高级英语第一课总结

1 / 44 高级英语第一课总结 青岛理工大学琴岛学院外语系教师课题纸 Lesson One Where do We Go from Here? 一、 预习问题 Part I (Paras. 1-2) 1. How does the speaker begin his speech? 2. What makes Dr. King say that a Negro is fifty percent of a person? 3. What happens to other spheres? Part II (Paras. 3-5) 1. What role does paragraph 3 play? 2. Analyze the grammatical structure of the sentence 2 / 44 “The job of arousing manhood within a people that have been taught for so many centuries that they are nobody is not easy.” 3. Does English have such phrases as “white lie” and “black lie”? 4. What s the meaning of the phrase “black sheep” 5. What is the tendency mentioned in paragraph 5? Part III (Paras. 6-9) 1. How is paragraph 6 organized? 2. State the definition of power. Part IV (Paras. 10-15) 1. Explain the meaning of this statement: At that time economic status was considered the measure of the individual s ability and talents. 2. How can guaranteed annual income be achieved? 3. How does the speaker describe the Vietnam War? Part V (Paras. 16-20) 1. What is the thing that Dr. King saw in the riots that made him feel sad? 2. How does Dr. King describe 3 / 44 the fighting in the riots? 3. What is the weapon most useful to the Negro in his struggle for racial justice, according to Dr. King? Part VI (Paras. 21-25) 1. What is the role of the first sentence of paragraph 21? 2. Why does the speaker stress “we honestly face the fact”? 3. Why does Dr. King mention the story in paragraph 23? 4. What is meant by “white power” and “black power”? Part VII (Paras. 26-28) 1. What is the key idea of paragraph 26? 2. How does Dr. King end his speech? 3. What is the role of the first sentence of paragraph 28? 4 / 44 二、 课文背景 1960s - turbulent times in the United States: 1. anti-war movement 2. counter-culture movement 3. feminist movement 4. civil rights movement Flashpoint of civil rights movement: 1. 1954: Supreme Court decision of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka 2. 1955: Montgomery bus boycott Leader of civil rights movement: Martin Luther King 1. 1963: “ I Have a Dream”, the Lincoln Memorial, the climax of civil rights movement 2. 1964: Nobel Peace Prize, the youngest ever awarded 3. 1968: assassinate, shot dead 5 / 44 Triple evils that are interrelated 1. racism 2. economic exploitation 3. war Discussion of Guide to Reading 三、 词汇和短语 1. formula n. formulae (pl.) A formula is a plan that is invented in order to deal with a particular problem计划，原则 eg. It is difficult to imagine how the North and South could ever agree on a formula to unify the divided peninsula. 很难想象南方和北方能够就统一半岛达成意见。 2. substandard a. that is under the standard 标准以下的 eg. A substandard service or product is unacceptable because it is below the required standard.低劣的服 务和次等产品是难以接受的，因为它是低与标准的。 6 / 44 Residents in general are poor and uneducated, and live in substandard housing. 大多数居民还很贫困，而且没有受过教育，并居住在低于标准的房屋里。 3. negative a. A fact, situation, experience that is negative is unpleasant, depressing or harmful 否定的 news from overseas is overwhelmingly negative.来自国外的消息极为不利。 All this had an extremely negative effect on the criminal justice system.这一切对于罪犯公正制度产生极坏的影响。 4. infant mortality 儿童死亡率 5. proportion n. a proportion of a group or an amount is a part of it 一份 eg. A large proportion of dolphins in that area will eventually die. 那一区域的大部分海豚最终会死 亡。 7 / 44 in proportion to: relative to sth. If something is small or large in proportion to something else, it is small or large when compared with that thing. eg. The room is wide in proportion to its height. 相对与房间的高度，宽度显得过宽。 Children tend to have larger heads than adults in proportion to the rest of their body. 儿童就其身体的比例而言，头部比成年人大。 6. sphere n. (1) A sphere is an object that is completely round in shape 圆形 (2) A sphere of activity or interest is a particular area of activity or interest. = field eg. Our country is distinguished in many different spheres, in artistic, literary and political circles. 我们国家在穴道不同领域都很出色，比如艺术、文学和政治领域。 8 / 44 7. segregate vt. to segregate two groups of people means to keep them physically apart from each other.(to separate esp. a racial or religious group from the rest of the community) 隔离 eg. The police segregated the two rival camps of protesters. 警方将对峙的双方阵营分开。 They segregate you from the rest of the community. 他们把你与社区的其他成员隔离开。 Why should the handicapped be segregated from the able-bodied? 为什么要把残疾人与正常人分开？ 【辨析】 Isolate implies a detachment of sb. or sth from his or its usual environment so that he or it will not affect or be affected by others. The word is sufficiently general that it may be employed in reference either to an actual separation or to separation that is merely virtual, arbitrary, or speculative. eg. Several villages were isolated by the storm. 有9 / 44 几个村庄被暴风雨隔离了。 Find an isolated spot in which to live. 找个与世隔绝的地方住下。 Isolate scarlet fever patients. 隔离猩红热病人。 Under present conditions no country can remain isolated.在目前情况下没有一个国家可以保持与世隔绝。 He was singularly isolated, untouched by the interest or the gossip or the knowledge of the life about him.他独自孤立，毫不在乎别人的好奇心、闲话或谈论他的私生活。 Segregate also implied to both persons and things and usually refers to them as a group separated from the mass or the main body; its secondary implication is often, therefore, a collection in one place, one class, or one mass and it may in addition imply a holding incommunicado (被单独囚禁的 ). Segregate lepers from the rest of the population. 把麻风病人与人群隔离开。 10 / 44 Segregate hardened criminals from first offenders in prison.把顽固不化的罪犯与初犯分开。 8. substantially ad. If something changes substantially or is substantially different, it changes a lot or very different. eg. The percentage of girls in engineering has increased substantially.女生学习工科个比例大大增加了。 The price is substantially higher than had been expected. 价格比预期的高很多。 If you say that something is substantially correct or unchanged, you mean it is mostly correct and mostly unchanged. He checked the details given and found them substantially correct. 他检查了细节发现大部 分都正确。 11 / 44 9. menial jobs: Menial work is very boring and people who do it have a low status and are usually badly paid. low paid menial jobs are such work as cleaning and domestic work 非技能性的体力劳动 10. massivea. substantial; impressive; extensive 巨大的，广泛的 eg. This is massively popular game. 这是一项非常受欢迎 的项目。 11. assert vt. to state clearly; declare声称，声明 eg. The defendants, who continue to assert their innocence, are expected to appeal. 被告一再声明他是清白的，他准备上诉。 12. amidst prep.= amid surrounded by, in the middle of 在中间 eg. Amid warm applause the honoured guests mounted the rostrum.在热烈的掌声中贵宾等上了讲坛。 12 / 44 13. unassailable a. that cannot be successfully denied and contested 攻不破的 eg. unassailable truths 不争地真理 an unassailable fortress 攻不破的堡垒 14. majestic a. very grand and dignified 宏伟的 15. conspire vt. to plan or plot secretly 密谋； to join or act together; 力促成参加或合作； combine 协力 eg. The criminals conspired to rob a bank. 歹徒密谋抢劫一家银行。 All things conspired towards the present dilemma. 一切因素都导致了目前进退两难的境地。 16. degrading a. humiliating 丢脸的 17. blot n. a moral defect in an otherwise good character; a disgraceful act or quality 污点；性格上的缺陷 18. soot n. a black substance consisting chiefly of 13 / 44 carbon particles formed by the incomplete combustion of burning matter 烟灰 19. grim a. sinister恐怖的；可怕的 20. foul a. offensive to the senses; revolting; disgusting 污秽的；邪恶的 21. chastity n. being virgin 贞洁 22. degenerate a. having sunk below a normal condition, character, morally corrupt 退化的，衰 弱的，颓废的 eg. a degenerate art, society, age 颓废的艺术，社会，年龄 23. despise vt. (1) to regard with contempt or scorn鄙视用轻蔑和指责对待 eg. despised all cowards and flatterers 鄙视所有的胆小鬼和溜须拍马者 (2) to dislike intensely; loathe: 厌恶非常强烈地不喜欢；厌恶 eg. despised the frigid weather in January 厌恶一14 / 44 月份寒冷的天气 24. perpetuate vt. (1) to cause to continue indefinitely; make perpetual 使延续下去；使永久 (2) to prolong the existence of; cause to be remembered 使延长 的存在；使被纪念 eg. The new library will perpetuate its founders great love of learning. 这座新图书馆将纪念它的创建人对学习的热爱。 eg. We must not perpetuate the religious divisions of the past. 我们不能让过去的宗教分离持续下去。 25. inferiority n. being low or lower in order, degree, or rank:自卑，次等 eg. inferiority complex 自卑情绪；自卑感 26. adore vt. feel great love and admiration for sb. 尊敬 高级英语 15 / 44 第一课 词汇 a host of abolish abusive advocate affirmation allegiance allotted anemia anemic anticipate assert assertive audacious authoritarian bars batter battering ram besubject to bewilderment bier black sheep blast blatantly blot bosh buoyancy capitol charted course chastity commitment compelling confront consolation contend conviction cosmic councilor creed decay decent deed degenerate demanding denunciation despise destiny devoid diminish dislocation distribution divine dreary dwell edifice elevate enhance etch ethereal 16 / 44 excessively fatigue fig fore-parents formula foul frustration futility gains get bogged downghetto grim guarantee homicide hover idleness illogical implement in dire need of in proportion to incarcerate infant mortality initiative integrated legitimate Lincolnian Emancipation longing majestic make a way out of no way manacles manhood meandering menial job metropolis mob Nietzsche odds Olympian manhood on the scale of outskirts perpetuate 17 / 44 pin down plantation potent potential preacher preceding reap reckless regime resignation ridicule righteousness ringing cry riot sanitary secure segregate segregated self-abnegation sentimental setback shatter shattered sheriff snuff out soot sow sphere stand by status quo strain stripsb ofsth stumble stumbling substandard housing tear-drenched theologian thesaurus unassailable whim whimsical 课件涉及的释义： When the Constitution was written, a strange formula to determine taxes and representation declared that the Negro was 60 percent of a another curious formula seems to declare he is 50 percent of a person. 当初拟定宪法时，一个奇怪的规则规定黑人在纳税和选举代表权方面只是一个完整人的 60%。如今又一个奇怪的规则说黑18 / 44 人只相当于 50%的人了。 Of the good things in life, the Negro has approximately one half those of whites. Of the bad things of life, he has twice those of whites. 对于生活中的好事，黑人大约只享有白人所享受的一半；而生活中的不愉快，黑人却要承受白人所面对的两倍。 One twentieth as many Negroes as whites attend college. Of employed Negroes, 75 percent hold menial jobs. 20个上大学的学生中，只有一个是黑人。有工 作的黑人中，75%的人从事低等的工作。 We must stand up amidst a system that still oppresses us and develop an unassailable and majestic sense of values. 我们必须与仍在 压迫我们的制度抗争，从而树立无可争辩的和崇高的价值观。 19 / 44 The job of arousing manhood within a people that have been taught for so many centuries that they are nobody is not easy. 要唤醒几百年来一直被灌输自己是卑贱低微的想法的黑人重新树立人的尊严绝非易事。 Even semantics have conspired to make that which is black seem ugly and degrading. 甚至语义学似乎也阴图谋把 黑色的说成足丑陋的、可耻的。 In Rogets Thesaurus there are 120 synonyms for blackness and at least 60 of them are offensive, as for example, blot, soot, grim, devil and foul. And there are some 134 synonyms for whiteness and all are favorable, expressed in such words as purity, cleanliness, chastity and innocence. 罗杰特同义词词典中与黑色相关的同义词有 120 个，其中至少 60 个是令人讨厌的，如污渍、煤烟、可怕的、魔鬼或污秽的。而与白色相关的同义词约有 134个，全部都是令人愉快的，如纯洁、洁净、贞节和清白。 20 / 44 Ossie Davis has suggested that maybe the English language should be reconstructed so that teachers will not be forced to teach the Negro child 60 ways to despise himself, and thereby perpetuate his false sense of inferiority, and the white child 134 ways to adore himself, and thereby perpetuate his false sense of superiority. 奥西戴维斯曾建议或许应重造英语语言，从而教师将不再被迫去教黑人孩子 60 种方式作践自己而使他们永远怀有不应有的自卑感，也不再被迫去教白人孩子 134种方式吹捧自己而使他们永远怀有不应有的优越感。 The tendency to ignore the Negros contribution to American life and to strip him of his personhood, is as old as the earliest history books and as contemporary as the mornings newspaper. 忽视黑人对美国生活的贡献并且剥夺其做人的权利的倾向，既像最早的历史书那么悠久，又像每天的晨报那样司空见惯。 21 / 44 To upset this cultural homicide, the Negro must rise up with an affirmation of his own Olympian manhood. Any movement for the Negros freedom that overlooks this necessity is only waiting to be buried. 为了挫败这种文化绞杀，黑人必须奋起申明自己高贵的人格。任何忽略这一要点的为黑人争取自由的运动都注定要失败。 No Lincolnian Emancipation Proclamation or Johnsonian Civil Rights Bill can totally bring this kind of freedom. The Negro will only be free when he reaches down to the inner depths of his own being and signs with the pen and ink of assertive manhood his own Emancipation Proclamation. 林肯的解 放宣言和约翰逊的人权法案都不能完全带来这种自由。黑人惟有发自内心并用坚定的人格的笔墨签下解放自己的宣言才会得到解放。 Stripped of the right to make decisions concerning his 22 / 44 life and destiny he has been subject to the authoritarian and sometimes whimsical decisions of this white power structure. 由于被剥夺了决定自己生活和命运的权利，黑人只能屈从于白人权力机构做出的专横的、有时是反复无常的决定。 The problem of transforming the ghetto, therefore, is a problem of power-confrontation of the forces of power demanding change and the forces of power dedicated to the preserving of the status quo. 因此，改变贫民窟的问题就是权利的问题 -这是要求变革的力量和竭力维持这一现状的力量之间的对抗。 You see, what happened is that some of our philosophers got off base. And one of the great problems of history is that the concepts of love and power have usually been contrasted as opposites - polar opposite that love is identified with a resignation of power, and power with a denial of love. 问题是有些哲学家曲解了它 , 而且历史上的一大问题就是23 / 44 常把爱和权力的概念完全对立起来 -把它们看作两极化的对立面 -结果，爱被看成是放弃权力，而权力被看成是不要爱。 Now, weve got to get this thing right. What is needed is a realization that power without love is reckless and abusive, and love without power is sentimental and anemic. 现在我们必须纠正这个错误认识，必须需要认识到没有爱的权力是鲁莽的、伤害性的，而没有权力的爱则是感情用事的、软弱无力的。 This is leading a few extremists today to advocate for Negroes the same destructive and conscienceless power that they have justly abhorred in whites. It is precisely this collision of immoral power with powerless morality whichconstitutes the major crisis of our times. 这就导致少数极端分子 向黑人宣扬危害性的、没有良知的权利，这种权利恰恰是黑人深恶痛绝的白人权利。正是这种不道德的权力和无权力的道德的冲突构成了我们这个时代的主要危机。 24 / 44 We must develop a program that will drive the nation to a guaranteed annual income. Now, early in this century this proposal would have been greeted with ridicule and denunciation, as destructive of initiative and responsibility. 我们必须制定一个计划来推动我们国家实现有保障的年收入。如果是在本世纪初，这种建议或许会遭到嘲笑和谴责，被看成是伤害积极性和责任感的。 Now we realize that dislocations in the market operations of our economy and the prevalence of discrimination thrust people into idleness and bind them in constant or frequent unemployment against their will. 现在我们懂得是我们的经济市场运行混乱、歧视盛行才使得人们 (black people)无事可干，使他们深陷违背自己的意愿的持续的或经常性的失业。 It is not the work of slaves driven to their tasks either 25 / 44 by the task, by the taskmaster, or by animal necessity. It is the work of men who somehow find a form of work that brings a security for its own sake and a state of society wherewant is abolished. 这不是奴隶做的工作，奴隶干活儿不是被工作本身所驱使，就是被工头所驱使或是迫于动物本能。这是人的工作，是能带来保障，并使社会消除贫困的工作。 Work of this sort could be enormously increased, and we are likely to find that the problems of housing and education, instead of preceding the elimination of poverty, will themselves be affected if poverty is first abolished. 这样的工作如果能大规模地增加，我们就可能发现如果先解决贫困问题，而不是先解决住房和教育问题，那么随着贫穷的消除，住房和教育问题本身就会有所改善。 Beyond these advantages, a host of positive psychological changes inevitably will result from widespread economic security. 26 / 44 此外，广泛的经济保障必然会带来许多积极的心理上的改变。 The futility of violence in the struggle for racial justice has been tragically etched inall the recent Negro riots. 近期所有的黑人骚乱悲惨又清楚地表明暴力在争取种族平等的斗争中是徒劳无益的。 Occasionally Negroes contend that the 1965 Watts riot and the other riots in various cities represented effective civil rights action. But those who express this view always end up with stumbling words when asked what concrete gains have been won as a result. 不时有黑人声称， 1965 年的瓦特骚乱和其他城市的骚乱代表着有效的人权行动，但当被问到这些骚乱最终取得了什么具体成果时，那些持这种观点的人则支支吾吾、无以应答。 They fail to see that no internal revolution has ever succeeded in overthrowing a government by violence 27 / 44 unless the government had already lost the allegiance and effective control of its armed forces. Anyone in his right mind knows that this will not happen in the United States. 他们不懂除非政府已失去武装部队的支持和对其有效的控制，没有任何内部革命能够通过暴力成功地推翻政府。 任何有理性的人都明白这在美国是绝不会发生的。 What is needed is a strategy for change, a tactical program that will bring the Negro into the mainstream of American life as quickly as possible. So far, this has only been offered by the nonviolent movement. 我们需要的是寻求改变的策略，一个能使黑人尽快地融入到美国主流生活的机智策略的方案。迄今为止，只有非暴力运动为此提供了可能。 And when one is concerned about these, he can never advocate violence. Forthrough violence you may murder a murderer but you cant murder murder. Through violence you may murder a liar but you cant establish 28 / 44 truth. Through violence you may murder a hater, but you cant murder 高级英语课文修辞总结 第一课 Face to Face With Hurricane Camille Simile: 1. The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade. (comparing the passing of children to the passing of buckets of water in a fire brigade when fighting a fire) 2. The wind sounded like the roar of a train passing a few yards away. (comparing the sound of the wind to the roar of a passing train) Metaphor : 1. We can batten down and ride it out. (comparing the house 29 / 44 in a hurricane to a ship fighting a storm at sea) 2. Wind and rain now whipped the house. (Strong wind and rain was lashing the house as if with a whip.) Personification : 1. A moment later, the hurricane, in one mighty swipe, lifted the entire roof off the house and skimmed it 40 feet through the air. (The hurricane acted as a very strong person lifting something heavy and throwing it through the air.) 2. It seized a 600, 000-gallon Gulfport oil tank and dumped it 3 1/2miles away. (The hurricane acted as a very strong man lifting something very heavy and dumping it 3 1/2 miles away.). . Elliptical and short s