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附录1随着汽车技术的迅猛发展,人们对汽车转向操纵性能的要求也日益提高。汽车转向系统已从传统机械转向、液压助力转向(Hydraulic Power Steering ,简称HPS) 、电控液压助力转向( Elect ric Hydraulic PowerSteering , 简称EHPS) , 发展到电动助力转向系统(Elect ric Power Steering ,简称EPS) ,最终还将过渡到线控转向系统(Steer By Wire ,简称SBW) 。1 机械转向机构1. 1 机械转向机构的概念机械转向系统是指以驾驶员的体力作为转向能源,其中所有传力件都是机械的，汽车的转向运动是由驾驶员操纵方向盘,通过转向器和一系列的杆件传递到转向车轮而实现的。机械转向系由转向操纵机构、转向器和转向传动机械3 大部分组成。1. 2 机械转向机构的分类通常根据机械式转向器形式可以分为:齿轮齿条式、循环球式、蜗杆滚轮式、蜗杆指销式。应用最广的两种是齿轮齿条式和循环球式(用于需要较大的转向力时) 。在循环球式转向器中,输入转向圈与输出的转向摇臂摆角是成正比的;在齿轮齿条式转向器中,输入转向圈数与输出的齿条位移是成正比的。循环球式转向器由于是滚动摩擦形式,因而正传动效率很高,操作方便且使用寿命长,而且承载能力强,故广泛应用于载货汽车上。齿轮齿条式转向器与循环球式相比,最大特点是刚性大,结构紧凑重量轻,且成本低。由于这种方式容易由车轮将反作用力传至转向盘,所以具有对路面状态反应灵敏的优点,但同时也容易产生打手和摆振等现象,且其承载效率相对较弱,故主要应用于小汽车及轻型货车上,目前大部分低端轿车采用的就是齿轮齿条式机械转向系统。2 液压转向机构随着车辆载重的增加以及人们对车辆操纵性能要求的提高,简单的机械式转向系统已经无法满足需要,动力转向系统应运而生,它能在驾驶员转动方向盘的同时提供助力,动力转向系统分为液压转向系统和电动转向系统2 种。其中液压转向系统是目前使用最为广泛的转向系统。2. 1 传统的液压动力转向系统(HPS)液压转向系统在机械系统的基础上增加了液压系统,包括液压泵、V 形带轮、油管、供油装置、助力装置和控制阀。它借助于汽车发动机的动力驱动液压泵、空气压缩机和发电机等,以液力、气力或电力增大驾驶员操纵前轮转向的力量,使驾驶员可以轻便灵活地操纵汽车转向,减轻了劳动强度,提高了行驶安全性。液压助力转向系统从发明到现在已经有了大约半个世纪的历史,可以说是一种较为完善的系统,由于其工作可靠、技术成熟至今仍被广泛应用。它由液压泵作为动力源,经油管道控制阀向动力液压缸供油,通过活塞杆带动转向机构动作,可通过改变缸径及油压的大小来改变助力的大小,由此达到转向助力的作用。传统液压式动力转向系统一般按液流的形式可以分为:常流式和常压式2 种类型,也可根据控制阀形式分为转阀式和滑阀式。随着液压动力转向系统在汽车上的日益普及,人们对操作时的轻便性和路感的要求也日益提高,然而液压动力转向系统却存在许多的缺点: 由于其本身的结构决定了其无法保证车辆在任何工况下转动转向盘时,都有较理想的操纵稳定性,即无法同时保证低速时的转向轻便性和高速时的操纵稳定性; 汽车的转向特性受驾驶员驾驶技术的影响严重; 转向传动比固定,使汽车转向响应特性随车速、侧向加速度等变化而变化,驾驶员必须提前针对汽车转向特性幅值和相位的变化进行一定的操作补偿,从而控制汽车按其意愿行驶。这样增加了驾驶员的操纵负担,也使汽车转向行驶中存在不安全隐患;而此后出现了电控液压助力系统,它在传统的液压动力转向系统的基础上增加了速度传感器,使汽车能够随着车速的变化自动调节操纵力的大小,在一定程度上缓和了传统的液压转向系统存在的问题。系统是未来转向系统的发展趋势，但由于其取消了方向盘和转向车轮之间的机械连接，可靠性成为阻挠线性控制转向技术普及的一个重要因素，现在仍然处于研究阶段。相比而言，液压助力转向系统应用的时间较长，技术已经比较成熟，而且在成本上有着巨大的优势，同时具有助力大、转向感觉平顺、安全可靠的优点，对于中等功率（500-1000W）和大功率的伺服机构，液压方案仍为最佳的选择。附录2 Along with the rapid development of automobile technology, people on the vehicle steering control performance requirements are increasing. Steering system has turned from the traditional mechanical and Hydraulic Steering (Hydraulic Power Steering, referred to as HPS), electric Hydraulic Steering (Elect ric Hydraulic PowerSteering, referred to as EHPS), the development of electric Power Steering system (Elect ric Power Steering, referred to as EPS), finally will also transition to the Wire Steering system (who, By Wire SBW referred to).1 mechanical steering mechanism1 1 mechanical steering mechanism of conceptMechanical steering system refers to the drivers physical energy, including all as to force all is mechanical, automobile steering movement by the steering wheel is, through the steering and a series of bar transmission to the steering wheel. Mechanical steering system, steering gear control mechanisms by turning and steering transmission machinery 3 major components.1. 2 mechanical steering mechanism of classificationUsually based on mechanical redirector form can be divided into: super-modulus gear and circular ball type, worm and worm wheel type to pin type. One of the most widely used two is super-modulus gear and ball type (used to need cycle of steering force). In the cycle of ball type redirector, input and output of turning circle to radial angular is proportional to the, In rack-and pinion steering gear-component, input and output of steering laps is proportional to the displacement of the rack. Ball type redirector cycle because it is rolling friction forms, so is the transmission efficiency high, convenient operation and long service life, and bearing capacity, widely used in automotive. Super-modulus gear steering gear-component with circular ball type, characteristic is rigid, compact structure, light weight, and low cost. Because this way by the wheel will easily reaction to the steering wheel, so has the sensitive reaction of pavement condition, but also easy to produce goons and shimmy and its carrying such phenomena as relatively weak efficiency, it is mainly used in cars and vans, most low-end cars USES is super-modulus gear type mechanical steering system.2 hydraulic steering mechanismWith the increase of vehicle load and people to improve vehicle handling performance requirements, simple mechanical steering system has been unable to satisfy needs, power steering system, it can also provide the driver turned the steering wheel, power steering system into hydraulic steering system and power steering system of two. One hydraulic steering system is the most widely used steering system.2 one of traditional hydraulic steering system (HPS)Hydraulic steering system in mechanical system on the basis of the hydraulic system, including increased pump, v-shaped belt wheel, tubing and oil-supplied device, booster device and valves. With the help of a car engine driving pump, air compressors, generators, hydraulic, pneumatic or electric increases the power of the front wheel steering, the driver can lightweight flexible steering control and reduce the labor intensity, improve the driving safety.Hydraulic steering system from the invention to now has a history of about half a century, is a relatively complete system, due to its reliable work, mature technology still has been widely used. It consists of a power source, the pump valve oil pipeline to power supply and hydraulic cylinder piston driven by steering mechanism, by changing the size of the hydraulic cylinder size and to change the size of the power steering, thus achieve the effect. Traditional hydraulic power steering system according to the general form of fluid flow can be divided into: often flow and atmospheric type two kinds, also can turn into the form according to the control valve type and rotary type.With hydraulic steering system in the bus to the increasing popularity of the operation, and the way of portability, but also increasing hydraulic power steering system has many disadvantages: (1) because of its own structure determines its cannot assure vehicles in any conditions when turning steering wheel, and has better stability, namely can also guarantee the high portability and turned the steering stability, 2 the car by driving technology to