除冰机器人的控制仿真设计【单片机】【PDF图】
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除冰
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除冰机器人的控制仿真设计
35页 19000字数+说明书+开题报告+任务书+文献综述+答辩稿
ST895C2.pdf
任务书.doc
外文资料翻译.doc
封面.doc
控制图.pdf
文献综述.doc
机器人电路图.pdf
电路图.pdf
答辩稿.ppt
诚信承诺书.doc
除冰机器人的控制仿真设计开题报告.doc
除冰机器人的控制仿真设计说明书.doc
摘 要
随着科技的发展,机器人技术也越来越普及。在各个领域的发展到一定阶段,机器也开始代替人的工作,对那些具有安全隐患的工作也是机器人应用最多的地方,如今西南地区随着天气的影响对输电线的破坏也越来越加重,本次设计是针对这种情况设计一种专门除冰的一种机器人,通过对内部的控制设计达到对机械的操作,进而达到除冰的效果。在根据运动学仿真,验证了动作规划的合理性。接下来,用Lagrange法建立了机器人的多刚体系统动力学模型,推导了机器人逆动力学方程的求解算法,并结合机器人的虚拟样机,并且考虑导线的柔性,对除冰机器人单臂越障的过程进行了仿真,根据结果,为除冰机器人最薄弱的关节选择了合适和电机,验证了除冰机器人本体结构设计的可行性。最后,研究了柔性导线的悬挂形状,并用Lagrange方程建立了机器人的刚柔耦合动力学模型,在ADAMS中用除冰机器人的虚拟样机模型和导线的柔性模型进行了仿真,得到机器人运动与导线变形间耦合特性。验证了即使在考虑导线柔性的情况下,因此,研制安全有效的除冰机械以代替人进行导线除冰具有较好的实用意义。
关键词:除冰机器人 ;运动学;多刚体动力学;刚柔耦合动力学
目 录
摘 要1
1 引言1
1.1 除冰机器人的研究1
1.2 研究现状1
1.3工业机器人的控制系统的分类2
2控制系统的设计3
2.1 工作电源及控制系统3
2.2 传感器的应用4
2.2.1 温度传感器4
2.2.2 光照传感器5
2.3 单片机的选用及硬件设计5
2.4 8255A芯片与AT89C51接口电路设计7
2.5时钟电路的设计8
2.6 ADC0809引脚配置及其接口电路设计9
3指令系统编程11
3.1运动及轴的指令系统11
3.2 输入/输出指令说明或编程12
3.2.1程序循环和结构循环12
3.2.2恒量14
3.3轴参数说明和编程14
4除冰机器人的运动模块16
4.1无线传输模块16
4.2 测控系统17
4.3控制功能模块18
4.4 系统软件的设计20
4.5 系统监控程序设定22
参考文献24
致 谢25
附录26
目前,在国内还没有技术成熟的除冰机器人,但是,在外国这种除冰机器人技术相对比较成熟,其代表作品是加拿大的研究院设计的遥控小车,它主要用于清除电力传输线上的覆冰,但是该机器人质量过大,结构复杂,并且只能清除俩杆塔之间的覆冰,不具备越障功能,因此不完全的代替人工线上除冰,由于这些国家的地理与气候情况与我国相似,甚至一些国家的情况更加恶劣,为了保证电力系统的可靠性,提高高压输电线除冰的效率,减少损失,维护工人的安全,在借鉴国内外除冰机器人以及巡线机器人的优点,本文设计的是高压线路除冰机器人,这种机器人可以满足直导线上覆冰不是太厚情况下除冰要求。因此,研制安全有效的除冰机械以代替人进行导线除冰具有较好的应用前景和实用意义。
全球气候正经历以变暖为主要特征的变化,气候变暖导致“厄尔尼诺”和“拉尼娜”等极端天气气候事件的频率与强度明显增加,输电线路所处地质条件复杂,容易遭受冰灾等极端天气的影响,目前国内外对已多次发生的输电线路冰灾事故进行了相关的研究。袭击湖南的持续低温、雨雪、冰冻天气过程来临之前,湖南温度偏高、空气干燥。湖南东、南、西部三面环山,向中部、北部过渡为丘陵和平地,冷空气袭击湖南后,湖南降温迅速,冷暖空气交汇形成的锋面逆温强度大,加上湖南北低南高的地势使逆温层得以加强,地势陡增处南下冷空气因推进受阻而徘徊驻留,随着暖湿气流不断补充,易形成长时间降雨、冰冻,形成持续的雨凇。由于降温迅速,湘西高海拔山区和纬度较高的湘北地区地表气温低,但降水主要集中在湘南、湘中、湘东,且停留时间较长,导致湘南、湘中、湘东冰冻灾害强于湘北和湘西高海拔山区。湖南电网冰冻灾害是在大尺度天气形势控制下形成的,拉尼娜现象起到推波助浪的作用,冰冻灾害受损范围与程度具有较强的微地形影响特征。长时间的低温(0~﹣5℃)、降水过程为覆冰提供了适宜条件。受冷暖空气共同影响,湖南从01-11/02-07,共出现4次明显的雨雪天气过程,这次持续时间长的冻雨和冰冻天气给湖南电网带来了灾难性的影响。湖南省电力公司500 kV线路33条有14条线路倒塔182基,变形75基,导线断线或受损159处,地线断线或受损322处;220 kV有44条线路倒塔679基,110 kV有121条倒塔1864基;≤35 kV高压线路倒杆6万4千多基,发生断线超过5万处;低压线路倒杆断杆33万多基,断线近37万处,在整个冰冻期间,发生了多次电网解裂和衡阳、郴州等地区大面积停电事故,使湖南电网受了有史以来最严峻的威胁,直接经济损失数10亿元。


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中国地质大学长城学院毕业设计任务书学生姓名李金泽学号05208327班 级机制三班指导教师杨义勇职称教授单 位中国地质大学长城学院毕业设计题目除冰机器人的控制仿真设计毕业设计主要内容和要求:1、内容:如今对输电线路实施除冰是防止冰灾的有效途径,如何具体的除冰方法则应用了除冰机器人,除冰机器人造价低,工作效率高,安全可靠,能够实现在线除冰作业,不影响电力的输送,是一项很有发展前景的课题。2、要求:(1)关节控制 (2)笛卡尔空间运动控制和自适应控制 (3)点位控制和连续轨迹控制 (4)速度控制、加速度控制、力控制毕业设计主要参考资料:(1)张屹,邵威,高虹亮,罗成. 高压输电线路除冰机器人的机构设计J.三学大学学报,2008.12,Vol.30 No.6:P69-72.(2)高虹亮,孟遂民,罗成,马小强.架空输电线路除冰机器人的结构设计J.电力建设,2009.3,Vol.30 No.3:P93-96.(3)甘辰予,陈劲生.LEGO 智能除冰机器人的设计J.大众科技,2009.10,No.10.(4)蒋正龙,陆佳政,雷红才,黄福勇. 湖南2008年冰灾引起的倒塔原因分析J.高电压技术,2008.11,Vol.34 No.11:P2468-2474.(5) 吴功平,肖晓晖,肖华,戴锦春,鲍务均,胡杰. 架空高压输电线路巡线机器人样机研制J.电力系统自动化,2006.7.10,Vol.30 No.13:P90-107.(6)张运楚,梁自泽,谭民. 架空电力线路巡线机器人的研究综述J.机器人,2004.9,Vol.26 No.5:P467-473.(7)许源 刘人玮 李军. 湖南电网防冻融冰体系改革之探讨J.2003,Vol.23 No.5:P24-27.(8)李红旗,陈志高,于钦刚,李翔,陈懿夫. 输电线路机械除冰技术研究J.自然灾害对电力设施的影响与应对研讨会2008.5,Vol.23 No.5:P24-27(9)李宁,周羽生,邝江华,彭琢. 输电线路除冰技术的研究J. 防灾科技学院学报,2008.9, V0110 No3:P33-37.(10)Serge Jourden. Deleer Installation at Lrvis Substation on Hydro Qurbecs High Voltage SystemJ.SOUTHERN POWER SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY,20099,Vol.3 No.1:P1-6.(11)濮良贵,纪名刚. 机械设计M. 北京:高等教育出版社,2002. (12)张红先,李波,方针. 2008年湖南电网冰灾中技术措施的应用效果分析J. 湖南电力,2008,Vol.3 No.3:P10-16毕业设计应完成的主要工作:1、除冰机器人的控制设计电路图四张。2、除冰机器人的控制设计设计说明书一份6000字。5、外文资料翻译不少于3000字。毕业设计进度安排:序号毕业设计各阶段内容时间安排备注1选题,熟悉课题,搜集相关资料2010.12.1-2010.12.162资料翻译,设计加工工艺规程2011.01.17-2011.01.283完成设计过程中的参数计算2011.02.21-2011.03.214进行初步设计,及设计说明书的初稿2011.03.22-2011.04.015除冰机器人控制设计(电路图)2011.04.02-2011.04.106确定说明书及相关文案的修改2011.04.11-2011.04.207整理相关资料,准备答辩2011.04.21-2011.05.10课题信息:课题性质: 设计R 论文 课题来源: 教学 科研 生产R 其它发出任务书日期: 指导教师签名: 年 月 日教研室意见:教研室主任签名:年 月 日 学生签名:中国地质大学长城学院本科毕业论文外文资料翻译系 别: 工程技术系 专 业:机械设计制造及其自动化姓 名: 李金泽 学 号: 05208327 2012 年 5 月 4 日外文资料翻译译文机器人学是近几十年来迅速发展起来的一门综合学科。它集中了机械工程、电子工程、计算机科学、自动控制以及人工智能等多种学科的最新研究成果,体现了光机电一体化技术的最新成就,是当代科学技术发展最活跃的领域之一,也是我国科技界跟踪国际高技术发展的重要课题。“机械手”(Machanical Hand):多数指附属于主机、程序固定的自动抓取、操作装置(国内一般称作机械手或专用机械手)。如自动线、自动机的上下料,加工中心的自动换到的自动化装置。随着现代科学技术的发展,机械手的应用也越来越广泛。在机械工业中,大量应用于铸、锻、焊、冲、热处理、机械加工以及装配等工种。在其他部门,如轻工业、建筑业、国防工业等工种中也均有应用。在机械工业中,应用机械手的意义可以概括如下:(1)可以提高生产过程的自动化程度。应用机械手有利于在自动生产线中实现材料的传送、工件的装卸、刀具的更换、以及机器的装配等的自动化程度,从而提高劳动生产率,降低生产成本。(2)可以改善劳动条件,避免人身事故。在高温、高压、低温、低压、噪声、臭味、有放射性物质的环境场合,用人手直接操作是很危险的甚至是不可能的。而应用机械手即可部分或者全部代替人完成作业,使劳动条件得以改善。(3)可以减少人力,并便于有节奏的生产。应用机械手代替人手进行作业,这是直接减少人力的一个侧面,同时应用机械手可以连续的工作,这是减少人力的另一方面。因此,在自动化机床和综合加工自动线上,目前几乎都设有机械手,以减少人力和更准确的控制生产的节拍,便于有节奏的生产。(4)用液压系统来控制机械手,比一般的机械控制具有更好的稳定性,并且控制的精确度更高。(5)运用机械手可以实现连续的生产,而大大提高在生产线的工作的时间,从而能大幅提高劳动的生产率。综上所述,有效的应用机械手,是发展机械工业的必然趋势。专用机械手经过几十年的发展,如今已进入了以通用机械手为标志的时代。通用机械手可以应用于更加多的场合,从而节约了不少的开发以及设计的成本。由于通用机械手的发展,进而促进了智能机器人的研制。通用机械手涉及的内容,不仅包括一般的机械、液压、气动等基础知识,而且还应用了一些电子技术、电视技术、通讯技术、计算技术、无线电控制、仿生学等,因此它是一项综合性较强的技术。目前国内外对发展这一技术都很重视。几十年来,这项技术的研究和发展一直比较活跃,设计在不断的修改,品种在不断的增加,应用领域在不断的扩大。虽然在这方面相对于发达国家还有点落后,但是国内现在也越来越感觉到机械手的重要性,国家大力支持相关的设计及产品的开发。在机器人的发展以及机械手的设计上也取得了一定的成果,国内每年都将举行机器人大赛,以增加研发单位的交流与合作。(1)研制有更多自由度的液压机械手,这样机械手就可以变得更加的灵活,从而完成更加多的动作。(2)研制带有行走机构的机械手,这种机械手可以从一个工作地点移动到另一个工作地点。(3)研制维修维护方便的通用机械手。(4)研制能自动编制和自动改变程序的通用机械手。(5)研制具有一定感触和一定智力的智能机械手。这种机械手具有各种传感装置,并配有计算机。根据仿生学的理论,用计算机充当其大脑,使它进行思考和记忆。用听筒和声敏元件作为耳朵能听,用扬声器作为嘴能说话进行应答,用热电偶和电阻应变仪作为触觉和感触。用滚轮或者双足式机构脚来实现自动移位。这样的智能机械手可以由人的特殊语言对其下达命令,布置任务,使自动化生产线成为智能化生产线。(6)机械手的外观达到美观的要求,尽量用最简单的结构和设备能完成更加多的动作(7)研制具有柔性系统的通用机械手目前,在国外广泛应用的再现式通用机械手,虽然一般也都有记忆装置,但其程序都是预先编好的,或由人在工作之前领动一次,而后机械手可以按领动的工作内容正确进行再现动作。如果把这种再现式通用机械手称为第二代机械手的话,那么现在处于研制阶段的智能机械手就是第三代了。现在研究的机械手正在朝着一种可以存储大量的程序的并且可以改变并重新写入程序的方向发展,而且机械手具有比原来的更多的自由度。现在国内具有越来越强的自主研发的单位,我相信在不久的将来,我国一定能够赶上并将且超越发达国家在机械手乃至整个机械方面处于领先地位。它的运动轨迹为空间的任意连续曲线,其特点是设定点为无限的,整个移动过程处于控制之下,可以实现平稳和准确的运动,并且使用范围广,但电气控制系统复杂。这类工业机械手一般采用小型计算机进行控制。夹持式是最常见的一种,其中常用的有两指式、多指式和双手双指式:按手指夹持工件的部位又可分为内卡式(或内涨式)和外夹式两种:按模仿人手手指的动作,手指可分为一支点回转型,二支点回转型和移动型(或称直进型),其中以二支点回转型为基本型式。当二支点回转型手指的两个回转支点的距离缩小到无穷小时,就变成了一支点回转型手指;同理,当二支点回转型手指的手指长度变成无穷长时,就成为移动型。回转型手指开闭角较小,结构简单,制造容易,应用广泛。移动型应用较少,其结构比较复杂庞大,当移动型手指夹持直径变化的零件时不影响其轴心的位置,能适应不同直径的工件。具有足够的握力(即夹紧力)在确定手指的握力时,除考虑工件重量外,还应考虑在传送或操作过程中所产生的惯性力和振动,以保证工件不致产生松动或脱落。手指间应具有一定的开闭角。两手指张开与闭合的两个极限位置所夹的角度称为手指的开闭角。手指的开闭角应保证工件能顺利进入或脱开,若夹持不同直径的工件,应按最大直径的工件考虑。对于移动型手指只有开闭幅度的要求。保证工件准确定位,为使手指和被夹持工件保持准确的相对位置,必须根据被抓取工件的形状,选择相应的手指形状。例如圆柱形工件采用带“V”形面的手指,以便自动定心。具有足够的强度和刚度手指除受到被夹持工件的反作用力外,还受到机械手在运动过程中所产生的惯性力和振动的影响,要求有足够的强度和刚度以防折断或弯曲变形,但应尽量使结构简单紧凑,自重轻,并使手部的中心在手腕的回转轴线上,以使手腕的扭转力矩最小为佳。应考虑被抓取对象的要求(1)抓取形状 手指形状应根据工件形状而设计。如工件为圆柱形则采用“V”形手指;圆球状工件用圆弧形三指手指,方料用平面形手指,细丝工件用尖指勾形或细齿钳爪手指。总之应根据工件形状来选定手指形状。(2)抓取部位 抓取部位的尺寸尽可能是不变的若加工后尺寸有变化,手指应能适应尺寸变化的要求,否则不允许定为抓取部位。对于工件表面质量要求高的,抓取时尽量避开高质量表面或在手指上加软质垫片(如橡皮抱沫塑料石棉衬垫等),以防夹持时损坏工件。(3)抓取数量 若用一对手指抓取多个工件,为了不发生个别工件的松动或脱落现象,在手指上可增加弹性衬垫,如橡皮、泡沫、塑料等 ,对于较长工件可采用双指或多指抓取。应考虑手指的多用性手指是专用性较强的部件,为适应小批量多品种工件的不同形状和尺寸的要求,可制成组合式的手指,对于这种手指要求结构简单,安装维修方便,更换迅速和准确,以便扩大机械手的使用范围。目前国内工业机械于主要用于机床加工、铸锻、热处理等方面,数量、品种、性能方面都不能满足工业生产发展的需要。因此,国内主要是逐步扩大机械手应用范围,重点发展铸锻、热处理方面的机械手,以减轻劳动强度,改善作业条件。在应用专用机械手的同时,相应地发展通用机械手,有条件的还要研制示教式机械手、计算机控制机械手和组合式机械手等。将机械手各运动构件,如伸缩、摆动、升降、横移、俯仰等机构,以及适于不同类型的夹紧机构,设计成典型的通用机构,以便根据不同的作业要求,选用不用的典型部件,即可组成各种不同用途的机械手。既便于设计制造,又便于改换工作,扩大了应用的范围。同时要提高精度,减少冲击,定位精确,以更好地发挥机械手的作用。此外还应大力研究伺服型、记忆再现型,以及具有触觉、视觉等性能地机械手,并考虑于计算机联用,逐步成为整个机械制造系统中的一个基本单元。在国外机械制造业中,工业机械手应用较多,发展较快。目前主要用于机床、模锻压力机的上下料,以及点焊、喷漆等作业中,它可按照事先制定的作业程序完成规定的操作,但是还不具备任何传感反馈能力,不能应付外界的变化。如发生某些偏离时,就将引起零部件甚至机械手本身的损坏。为此,国外机械手的发展趋势是大力研制具有某些智能的机械手,使其拥有一定的传感能力,能反馈外界条件的变化,做出相应的变更。如位置发生稍些偏差时,即能更正,并自行检测,重点是研究视觉功能和触觉功能。视觉功能即在机械手上安装有电视照相机和光学测距仪(即距离传感器)以及卫星计算机。工作时,电视照相机将物体形象变成视频信号,然后传送给计算机,以便分析物体的种类、大小、颜色和方位,并发出指令控制机械手进行工作。触觉功能即在机械手上安装有触觉反馈控制装置。工作时机械手先伸出手指寻找工件,通过装在手指内的压力敏感元件产生触感作用,然后伸向前方,抓住工件。手的抓力大小可通过装在手指内侧的压力敏感元件来控制,达到自动调整握力的大小。总之,随着传感技术的发展,机械手的装配作业的能力将进一步提高。到1995年,全世界约有50%的汽车由机械手装配。现今机械手的发展更主要的是将机械手和柔性制造系统以及柔性制造单元相结合,从而根本改变目前机械制造系统的人工操作状态。 外文原文Robotics is in recent years with the rapid development of comprehensive discipline. It focused on mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, computer science, automatic control and artificial intelligence and so on many kinds of disciplines of the latest research results, reflected light mechanical and electrical integration technology to the latest achievements of contemporary science and technology development, is one of the most active areas, is bound of our country science and technology to track the international high technology development the important topic.Robot ( Machanical Hand ): most refer to attached to the host program, fixed automatic gripping, operation device ( domestic general called mechanical hand or a special mechanical hand ). such as automatic line, automatic machine loading and unloading, machining center automatic to automatic device. With the development of modern science and technology, manipulator is used more and more widely. in the mechanical industry, a large number of applications, forging, welding, Yu Zhu, heat treatment, machining and assembly and other types of work. In other sectors, such as light industry, construction industry, defense industry and other types are used.In the mechanical industry, the significance of application of mechanical hand can be summarized as follows: (1) can improve the automation degree of the production process. Application of the manipulator is beneficial in automatic production line to achieve material conveyor, workpiece loading and unloading, cutter replacement, as well as machine assembly automation, improve labor productivity thereby, reduce the production cost. (2) can improve labor conditions, avoid accidents. In high temperature, high pressure, low temperature, low pressure, noise, odor, radioactive material circumstance, with manual operation is very dangerous and even impossible. Application of mechanical hand can be partially or wholly replace people to finish the homework, so that the labor condition can be improved. (3) can reduce the manpower, and is convenient for rhythmic production. Application of mechanical hand instead of manual operation, which is directly reduced the human one side, at the same time the application of mechanical hand can operate continuously, it is to reduce the human hand. Therefore, the automatic machine and automatic processing line, at present there are almost mechanical hand, in order to reduce manpower and more accurate control of the production rhythm, facilitate rhythmic production. (4) using a hydraulic system to control the mechanical hand, than the general mechanical control has better stability, higher precision and control. (5) use a mechanical hand can realize continuous production, and greatly improving the production line work time, thereby can greatly improve labor productivity. To sum up, the effective application of mechanical hand, is the inevitable trend of the development of machinery industry.Special mechanical hand after decades of development, has now entered a universal mechanical hand for signs of the times. Universal manipulator can be applied to more occasions, thus saving a lot of development and design of cost. since the universal mechanical hand development, thus promoting the development of intelligent robot. General machinery hand involved content, including not only the general mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic and other basic knowledge, but also the application of the electronic technology, television technology, communication technology, computing technology, radio control, bionics and so on, so it is a strong comprehensive technology. At home and abroad to the development of this technique are very seriously. For decades, the technology research and development has been more active, design the constant changes, variety constantly increase, used in a wider range of fields. Although in this respect compared to developed countries there is still a little behind, but now the domestic also have become more and more aware of the importance of mechanical hand, the strong support of the country and the related design and product development. In the development of robot and manipulators design has also made certain achievements, China every year will hold the robot contest, in order to increase R & D units in the exchange and cooperation(1) developed a more degree of freedom hydraulic manipulator, mechanical hand can become more flexible, and more.(2) With a walking mechanism developed mechanical hand, the manipulator can be moved from one work station to another place of work.(3) Development of convenient repair and maintenance of general machinery hand.(4) Can be automatically compiled and developed automatic change program general manipulator.(5) Developed a certain feeling and intelligence of the intelligent mechanical hand. The mechanical hand has a variety of sensing device, and is equipped with a computer. according to the theory of bionics, using computer to act as the brain, making it for thinking and memory. Use the handset and sensitive element as the ears can hear, with the speaker as a mouth speaks of response, with thermocouple and resistance strain gauge as touch and feel. roller or double foot feet to realize automatic shift mechanism. The intelligent mechanical hand can be composed of one special language to its orders, decorate the task, make the automation production line into intelligent production line.(6) Mechanical hand look to the beautiful requirement, try to use the simplest structure and equipment can complete more action.(7) The development of the flexible system of manipulatorAt present, widely used in abroad reproduction type universal mechanical hand, although generally have the memory device, but the procedures are in advance for good, or by people before work brought an, and then mechanical hand can be brought to move work correctly reproduce the action. If the reproduction type universal mechanical hand is called the second generation of mechanical hand, now in the development stage of the intelligent mechanical hand is the third generation. Now the study of mechanical hand is moving towards a can store a number of procedures and can change and write program direction, and the mechanical hand has more degrees of freedom than the original. Now China has become more and more strong independent research and development units, I believe that in the near future, our country must be able to catch up with and surpass the developed countries and the mechanical hand and even the whole machinery in a leading position.It is the movement of space any continuous curve, which is characterized by the set point is infinite, the whole moving process is under control, can achieve smooth and accurate movement, and the use of a wide range of electrical control system is complex, but the. this type of industrial manipulator generally use a small computer control.Clamping type is the most common one, which used two fingers, finger type and hands: Double finger type finger gripping parts of the site can be divided into internal cassette ( or internal expanding type ) and the outer clamping type two: by imitating hand fingers, fingers can be divided into a pivot type, the two pivot and mobile type ( or straight moving type ), with the two pivot type for basic types. When the two pivot rotary finger two revolving pivot distance reduced to endless hours, becomes a pivot rotary finger; similarly, when the two pivot rotary finger finger length becomes infinite, becomes a mobile type. Rotary finger opening and closing angle is small, simple structure, easy fabrication, wide application. Mobile application is less, the structure is relatively complex, when the moving finger clamping diameter changing parts do not affect its axial position, and can adapt to different diameter of workpiece. Have enough grip strength (i.e., the clamping force ) in determining the finger grip, besides considering the weight of workpiece, also should be considered in transmission or produced during operation of the inertia force and vibration, to ensure that the work piece can not generate loosening or shedding. The fingers should have a certain degree of opening and closing angle. Two fingers open and closed the two limit positions of the angle is called the finger opening and closing angle. Finger opening and closing angle should ensure that the workpiece can smoothly enter or off, if holding different diameter of the workpiece, the maximum diameter of the workpiece should be considered. the moving finger only open and close margin requirements. To ensure accurate positioning workpiece, to enable the fingers and is clamped workpiece holding the accurate relative position, must according to the workpiece gripping shape, corresponding to the selected finger shape. For example, the cylindrical workpiece with V shape of the fingers, so that the automatic centering. With enough strength and rigidityFinger except by clamping the workpiece and the reaction force, but also by the mechanical hand generated in the moving process of the inertia force and the vibration effects, have sufficient strength and rigidity to prevent broken or bent and deformed, but should try to make a simple and compact structure, light weight, and hand the center at the wrist the axis of rotation, so that the wrist torque minimum. should be considered for gripping an object request.(1) Grasping finger shape according to the shape of the workpiece shape and design. as for the cylindrical workpiece. Use V shaped fingers; spherical workpiece circular refers to the three fingers, the material plane shaped fingers, filaments with a sharp point workpiece hook or fine tooth clamp claw finger. In conclusion should be based on the shape of the workpiece to the selected finger shape.(2) Grasping part gripping position size is the same as possible. If the processing size change, the fingers should be able to accommodate dimensional changes requirements, otherwise not allowed to set for the gripping part. For the workpiece surface quality requirements of high, grabbing as much as possible to avoid high quality surface or on the finger with a soft gasket ( such as rubber. Hold foam plastics. Asbestos liner ), to prevent damage to the workpiece clamping.(3) capture if quantity with a pair of fingers grasping a plurality of workpieces, in order not to place individual workpiece loosening or shedding phenomenon, fingers can increase the elastic pad, such as rubber, foam, plastic, for the longer workpiece can be dual or multi fingered grasping. Consideration should be given to the use of fingersThe fingers are special strong components, to adapt to many varieties of small batch workpiece in different shape and size requirements, can be made into a combined finger, the finger requirements has the advantages of simple structure, convenient installation and repair, replacement of quickly and accurately, so as to expand the scope of application of manipulator.At present the domestic industrial machinery in the main for the processing, casting and forging, heat treatment and other aspects, the number of varieties, performance can not meet the need of the development of industrial production. Therefore, the main is to gradually enlarge the application range of mechanical hand, focus on the development of casting and forging, heat treatment mechanical hand, in order to reduce labor intensity, improve the working conditions. In the application of special mechanical hand at the same time, the corresponding development of universal mechanical hand, a condition to develop teaching manipulator, computer control of manipulator and the combined type mechanical hand.The manipulator moving parts, such as stretching, swinging, lifting, shifting, pitch and other institutions, and is suitable for different types of clamping mechanism, designed as a typical general institutions, according to the different requirements, choose not the typical components, can be composed of a variety of different uses of the mechanical hand. Both for the design and manufacture, and convenient replacement work, expanding the range of application. At the same time to improve the accuracy, and reduce the impact, accurate positioning, to better play the role of mechanical hand. It should also be vigorously on the servo type, memory retrieval, as well as having tactile, visual and performance of mechanical hand, and consider in combined with a computer, and gradually become the manufacturing system is one of the basic unit.In the mechanical manufacturing industry, industrial machinery hand more application, development is rapidder. At present, mainly used for machine tools, forgi
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