺夫，有趣的是，已经注意到，我们的一个词与轮式车辆，原始印欧语* k 瓦特绽出瓦特罗熊惊人的相似之处的话中的车辆苏梅利亚， 闪，并Kartvelian。 With the putative origin of wheeled vehicles set variously in the Pontic-Caspian, Transcaucasia or to Sumer , we may be witnessing the original word for a wheeled vehicle in four different language families.与假定的起源轮式车辆设置不同的黑海，里海， 高加索或苏美尔 ，我们可以看到原始的Word的轮式车辆在四个不同的语言的家庭。 Furthermore, as the Proto-Indo-European form is built on an Indo-European verbal root * k w el to turn, to twist, it is unlikely that the Indo-Europeans borrowed their word from one of the other languages.此外，作为原印欧语形式是建立在一个印欧语口头根* k 瓦特埃尔 - 打开，扭曲 ，这是不可能的印度支那欧洲人借他们的话从其他语言。 This need not, of course, indicate that Indo-Europeans invented wheeled vehicles, but it might suggest that they were in some for of contact relation with those Near Eastern languages in the fourth millennium BC James P. Mallory , In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology and Myth , Thames and Hudson, 1989, p.这没有必要，当然，表明印支欧洲人发明的轮式车辆，但它可能表明，他们在一些有关的联络与近东语言在公元前4千年- 詹姆斯P马洛瑞 ，寻求印度-欧洲人：语言，考古和神话 ，泰晤士和Hudson ， 1989年，第 163. 163 。 We are not so much speaking of the invention of the wheel as we are of wheeled vehicles .我们没有这么多发言的发明轮子，因为我们的轮式车辆 。 Toys supporting very little weight are one thing; a practical vehicle that can support its own weight as well as cargo is something entirely different.玩具支持很少重量是一回事，实际的车辆，使之能够支持自己的体重，以及货物是完全不同的。 - FourthAve 21:26, 10 August 2005 (UTC) - FourthAve 21点26分， 2005年8月10 （ UTC ）表示 edit Cart vs wagon 编辑 车与旅行车 Any discussion of wheeled vehicles has to carefully distinguish between carts (one axle, two wheels) and wagons (two axles, four wheels).任何讨论的轮式车辆必须仔细区分车（一轴，两个轮子）和水车（两个车轴，四个车轮） 。 The distinction is recorded in the Proto-Indo-European language , and descends into all branches of the language family.这种区别是记录在原始印欧语 ，并降纳入所有部门的语系。 American English has mucked things up by terming automobiles and railway carriages (either passenger or freight) as cars; car originally referred to a cart-like vehicle, and in artistic contexts (painting, sculpture), often a chariot.美国英语已mucked东西了terming汽车和火车车厢（无论是客运或货运）的车 ， 车最初提到车样车，并在艺术背景（绘画，雕塑） ，往往是一个战车上。 - FourthAve 10:56, 11 August 2005 (UTC) - FourthAve 10点56 ， 2005年8月11日（ UTC ）表示 This is one large wheel made from wood. Preceding unsigned comment added by 35 ( talk ) 20:08, 20 February 2009 (UTC)这是一个大的车轮从木材。 -之前签署意见增加35 （ 对话 ） 20:08 ， 09年2月20号（ UTC ）表示 edit Archaeology 编辑 考古 There does seem to be evidence that wheeled vehicles were invented in Europe first, and just maybe, in Northern Europe:人们似乎确实的证据表明，轮式车辆的发明在欧洲第一，仅仅是也许，在北欧： The GrN dates and the Flintbek age seem to suggest that wheeled vehicles were invented in Europe together with the ard, ox-team and yoke, not in the Near East.该日期和年龄似乎表明，轮式车辆的发明在欧洲同卡，牛队和枷锁，而不是在近东。 But the data are still scarce and the BR III DIC-dates raise interesting questions.但数据仍然很少和巴三字典日期提出有趣的问题。 (For complete article see: The earliest evidence of wheeled vehicles in Europe and the Near East. Antiquity 73, 1999:778-790) 1 （如需完整的文章见：最早的证据轮式车辆在欧洲和近东地区。古代73 ， 1999:778-790 ） 1 See also the picture of the spectacular pot excavated at Bronocice , Poland, which shows apparently the very first depiction of a wheeled vehicle (here, a wagon) anywhere .又见图片的壮观壶出土Bronocice ，波兰，这表明显然是第一次描绘轮式车辆（在这里，旅行车） 的任何地方 。 I find this as shocking as I imagine you are.我觉得这是令人震惊，我想像你。 - FourthAve 21:58, 10 August 2005 (UTC) - FourthAve 21:58 ， 2005年8月10 （ UTC ）表示 edit Axles 编辑 车轴 DQ Adams and JP Mallory do the article Axle in EIEC .德泉Adams和太平绅士马洛瑞文章做“桥”的EIEC 。 They note there were two types of axles.他们注意到有两种类型的车轴。 The more common was a fixed axle where the wheel rotated on it; this is found in Mesopotamia, the Pontic-Caspian steppe, NE Europe.更常见的是一个固定轴旋转的车轮上，这是在美索不达米亚的黑海，里海草原，东北欧洲。 The second type had the axle rotate with the wheel; this attested in Switzerland and southern Germany, and seems to have once been more widespread, to have been replaced by the first type.第二类有轴旋转的车轮，这证明了在瑞士和德国南部，并似乎已被更广泛的一次，已经取代了第一种类型。 The most abundant evidence for early wheeled vehicles is from the steppe at the foot of the Caucasus; see Kura-Araxes culture and the Maykop culture , both of which most likely had Indo-European speaking components.- FourthAve 15:42, 14 August 2005 (UTC)最“大量证据表明”早期轮式车辆是从草原脚下高加索;见库拉- Araxes文化和Maykop文化 ，这两个最有可能在印欧语发言组件.- FourthAve 15点42 ， 2005年8月14号（ UTC ）表示 I have read in academic works that the earliest spoked wheel was found in the Netherlands.我已阅读的学术著作，最早的轮辐车轮被发现在荷兰。 The most likely origin for the wheel was developed from rollers fitted on sleighs to cross the tundra and steppe in Ukraine and under the now flooded Black Sea.最有可能的原产地的车轮是由辊装有雪橇穿越冻土地带和草原乌克兰和根据现在淹没黑海。 What really supports the invention of the wheel is the expansion of people from the Ukraine to Ireland (Celts) and the northern borders of China (Tocharians et al).真正支持发明的车轮是扩大人民从乌克兰爱尔兰（凯尔特人）和北部边界的中国（吐火罗等人） 。 A similar expansion moved south (Arians vis. White skinned) and the only realistic explanation is that these people had both the wheel and possibly wheat or other grain cultivation.一个类似的扩张南移（阿里乌派相。白皮肤）和唯一现实的解释是，这些人有两个车轮，并可能小麦或其他谷物的种植。 It created a need to expand to prevent over population.它创造了一个需要扩大，以防止多人口。 This is a theme that Middle Eastern writers have alluded to from ancient times up to the last movement the Turks.这是一个主题，中东作家提到了从远古时代到最后运动特克斯。 There is considerable evidence of advanced cultures in the Ukraine and Caucuses. Preceding unsigned comment added by 5 ( talk ) 11:31, 15 October 2008 (UTC)有相当多的证据的先进文化在乌克兰和高加索。 -之前签署意见增加5 （ 对话 ） 11点31分， 08年10月15号（ UTC ）表示 edit Symbol 编辑 符号 We may need Wheel (symbol) for those winged wheels and chakras .我们可能需要轮（文）为那些翼车轮和查克拉 。 Werent wheels taboo in Tibet before the Maoist invasion?没有车轮禁忌西藏之前，毛派入侵？ edit reason for not using wheels 编辑 说明为何不使用车轮 from above从上面 Where is the evidence of South American wheels?在哪里的证据南美轮子？ There are wheeled things we suppose to be TOYS - wheeled dogs in Mexican contexts, wheeled Llamas in Incan.有轮子的东西，我们假设将玩具-轮式狗在墨西哥的情况，轮式拉马斯在印加。 The usual reason given for the failure ot use them on carts is that usable roads would have been too hard to build or too uncommon, which I for one buy for the Andes but not for Central Mexico.通常的理由未能催产素使用的手推车是可用的道路将是难以建立或太不寻常，我一个购买的安第斯山脉而不是墨西哥中部。 -MichaelTinkler you all so need a central empire of some sort to pay and mantane for the roads,it wasnt the case in central mexico at the time 1 to use wheels you need a flat surface(rare to existe by it self) in generaly a road 2 a central empire is needed to bealt them and maintain them 3 the empire must have sufichient resources and technology to build them(the incas didnt have buldosers on ther mountens,the romans at my nolge did not buld roads on mountens)大家都需要这样一个中央帝国的某种支付和道路，这是不是这种情况在墨西哥中部时1使用轮子你需要一个平面上（很少存在了它的自我）在一般道2中央帝国需要他们和维护他们3帝国必须资源和技术来建立他们（印加人没有，罗马人没有道路） so in general at historic times it was easyer to not use wheels.所以一般在历史上是不使用车轮。 that good unaf?do somebody wants to add this whith corect english - Ruber chiken 21:04, 19 May 2006 (UTC)良好吗？有人想加入这一英语- 橡胶鸡 21时04分， 2006年5月19 （ UTC ）表示 It could be that roads are needed for wheeled carriages, but to build roads wheeled carriages must exist otherwise the roads are not so useful, and walk paths are enough.这可能是道路所需要的轮式车，而是要建造公路轮式车必须存在其他的道路并不那么有用，步行路径是不够的。 Central America have wet rain forests and I beleive it is not so easy to build roads there good enough for carriages.中美洲的热带雨林和湿我认为，这是不那么容易建立良好的道路有足够的车。 - BIL ( talk ) 10:28, 14 December 2008 (UTC) - 胆红素 （ 交谈 ） 10:28 12月14日， 2008 （ UTC ）表示 The vase from Bronocice - a ceramic pot with incised carts, discovered in 1974 during the archaeological excavation of a large Neolothic settlement in Bronicice by the Nidzica River, ca.花瓶由陶瓷锅切割车，发现在1974年的考古发掘过程中的一个大解决的，美国加利福尼亚。 50 km to north east of Krakow (the Pinczow, Land District).北50公里以东的克拉科夫（该地区） 。 The excavations were carried out between 1974 and 1980 by the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences and the State University of New York at Buffalo (USA).挖掘工作进行了1974年和1980年之间的文物考古研究所和民族波兰艺术与科学学院和纽约州立大学布法罗分校（美国） 。 The ornament on the pot shows a symbolic depiction of trees, fields, roads and a river.装饰的盆栽显示了象征性的描写树木，农田，道路和河流。 The most important component of the decoration are five rudimentary representations of a four-wheeled cart.最重要的组成部分装修有五个最基本的申述的四轮车。 The pot from Bronocice has been dated by a physical chemistry method (radiocarbon dating) to 3520 BC It is the oldest representation of a cart (or a wheeled vehicle) in the world.盆栽已经由一个物理化学方法（放射性碳测年）至3520年这是最古老的代表性车（或轮式车辆）在世界上。 The Institute of Archeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences, Krakw Branch, ul.该研究所的考古和民族学的波兰艺术与科学学院，克拉科夫科， UL认证。 Slawkowska 17, phone +48(12) 4222905,17 ，电话+48 （ 12 ） 4222905 ， www.archeo.pan.krakow.pl www.archeo.pan.krakow.pl edit Merging Wheel and axle and Wheel, discuss. 编辑 合并“轮轴”和“车轮” ，讨论。 I do not believe these two articles should be merged as they discuss two totally different things that use the same word.我不相信这两个条款应该合并，因为它们讨论两个完全不同的东西，使用相同的字。 Wheel and axle: The simple machine of aa wheel and an axle turning (at this stage it is unimportant which is making which turn) which leads to another connected wheel and axle to also turn.轮轴：简单的机器机管局和车轴车轮转向（在这个阶段它是不重要的是使这反过来）导致另一连接轮轴也反过来。 Wheel: The wheel as we know it used for motion. The preceding unsigned comment was added by GBobly ( talk contribs ) 14:43, 12 February 2007 (UTC).车轮：车轮我们大家都知道，用于动议。 -前面的未签名的意见是增加GBobly （ 谈论 贡献 ） 14:43 2007年2月12日（ UTC ）表示。 edit Inconsistency 编辑 不一致性 History of the wheel and axle says first The wheel reached India and Pakistan with the Indus Valley Civilization in the 3rd millennium BC then The wheel reached Europe and India (the Indus Valley civilization) in the 4th millennium BC . “历史的车轮和车轴说： ”第一轮印度和巴基斯坦达成的印度河文明在公元前第三个千年然后车轮达到欧洲和印度（印度河文明）在公元前4000年 。 Which is right? The preceding unsigned comment was added by 33 ( talk ) 22:29, 22 February 2007 (UTC).这是正确的？ ，上述未签名的意见是增加33 （ 交谈 ） 22:29 ， 07年2月22日（ UTC ）表示。 The wheel was invented in 44 bc by Ruben Rehr a well known American from Accent, Alabama. “车轮发明于公元前44鲁文众所周知美国从口音，阿拉巴马州。 ” I dont think this is true.我不认为这是真的。 edit Africa 编辑 非洲 ha!哈哈！ so it didnt appear in Africa until colonialism!因此它并没有出现在非洲，直至殖民主义！ not even the egyptians had it - 3 15:52, 30 June 2007 (UTC)即使是埃及人它- 3 15时52分， 2007年6月30 （ UTC ）表示 The Egyptians had chariots.埃及人已战车。 Admittedly I dont know whether nor when they invented it by themselves or adopted it from others.诚然我不知道当他们发明的，也不是自己或通过他人。 - 64 22:35, 27 September 2007 (UTC) - 64 22:35 ， 2007年9月27日（ UTC ）表示 edit Diagram out of place? 编辑 图的地方？ The wheel on a ramp diagram at the top of the article seems out of place.车轮上匝道图上方的文章似乎不合时宜。 It is somewhat related to the article, but such an important position should be occupied by a simple picture of a wheel - shouldnt it? ThreeE 02:09, 18 September 2007 (UTC)这是有点相关的文章，但这样一个重要的位置应该被一个简单的图片的一个车轮-不应该吗？ ThreeE 02:09 ， 2007年9月18 （ UTC ）表示 Yes, I agree there should be a picture of a simple wheel at the top of the article.是的，我同意应该有一个图片的一个简单的车轮上方的文章。 I removed the diagram you refer to for that reason, and because it does not explain the function of a wheel.本人删除了图你提到这个原因，因为它没有解释的功能，一个车轮。 The diagram showed why a round object rolls downhill, it did not explain why a wheel is useful for transporting things along the surface of the planet which is the major function of the wheel.为什么图显示了一轮对象名册下坡，但没有解释为什么一个车轮是有用的东西沿着运送表面的行星是主要职能的车轮。 I have added this explanation because the author of the picture has reverted it back in, and it may become a point of contention if the author continues to do so. Jimbowley 14:19, 22 October 2007 (UTC)我解释说这是因为作者的图片恢复了它在，它可能会成为争论的焦点，如果作者继续这样做。 Jimbowley 14时19分， 2007年10月22 （ UTC ）表示 Yes, it may well become a point of contention.是的，这很可能会成为争论的焦点. We may have an image at the top of the article as you suggest, but then we should move the diagram to the section on Mechanics of wheels .我们可能有一个图像上方的文章，你建议，但我们应该把图上的一节力学车轮 。 It may seem trivial that the diagram explains why wheels ar so facinating.这可能似乎微不足道，该图说明了为什么如此车轮河。 Bear in mind that many scholars may not quite comprehend why wheels tend to rotate spontaneously.We also need a gallery for a variety of different wheels.记住，许多学者可能不太理解，为什么车轮转动往往自发.我们还需要一个画廊为各种不同的轮毂。 That is why I did not delete your cartwheel.but shifted it down instead. Gregorydavid 14:41, 24 October 2007 (UTC)这就是为什么我没有删除您翻.但它不是把. Gregorydavid 14时41分， 07年10月24日（ UTC ）表示 Hi Gregorydavid, I appreciate you not reverting.您好 ，我感谢你不是恢复。 Wheels do not tend to rotate spontaneously.车轮不容易旋转自发。 Things such as wheels and eggs and footballs do tend to roll downhill but that is not anything to do with being wheel-like it is to do with being roundish and to do with gravity. Jimbowley 13:35, 29 October 2007 (UTC)事情如车轮，鸡蛋和足球往往推出下坡，不过这也不是什么关系正在轮喜欢它是与正在圆形，并与严重性。 Jimbowley 13时35分， 2007年10月29 （ UTC ）表示 Hi, I beg to differ, we all know wheels tend to rotate spontaneously, given the correct conditions.嗨，我未敢苟同，但我们都知道车轮转动往往自发，给予正确的条件. why the need for brakes and the hand brake?为什么需要刹车和手制动？ On sloping surfaces gravity alone creates the impetus for wheels to rotate spontaneously, while an external impetus is required in other situations.坡表面重力独自创造的动力车轮旋转自发，而外部的动力是必要的其他情况。 The eccentricity of the force bearing on the axle, with the point of contact with the sloping surface creates a moment that is not counteracted by any forces excepting the rolling resistance on the surface and any rolling resistance at the axle.偏心的力量影响车轴，与联系点，与坡面创建一个时刻，没有任何力量所抵消除外滚动阻力和表面上的任何滚动阻力在轴. the same reason why stones with virtual axles roll downhill as you pointed out. Gregorydavid 20:28, 3 November 2007 (UTC)同样的原因结石虚拟轴滚下坡时指出. Gregorydavid 20:28 11月3日， 2007 （ UTC ）表示 We have a different understanding of what spontaneously means, and yours is wrong.我们有不同的理解，自发的手段，你是错误的。 Regards Jimbowley 12:41, 5 November 2007 (UTC)关于Jimbowley 12时41分， 2007年11月5 （ UTC ）表示 Please explain, do you mean spontaneously like in Spontaneous combustion , ie without an external ignition source, or external force in the case of the wheel? Gregorydavid 14:18, 5 November 2007 (UTC)请解释，你的意思一样自发自燃 ，即无需外部点火源，或外部力量的情况下驾驶？ Gregorydavid 14时18 ， 2007年11月5 （ UTC ）表示 This definition matches my own understanding/use of the word: /wiki/Spontaneous Spontaneous means a self-generated event, typically requiring no outside influence or help.这个定义符合我自己的理解/使用这个词： /wiki/Spontaneous “自然是指自我生成的活动，通常无需外界的影响或帮助。 ” So saying that something (eg gravity) causes a spontaneous action makes no sense at all.所以说，有些（如重力）造成的自发行动就没有意义了。 Regards, Jimbowley 13:16, 6 November 2007 (UTC)此致， Jimbowley 13时16分， 07年11月6日（ UTC ）表示 Most spontaneous events depend on the correct conditions to be present for them to occur.最自然的活动依赖于正确的条件，目前他们发生。 The fact that gravity is not visible may account for the misconception that objects appear to move spontaneoulsly under the influence of gravity.事实上，重力是不可见的可核算对象的误解，似乎移动重心。 The diagram together with its caption indicates why roundish objects including wheels tend to roll down sloping surfaces.图连同它的标题表明为什么圆形物体包括车轮滚下来往往倾斜的表面。 Is the analysis so trivial that it is not deserving of being included in an article which many editors, including yourself have been grappling with for years? Gregorydavid 13:05, 7 November 2007 (UTC)是分析如此微不足道，这是不值得被列入其中的一篇文章中的许多编辑，包括自己一直忙于多年？ Gregorydavid 13:05 ， 2007年11月7日（ UTC ）表示 Im not sure that your imagined readership exists (people who want to know why things roll downhill).我不知道，你想象的读者存在（人谁想知道为什么事情滚下坡） 。 But if they do exist, this article is not the place to cater to them. Jimbowley 14:27, 7 November 2007 (UTC)但是，如果有的话，这篇文章是不是地方，以满足他们。 Jimbowley 14:27 11月7日， 2007 （ UTC ）表示 edit Origin of wheels 编辑 车轮起源There is conflicting text in the history section.有矛盾的文字在历史上一节。 Origin of wheels says The wheel reached India and Pakistan with the Indus Valley Civilization in the 3rd millennium BCE , only lines later to state The wheel reached Europe and India (the Indus Valley civilization) in the 4th millennium BCE .?车轮的起源说： “ 车轮达成与印度和巴基斯坦的印度河文明在公元前第三个千年 ” ，只有行后来国“ 轮到达欧洲和印度（印度河文明）在公元前4千年 。 ” ？ ？ ？ so which one is it? Twthmoses 07:38, 11 October 2007 (UTC)所以哪一个呢？ Twthmoses 07:38 ， 2007年10月11 （ UTC ）表示 There is actually more conflicting text.其实更多的矛盾文本。 On one hand it is claimed that potters wheels were probably the earliest of wheels and on the other hand that driven wheels only developed sometime later.一方面声称陶工轮子可能是最早的车轮，另一方面是驱动车轮只有发达国家晚些时候。 Surely all potters wheels are, per definition, driven? Gregorydavid 09:37, 13 November 2007 (UTC)当然，所有的陶工车轮，每定义，驱动？ Gregorydavid 09:37 ， 2007年11月13 （ UTC ）表示 I have found an authoritative reference for the origin of the wheel: written in the Pulitzer Prize -winning book Guns, Germs, and Steel.我已经找到了一个权威性的参考的起源轮：书面的普利策奖获奖图书枪炮，病菌和钢铁生产国。 The Fates of Human Societies by Jared Diamond ( 1997 ). 命运的人类社会的贾里德戴蒙德 （ 1997年） 。 In the last page of chapter 10, entitled Big spaces, big axes , he writes that the wheel appeared around 3000 BC in the Near East, and the invention was spread to a large part of Eurasia within a few centuries, while the same invention, independently born in Mexico, never reached the Andes .在最后一页第10章，题为大空间，大轴 ，他写道， 车轮出现在公元前3000年近东和发明扩散到很大一部分欧亚几个世纪内，而相同的发明，独立出生在墨西哥，从未达到安第斯山脉 。 Please, check the original quotation, since I have translated from my Italian translated edition of Diamonds book. Carlodn6 21:39, 26 April 2008 (UTC)请检查原始报价，因为我已经从我的意大利语翻译翻译版钻石的书。 Carlodn6 21:39 ， 2008年4月26日（ UTC ）表示 The invention of the wheel should distinguish between two stages: firstly the invention of the tournette, or slow potters wheel, which occurred in Mesopotamia in the 5th millenium BC.发明了车轮应区分两个阶段：首先发明，或慢轮制陶，发生在美索不达米亚在公元前3000年的第5次。 But wheels as applied to vehicles were developed much later, usually dated as between 4000 and 3500 BC.但是车轮适用于车辆的发展更晚，通常月之间， 4000和3500年。 It is a common misconception, as popularized in innumerable cartoons, that the first wheel were made of stone.这是一个常见的误解，因为推广无数漫画，第一轮的石头发了言。References 参考资料 1. wheel . Online Etymology Dictionary . /index.php?term=wheel . “车轮” 。 在线词源词典 。 /index.php?term=wheel 。 2. kwel-1. kwel - 1 。 The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 美国传统英语词典：第四版。 2000 2000年 3. ret- The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 沤，美国传统英语词典：第四版。 2000 2000年 4. Waza z Bronocic (in Polish) 瓦萨 Bronocic （波兰文） 5. Dyer, Gwynne, War: the new edition, p. 代尔，格温，战争：新版本，第 159: Vintage Canada Edition, Randomhouse of Canada, Toronto, ON 159 ：老式加拿大版， Randomhouse加拿大，多伦多，在 6. CRAFTS; Uncovering Treasures of Ancient Nubia; New York Times 工艺品;揭开古代努比亚宝物;纽约时报 7. /kush.html Ancient Sudan: (aka Kush & Nubia) City of Meroe (4th BC to 325 AD) /kush.html古代苏丹： （又名兴都库什和努比亚）市Meroe （第4次公元前325年） 8. What the Nubians Ate 的努比亚人吃什么 9. The Cambridge History of Africa 剑桥非洲史 10. How The Wheel Developed 如何车轮开发 11. - Wheel and axle -轮轴 Retrieved from /wiki/Wheel ” WheelA wheel is a circular device that is capable of rotating on its axis, facilitating movement or transportation whilst supporting a load (mass), or performing labour in machines. Common examples are found in transport applications. A wheel, together with an axle overcomes friction by facilitating motion by rolling. In order for wheels to rotate, a moment needs to be applied to the wheel about its axis, either by way of gravity, or by application of another external force. More generally the term is also used for other circular objects that rotate or turn, such as a ships wheel, steering wheel and flywheel.Contentshide 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Mechanics and function o 3.1 Stability 4 Alternatives 5 In symbology 6 Gallery 7 discussion 8 References EtymologyThe English word wheel comes from the Proto-Indo-European *kwekwlo-,1 which was an extended form of the root *kwel- meaning to revolve, move around. This is also the root of the Greek kuklos, the Sanskrit chakra, and Persian charkh, all meaning circle or wheel,2 and also in Lithuanian, sukti means to rotate. The Latin word rota is from the Proto-Indo-European *rot-, the extended o-grade form of the root *ret- meaning to roll, revolve.3HistoryA depiction of onager-drawn carts on the Sumerian battle standard of Ur (circa 3200 BC)A wheel on display at The National Museum of Iran, in Tehran. The wheel is dated late 2nd millennium BC and was excavated at Choqa Zanbil.Most authorities regard the wheel as one of the oldest and most important inventions, which originated in ancient Mesopotamia in the 5th millennium BC (Ubaid period), originally in the function of potters wheels. Near the northern side of the Caucasus several graves were found, in which since 3700 BC people had been buried on wagons or carts (both types). The earliest depiction of what may be a wheeled vehicle (here a wagonfour wheels, two axles), is on the Bronocice pot, a ca. 3500 BC clay pot excavated in southern Poland.4The wheel reached Europe and Western Asia in the 4th millennium BC, and the Indus Valley by the 3rd millennium BC. In China, the wheel is certainly present with the adoption of the chariot in ca. 1200 BC,5 although Low (2000) argues for earlier Chinese wheeled vehicles, circa 2000 BC. Whether there was an independent invention of the wheel in East Asia or whether the concept made its way there after jumping the Himalayan barrier remains an open question.Although they did not develop the wheel proper, the Olmec and certain other western hemisphere cultures seem to have approached it, as wheel-like worked stones have been found on objects identified as childrens toys dating to about 1500 BC. Early antiquity Nubians used wheels for spinning pottery and waterwheels.67 It is thought that Nubian waterwheels may have been ox-driven8 It is also known that Nubians used horse-driven chariots imported from Egypt.9The invention of the wheel thus falls in the late Neolithic, and may be seen in conjunction with the other technological advances that gave rise to the early Bronze Age. Note that this implies the passage of several wheel-less millennia even after the invention of agriculture. Looking back even further, it is of some interest that although paleoanthropologists now date the emergence of anatomically modern humans to ca.150,000 years ago, 143,000 of those years were wheel-less. That people with capacities fully equal to our own walked the earth for so long before conceiving of the wheel may be initially surprising, but populations were extremely small through most of this period and the wheel, which requires an axle and socket to actually be useful, is not as simple a device as it may seem. Making and balancing a wheel requires a skilled wheelwright.Wide usage of the wheel was probably delayed because smooth roads were needed for wheels to be effective.10 Carrying goods on the back would have been the preferred method of transportation over surfaces that contained many obstacles. The lack of developed roads prevented wide adoption of the wheel for transportation until well into the 20th century in less developed areas.Early wheels were simple wooden disks with a hole for the axle. Because of the structure of wood a horizontal slice of a trunk is not suitable, as it does not have the structural strength to support weight without collapsing; rounded pieces of longitudinal boards are required.The spoked wheel was invented more recently, and allowed the construction of lighter and swifter vehicles. The earliest known examples are in the context of the Andronovo culture, dating to ca 2000 BC. Shortly later, horse cultures of the Caucasus region used horse-drawn spoke-wheel war chariots for the greater part of three centuries. They moved deep into the Greek peninsula where they joined with the existing Mediterranean peoples to give rise, eventually, to classical Greece after the breaking of Minoan dominance and consolidations led by pre-classical Sparta and Athens. Celtic chariots introduced an iron rim around the wheel in the 1st millennium BC. The spoke wheel had been in continued use without major modification until the 1870s CE, when wire wheels and pneumatic tires were invented.11The invention of the wheel has also been important for technology in general, important applications including the water wheel, the cogwheel (see also antikythera mechanism), the spinning wheel, and the astrolabe or torquetum. More modern descendants of the wheel include the propeller, the jet engine, the flywheel (gyroscope) and the turbine.Mechanics and functionThe wheel is a device that enables efficient movement of an object across a surface where there is a force pressing the object to the surface. Common examples are a cart drawn by a horse, and the rollers on an aircraft flap mechanism.Wheels are used in conjunction with axles, either the wheel turns on the axle, or the axle turns in the object body. The mechanics are the same in either case.The low resistance to motion (compared to dragging) is explained as follows (refer to friction): the normal force at the sliding interface is the same. the sliding distance is reduced for a given distance of travel. the coefficient of friction at the interface is usually lower. Bearings are used to reduce friction at the interface.Example: If dragging a 100 kg object for 10 m along a surface with = 0.5, the normal force is 981 N and the work done (required energy) is (work=force x distance) 981 0.5 10= 4905 joules. Now give the object 4 wheels. The normal force between the 4 wheels and axles is the same (in total) 981 N, assume = 0.1, and say the wheel diameter is 1000 mm and axle diameter is 50 mm. So while the object still moves 10 m the sliding frictional surfaces only slide over each other a distance of 0.5 m. The work done is 981 x 0.1 x 0.5= 49 joules. Additional energy is lost at the wheel to road interface. This is termed rolling resistance which is predominantly a deformation loss.The wheel alone is not a machine, but when attached to an axle, it forms the wheel and axle, one of the simple machines. A driven wheel is an example of a wheel and axle. Note that wheels predate driven wheels by about 6000 years.StabilityStatic stability of a wheeled vehicleFor unarticulated wheels, climbing obstacles will cause the body of the vehicle to rotate. If the rotation angle is too high, the vehicle will become statically unstable and tip over. At high speeds, a vehicle can become dynamically unstable, able to be tipped over by an obstacle smaller than its static stability limit. Without articulation, this can be an impossible position from which to recover.For front-to-back stability, the maximum height of an obstacle which an unarticulated wheeled vehicle can climb is a function of the wheelbase and the horizontal and vertical position of the center of mass (CM).The critical angle is the angle at which the center of mass of the vehicle begins to pass outside of the contact points of the wheels. Past the critical angle, the reaction forces at the wheels can no longer counteract the moment created by the vehicles weight, and the vehicle will tip over. At the critical angle, the vehicle is marginally stable. The critical angle crit can be found by solving the equation:wherer is the radius of the wheels; xcm is the horizontal distance of the center of mass from the rear axle; and ycm is the vertical distance of the center of mass from the axles. For small wheels, this formula can be simplified to:The maximum height h of an obstacle can be found by the equation:where w is the wheelbase.AlternativesWhile wheels are used for ground transport very widely, there are alternatives, some of which are suitable for terrain where wheels are ineffective. Alternative methods for ground transport without wheels (wheel-less transport) include: Being raised by electromagnetic energy (maglev train and other vehicles) Dragging with runners (sled) or without (travois) Being raised by air pressure (hovercraft) Riding an animal such as a horse Human powered: o Walking on ones own legs o Being carried (litter/sedan chair or stretcher) A walking machine Caterpillar tracks (although it is still operated by wheels) Spheres, as used by Dyson vacuum cleaners In symbologyThe Romani flagIn the Unicode computer standard, the Dharmacakra is called the Wheel of Dharma and found in the eight-spoke form. It is represented as U+2638 ()The wheel has also become a strong cultural and spiritual metaphor for a cycle or regular repetition (see chakra, reincarnation, Yin and Yang among others). As such and because of the difficult terrain, wheeled vehicles were forbidden in old Tibet.The winged wheel is a symbol of progress, seen in many contexts including the coat of arms of Panama and the logo of the Ohio State Highway Patrol.The introduction of spoke (chariot) wheels in the Middle Bronze Age appear to have carried somewhat of a prestige. The solar wheel appears to have a significance in Bronze Age religion, replacing the earlier concept of a Solar barge with the more modern and technologically advanced solar chariot.The wheel is also the prominent figure on the flag of India. The wheel in this case represents law (dharma). It also appears in the flag of the Romani people, hinting to their nomadic history and their Indian origins.In recent times, the custom aftermarket car/automobile road wheel has become a status symbol. These wheels are often incorrectly referred to as rims. The term rim is incorrect because the rim is only the outer portion of a wheel (where the tire is mounted), just as with a coffee cup or meteor crater. These rims have a great deal of variation, and are often highly polished and very shiny. Some custom rims include a bearing-mounted, free-spinning disc which continues to rotate by inertia after the automobile is stopped. In slang, these are referred to as Spinners.GalleryA driving wheel on a steam locomotive0 Series Shinkansen wheelModern motorcycle alloy wheel with disc brakeA pair of wheels on a cartTraining wheels are used to help the learner cope with gravityFlanged railway wheelTalk: WheelContentshide 1 What this article should be about 2 Notice of intention to overhaul 3 Authentication for The Iranian wheel picture 4 Some linguistic evidence o 4.1 Cart vs wagon 5 Archaeology 6 Axles 7 Symbol 8 reason for not using wheels 9 The Bronocice pot - Waza z Bronocic 10 The Bronocice pot 11 Merging Wheel and axle and Wheel, discuss. 12 Inconsistency 13 Africa 14 Diagram out of place? 15 Origin of wheels 16 Most appropriate introduction picture? 17 Expert(s) needed 18 As a fictional weapon 19 Wheels in nature and life 20 Contradictory dates for wheel reaching India 21 Rollers 22 Wheel example 23 Earlier dates for the spoked wheel edit What this article should be aboutI think this article should be only about those things that we put on vehicles (and some other objects) to allow them to roll along. This is what people think of when the wheel is talked about as the quintessential invention. It is this improvement in the transport of goods and people that aided the spread of civilization and trade.Other things that happen to be called wheels should not be on this page if they operate on different principles and serve other purposes.My intention is to move the article in the above direction. What do you think? Jimbowley 12:31, 15 October 2007 (UTC)No comments? OK to summa what I am trying to do: I aim to modify the pages wheel wheel and axle simple machine to make it clear that a wheel on an axle on a cart is not a wheel and axle in the simple machine sense.This task is made more difficult because wheel and axle is not well defined and there are many wrong or poor examples in teaching materials on the web. But I will try. 14:00, 31 October 2007 (UTC)hi what uphiedit Notice of intention to overhaulI find this description of the wheel to be very lacking. The writer seems to think that dry equations actually impart a real knowledge of what is happening mechanically. Far from it. Also, the history section was much better about a year ago. Im planning a total rewrite. If anyone has much to say for this version, please speak up in the next few days. JDG 05:02, 6 May 2005 (UTC)JDG, I agree with you that the article could use a good overhaul. One thing which comes to mind for inclusion, is a counter to the view commonly expressed or implied that societies which lacked significant use of technology associated with the wheel are thereby deficient in some regard, and that the possession of wheel-based technologies necessarily confers some crucial advantage over those without it. Many (primarily non-academic) references overplay this distinction. As an efficient transport technology, the wheel requires not only the axle and vehicle chassis, but a suitable domesticated draught animal for propulsion, not to mention suitable terrain. Such animals were completely lacking in the pre-Columbian Americas, pre-colon Australia, etc., and failure to explore this technology further should hardly be surprising. Even so, many impressive were constructed without its substantive aid, such as the Egyptian pyramids, Mayan, Aztec, and Inca cities, Great Zimbabwe, the Easter Island statues, etc. A case could be made that applications of the technology, such as for chariots in warfare, provided an advantage to the possessors (Hittites v. Egyptians). However, whilst undeniably a substantial and largely beneficial technology, the extent to which it has aided the development of those who employed it will need to be mapped out with some care. -cjllw | TALK 02:22, 2005 May 26 (UTC) edit Authentication for The Iranian wheel pictureIn reply to Dabs objection that the spoke Iranian wheel dated in the 2nd Millenium BCE may not be authentic, to his request, I visited National Museum of Iran, and took the 3 pictures below.The wheel in display at the MuseumZooming in on the LabelThe Label of the wheel.The curator of the museum verified that the spoke wheels date had been determined by Carbon dating among other techniques, and that it had been excavated in Susa. The wooden parts of course were added for display. But the rest is made of an alloy of Copper and Tin.-Zereshk 14:41, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)Zereshk, I asked because you had the wheel 2000 BC. Now of course you realize that late 2nd millennium means just before 1000 BC, i.e. almost 1000 years younger. That date is completely unproblematic and I accept it without batting an eyelid. It isnt even particularly early, chariots were around in Mesopotamia since 1600 BC or so. But thanks for checking + taking the picture! dab () 14:58, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC) Always happy to verify. Can you please see to it that Wheel is updated? Its still the old picture I put up.-Zereshk 15:04, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)its a cache issue. It will appear. But why did you overwrite the old image? This one will have to be cropped. Where did you get the one without background? I am surprised that were wheels with metal rim in 1000 BC. But surely, parts of the wood must be preserved (otherwise, how would they have Carbon dated it?) Maybe just the central spokes are replacement, and the rim is the original wood? dab () 15:08, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC) hey, and if they let you walk around with your camera in the museum like that, I am sure you can do a whole lot of other GFDLd images of notable, hint;o) dab () 15:13, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC) Indeed. Is it too late to visit there again and snap some more photos? I hope not.;-) - Natalinasmpf 21:17, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC) Pictures are allowed at close range, provided no flashes are used. Ill visit the museum again on my next trip to Iran. Ill see if I can get special permission to visit their non-exhibit collection (as I have done before).-Zereshk 10:15, 19 February 2006 (UTC) edit Some linguistic evidenceJP Mallory writes:Tomas and Vyachislav, interestingly enough, have noted that one of our words associated with wheeled vehicles, Proto-Indo-European bears striking similarity to the words for vehicles in Sumerian, Semitic l, and Kartvelianr. With the putative origin of wheeled vehicles set variously , Transcaucasia or to Sumer, we may be witnessing the original word for a wheeled vehicle in four different language families. Furthermore, as the Proto-Indo-European form is built on an Indo-European verbal rootto turn, it is unlikely that the Indo-Europeans borrowed their word from one of the other languages. This need not, of course, indicate that Indo-Europeans invented wheeled vehicles, but it might suggest that they were in some for of contact relation with those Near Eastern languages in the fourth millennium B.C. James P. Mallory, In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology and Myth, Thames and Hudson, 1989, p. 163.We are not so much speaking of the invention of the wheel as we are of wheeled vehicles. Toys supporting very little weight are one thing; a practical vehicle that can support its own weight as well as cargo is something entirely different. -FourthAve 21:26, 10 August 2005 (UTC)edit Cart vs wagonAny discussion of wheeled vehicles has to carefully distinguish between carts (one axle, two wheels) and wagons (two axles, four wheels). The distinction is recorded in the Proto-Indo-European language, and descends into all branches of the language family. American English has mucked things up by terming automobiles and railway carriages (either passenger or freight) as cars; car originally referred to a cart-like vehicle, and in artistic contexts (painting, sculpture), often a chariot. -FourthAve 10:56, 11 August 2005 (UTC)This is one large wheel made from wood. Preceding unsigned comment added by 35 (talk) 20:08, 20 February 2009 (UTC)edit ArchaeologyThere does seem to be evidence that wheeled vehicles were invented in Europe first, and just maybe, in Northern Europe: The GrN dates and the Flintbek age seem to suggest that wheeled vehicles were invented in Europe together with the ard, ox-team and yoke, not in the Near East. But the data are still scarce and the BR III DIC-dates raise interesting questions. (For complete article see: The earliest evidence of wheeled vehicles in Europe and the Near East. Antiquity 73, 1999:778-790) 1 See also the picture of the spectacular pot excavated at Bronocice, Poland, which shows apparently the very first depiction of a wheeled vehicle (here, a wagon) anywhere. I find this as shocking as I imagine you are. -FourthAve 21:58, 10 August 2005 (UTC)edit AxlesD.Q. Adams and JP Mallory do the article Axle in EIEC. They note there were two types of axles. The more common was a fixed axle where the wheel rotated on it; this is found in Mesopotamia, the Caspian steppe, NE Europe. The second type had the axle rotate with the wheel; this attested in Switzerland and southern Germany, and seems to have once been more widespread, to have been replaced by the first type.The most abundant evidence for early wheeled vehicles is from the steppe at the foot of the Caucasus; see Kura-Araxes culture and the Maykop culture, both of which most likely had Indo-European speaking components.-FourthAve 15:42, 14 August 2005 (UTC)I have read in academic works that the earliest spoke wheel was found in the Netherlands. The most likely origin for the wheel was developed from rollers fitted on sleighs to cross the tundra and steppe in Ukraine and under the now flooded Black Sea. What really supports the invention of the wheel is the expansion of people from the Ukraine to Ireland (Celts) and the northern borders of China. A similar expansion moved south ( White skinned) and the only realistic explanation is that these people had both the wheel and possibly wheat or other grain cultivation. It created a need to expand to prevent over population. This is a theme that Middle Eastern writers have alluded to from ancient times up to the last movement the Turks. There is considerable evidence of advanced cultures in the Ukraine and Caucuses. Preceding unsigned comment added by 5 (talk) 11:31, 15 October 2008 (UTC)edit SymbolWe may need Wheel (symbol) for those winged wheels and chakras. Werent wheels taboo in Tibet before the Maoist invasion?edit reason for not using wheelsfrom aboveWhere is the evidence of South American wheels?There are wheeled things we suppose to be TOYS - wheeled dogs in Mexican contexts, wheeled Llamas in Incan. The usual reason given for the failure use them on carts is that usable roads would have been too hard to build or too uncommon, which I for one buy for the Andes but not for Central Mexico. MichaelTinkleryou all so need a central empire of some sort to pay and mantane for the roads, it wasnt the case in central Mexico at the time 1 to use wheels you need a flat surface in general a road 2 a central empire is needed to bealt them and maintain them 3 the empire must have sufichient resources and technology to build them so in general at historic times it was easy to not use wheels.that good somebody wants to add this -Ruber chiken 21:04, 19 May 2006 (UTC)It could be that roads are needed for wheeled carriages, but to build roads wheeled carriages must exist otherwise the roads are not so useful, and walk paths are enough. Central America have wet rain forests and I believe it is not so easy to build roads there good enough for carriages. -BIL (talk) 10:28, 14 December 2008 (UTC) edit The Bronocice pot - Waza z Bronocicwww.neolit.prv.pledit The Bronocice potThe vase from Bronocice - a ceramic pot with incised carts, discovered in 1974 during the archaeological excavation of a large settlement in Bronicice by the River, ca. 50 km to north east of Krakow (the Pinczow, Land District). The excavations were carried out between 1974 and 1980 by the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences and the State University of New York at Buffalo (USA). The ornament on the pot shows a symbolic depiction of trees, fields, roads and a river. The most important component of the decoration are five rudimentary representations of a four-wheeled cart. The pot from Bronocice has been dated by a physical chemistry method (radiocarbon dating) to 3520 B.C. It is the oldest representation of a cart (or a wheeled vehicle) in the world.The Institute of Archeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences, Branch, 17, phone +48(12) 4222905,www.archeo.pan.krakow.pledit Merging Wheel and axle and Wheel, discuss.I do not believe these two articles should be merged as they discuss two totally different things that use the same word.Wheel and axle: The simple machine of a wheel and an axle turning (at this stage it is unimportant which is making which turn) which leads to another connected wheel and axle to also turn.Wheel: The wheel as we know it used for motion. The preceding unsigned comment was added by GBobly (talk contribs) 14:43, 12 February 2007 (UTC).edit InconsistencyHistory of t