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支撑板冷冲压工艺及级进模设计【11张图纸】【优秀】

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关键词：: 支撑支持冲压工艺级进模设计图纸优秀

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支撑板冷冲压工艺及级进模设计

38页 18000字数+说明书+任务书+开题报告+外文翻译+11张CAD图纸【详情如下】

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支撑板.gif

任务书.doc

冷冲压工艺卡片-A4.doc

外文翻译--冷冲模具使用寿命的影响.doc

支撑板冷冲压工艺及级进模设计开题报告.doc

支撑板冷冲压工艺及级进模设计论文.doc

支撑板模具装配图-A0.dwg

支撑板零件图.pdf

计划周记进度检查表.xls

零件图10张图.dwg

摘要

　　　冲压工艺分析主要考虑产品的冲压成形工艺，最主要的是包括经济和技术两方面内容。在经济方面，主要根据冲压件的生产批量，分析产品成本，阐明采用冲压生产可以取得的经济效益；在技术方面，根据产品图纸，主要分析零件的结构特点、尺寸大小、精度要求和材料性能等因素是否符合冲压工艺的要求。因此工艺分析，主要是讨论在不影响零件使用的前提下，能否使零件以最简单最经济的方法冲压出来。

　　　由于产品没有特殊要求，故模具结构采用冲孔、落料的工序设计，并采用正装方式设计模具结构，即凹模装在下模部分。由于料不厚，冲压速度较快，卸料采用刚性卸料结构。废料和产品均采用在凹模（下模）向下推出。因本冲裁件生产批量大故采用条料。。

　　　在冲压零件中，材料费用占60%以上，排样的目的就在于合理利用原材料，因此材料的利用率是决定产品成本的重要因素，必须认真计算，确保排样相对合理，以达到较好的材料利用率。

　　　冲压是高效的生产方式，采用复合模，尤其是多工位的级进模，可在一台压力机上完成多道冲压工序，实现由带料开卷、矫平、冲裁到成形、精整的全自动生产。生产效率高，劳动条件好生产成本低，一般每分钟可生产数百件。

关键词：冲压工艺；排样；模具结构；级进模

摘要III

AbstractIV

目录V

1 绪论1

1.1 本课题的研究内容和意义1

1.2 国内外的发展概况2

1.3 本课题应达到的要求5

2 冲压工艺设计6

2.1 冲压件简介6

2.2 冲压的工艺性分析6

2.3 冲压工序7

2.4冲裁间隙8

2.5 冲压工艺方案的确定8

3 支撑板连续模设计9

3.1 模具结构9

3.2 确定其搭边值9

3.3 确定排样图10

3.4 材料利用率计算11

3.5 凸、凹模刃口尺寸的确定11

3.5.1落料部份凸、凹模刃口尺寸的确定11

3.5.2冲两圆孔及异性孔的凸、凹模刃口尺寸的计算13

3.6 冲压力计算14

3.6.1 落料部分冲压力15

3.6.2 冲2个圆孔部分冲压力15

3.6.3 冲两个异形孔部分冲压力16

3.6.4 总冲压力16

3.7压力机选用16

3.8 压力中心计算17

3.9 模具主要零部件的结构设计18

3.9.1 凹模结构及设计18

3.9.2 冲两小圆形孔及异形孔的凸模设计19

3.9.3 落料凸模设计21

3.9.4 卸料板设计22

3.9.5 凸模固定板设计23

3.9.6 凸模垫板设计24

3.10 标准件确定25

3.10.1 模架确定25

3.10.2 上模螺钉确定26

3.10.3 上模销确定26

3.10.4 下模螺钉确定26

3.10.5 下模销确定26

3.10.6 卸料螺钉确定26

3.10.7模柄确定26

3.10.8模柄上止转销的确定27

3.11 模具闭合高度、校验压力机27

4 结论与展望28

4.1 结论28

4.2 不足之处及未来展望28

致谢29

参考文献30

1 绪论

1.1 本课题的研究内容和意义

　　　模具，是工业生产的基础工艺装备，在电子、汽车、电机、电器、仪表、家电和通讯等产品中，60％～80％的零部件都依靠模具成形,模具质量的高低决定着产品的质量高低，所以，模具被称之为“百业之母”。模具又是“效益放大器”,用模具生产的最终产品的价值,往往是模具本身价值的几十倍乃至上百倍。

　　　采用模具生产零部件，具有生产效率高、质量好、成本低、节约能源和原材料等一系列优点，用模具生产制件所具备的高精度、高复杂程度、高一致性、高生产率和低消耗，是其他加工制造方法所不能比拟的。已成为当代工业生产的重要手段和工艺发展方向。现代经济的基础工业。现代工业品的发展和技术水平的提高，很大程度上取决于模具工业的发展水平，因此模具工业对国民经济和社会发展将起越来越大的作用。

　　　我国模具工业的技术水平近年来也取得了长足的进步。大型、精密、复杂、高效和长寿命的模具上了一个新台阶。大型复杂冲模以汽车覆盖件模具为代表，已经能生产部分新型轿车的覆盖件模具。体现高水平制造技术的多工位级进模的覆盖面，已从电机、电器铁芯片模具，发展到接插件、电子枪零件、空调器散热片等多种家电零件模具。在大型塑料模具方面，已能生产电视的塑壳模具、大容量洗衣机全套塑料模具，以及汽车保险杠、整体仪表板等模具。在精密塑料模具方面，已能生产相机塑料模具、多型腔小模数齿轮模具及塑封模具等。在大型精密复杂压铸模方面，目前，国内已能生产自动扶梯整体踏板压铸模及汽车后桥齿轮箱压铸模。其他类型的模具，例如子午线轮胎活络模具、铝合金和塑料门窗异型材挤出模等模具，也都达到了较高的水平，并可以替代进口模具。

　　　具经过行业结构调整后，将呈现十大发展趋势：一是模具的精度将更加精密；二是模具日趋大型化；三是多功能复合模具将进一步发展；四是热流道模具在塑料模具中的比重将逐渐增大；五是模具标准化和模具标准件的应用将日渐广泛；六是气辅模具及适应高压注射成型等工艺的模具将有较大发展；七是快速经济模具的前景十分广阔，八是压铸模的比重将不断提高，同时对压铸模的寿命和复杂程度也将提出越来越高的要求；九是塑料模具的比例将不断增大；十是模具技术水平将不断提高，中高档模具比例将不断增大，这也是产品结构调整所导致的模具市场未来的趋势。1.3 本课题应达到的要求

　　　冷冲压是一种先进的材料（金属非金属）加工方法，它是建立在材料塑性变形基础上，利用模具和冲压设备对板料进行加工，以获得要求的零件形状、尺寸及精度。冲模主要用于金属及非金属板材的压力加工，其加工方式可分为分离与成形两大类。

　　　1.分离工序

　　　包括剪切，切断、切槽、切口、切边、落料、冲孔等几大类，其划分依据主要是被加工材料的形态及受力状态。分离工序所加工的板材可以是平面的也可以是立体的，当然也可以加工型材、棒材等。其所用的冲模可通称为冲裁模。其中有代表性的为落料模、孔模、切边模以及包含复合工序的复合模和连续模。落料模通常用来在平板上封闭冲裁出所需零件。冲孔模通常用来在零件上封闭冲夫多余的材料，得到所需要的孔。切边按通常用来在毛坯或零件上冲去多余的边料。其余分离工序各包括有不同个数的冲裁面，均不封闭。

　　　2.成形工序

　　　广义成形工序指利用永久变形特固态坯料制成所需形状和尺寸的制件加工。广义成形除包括狭义成形所合的内容以外还包括其他压力加工，如锻造、轧制、锻压、挤压等。这些压力加工所用模具不在本课程讲授范围之内。狭义成形是指保持作为板坯的板料状态而改变其外观的加工。狭义成形通常包括拉探、胀形、翻边、扩口、缩口等工序弯曲也可以划为成形的一种。冲模除按加工方式划分外，还可按加工工序的组合程度划分——单二序模、复合模、级进模以及多工位机床用的传递模。此外，还有一些划分方法，如经济模，自动模，汽车制造业的大、中、小冲模等，不一一列举。

　　　冲裁是利用模具使板科产生分离的冲压工序，包括落料与冲孔。它可以制成零件，也可为弯曲、拉延、成形等工序准备毛坯。从板科上冲下所需形状的零件（或毛坯）叫落科。在工件上冲出所需形状的孔（冲去的为废料）叫冲孔。

　　　冲裁时不仅要求次冲出符合图纸形状叫零件，还应有一定质量要求，冲裁件质量是指切断面质量、尺寸精度及形状误差。切断面应平直，光洁、无裂纹和撕裂、夹层等缺陷、毛刺小零件，表面应尽可能平坦，即穹弓小，尺寸精度度保证不超出图纸规定的公差范围。

　　　影响冲裁件质量的因素很多，从生产实际知道，凸、凹模间隙大小及力的均匀性、模具刃口状态、模具结构与制造精度、材料品质等，对冲裁件都有影呐。但我们必须从其中找出对冲裁质量起着决定性作用的因素。间隙就是一个。

　　　级进模又称连续模，它将落料、弯曲、拉深、冲孔和切边等多工序安排在一个模具的不同工位上，在冲压过程中坯料依次通过多工位被连续冲压成形，至最后工位成为制件。

　　　综合应用各种所学的专业知识，在规定的时间内对产品进行冷冲压工艺分析，制订完整的冲压工艺方案，并完成其中的模具设计、数据计算和图纸。

内容简介：: 无锡太湖学院信机系机械工程及自动化专业毕业设计论文任务书一、题目及专题：1、题目支撑板冷冲压工艺及级进模设计 2、专题二、课题来源及选题依据来源于无锡惠龙有限公司，是电器产品上的一个零件。模具是机械工程及其自动化专业的一个专业方向，选择模具方向的毕业设计题目完全符合本专业的要求，从应用性方面来说，模具又是生产效率极高的工具之一，能有效保证产品一致性和可更换性，具有很好的发展前途和应用前景。该产品外形适中，但冷冲压工艺设计复杂，计算过程较繁，其准确性非常重要，要求学生要有良好的心理素质和仔细认真的作风，因此对本课题的研究对学生也是一次很好的煅练机会。三、本设计（论文或其他）应达到的要求：综合应用各种所学的专业知识，在规定的时间内对产品进行冷冲压工艺分析，制订完整的冲压工艺方案，并完成整副模具设计、数据计算和图纸（所有图纸折合A0不少于2.5张）绘制，具体内容如下：1完成模具装配图：1张（A0或A1）； 2零件图：主要是非标准件零件图（不少于5张）； 3冷冲压工艺卡片：1张； 4设计说明书：1份（15000字以上，其中参考文献不少于10篇，外文不少于5篇）； 5翻译8000以上外文印刷字符，折合中文字数约5000字的有关技术资料或专业文献，内容要尽量结合课题。四、接受任务学生：机械96 班姓名花喜五、开始及完成日期：自2012年11月12日至2013年5月25日六、设计（论文）指导（或顾问）：指导教师签名签名签名教研室主任学科组组长研究所所长签名系主任签名2012年11月12日无锡太湖学院冷冲压工艺卡片零件名称支撑板零件图号115015材料牌号及规格08F234.4L毛坯种类带料毛坯尺寸34.4L每毛坯可制件数1件/每20工序号工序名称工序内容冲压设备工艺装备一次加工数工序附图10冲裁冲4个孔J23-40模具和自动送料机构11.冲孔2.导正落料20落料导正落料J23-40模具和自动送料机构130检验检验班级机械96姓名花喜学号0923255日期2013.5.17批改日期英文原文Die Life of cold stamping die and influence Die with the life of the workpiece by punching out the number of terms. Many factors affect the life Die. There are die structure design, manufacture molds used in the punch and die materials, die quality and surface hardening heat treatment, precision die manufacturing parts and cold stamping materials selection. In addition, there are die installation, adjustment, use and maintenance. 1. Die Design on Life (1) Layout design of layout methods and take the boundary value a great impact on the die life, too small to take the boundary value, often causing rapid wear and convex mold, die bite wounds on the. Starting from material savings, take the boundary value smaller the better, but take the edge is less than some value, the cut surface of the mold and the quality of life adversely. There will be left behind in the blanking die Q-gap were to produce spare parts glitch, or even damage the die edge, reduce die life. Therefore, consider increasing the material utilization of the same time, parts must yield, quality and life expectancy to determine the layout methods and take the boundary. (2) die structure prone to stress concentration on the cracking of the die structure, composite structure can be used or mosaic structure, and prestressed structure to enhance the mold life. (3) the impact of clearance when the gap is too small, compressed extrusion of interest, increased friction, increased wear, the wear side of aggravated discharge and push pieces after blanking time, materials and convex, the friction between die will cause wear and tear than the end edge on the side of the grinding much, but also easily lead to convex, concave mold temperature is high, the adsorption of metal debris in the side edge to form a metal tumor, so that male and female die chipping or expansion occurs crack phenomenon. Therefore, the gap is too small to Die Life very bad. Gap is too large will increase the punch and the die face the edge of the concentration of stress, resulting in a sharp increase in stress, so blade edge quickly lose angular yield deformation. Therefore, addition of blanking force, thereby enabling faster edge edge wear, reduce die life. But in order to reduce the male and female die wear, extending mold life, while ensuring quality of stamping pieces under the premise that larger space designed properly it is necessary. (4) Die-oriented structure of the life of a reliable guide for the working parts reduce wear, prevent male and female die bite wound is very effective. In particular, non-small-Q gap Q gap or Die, compound die and multi-position progressive die even more important. To improve the die life, must be based on processes and the demand of precision, the correct choice-oriented form and orientation accuracy, the choice should be higher than the accuracy-oriented convex, concave mold with precision. (5) the impact of cold stamping materials, cold stamping materials selected should meet the design requirements of workpieces and stamping process requirements, or easy to mold damage and reduce mold life. Poor surface quality of cold stamping, punching, cracking when the workpiece is also easy to scratch mold. Bad cold stamping plastic materials, deformation is small, easy to press when the workpiece rupture, but also easy to scratch mold. In addition, the material thickness tolerances shall comply with national standards. Die because of a certain thickness of material suitable for forming, bending, flanging, drawing die of the male and female die structure gap is directly determined by the thickness of the material. Therefore, uneven thickness, will result in waste generation and mold damage. 2. Die Die Life of Die Die Life of a mold material properties, chemical composition, structure, hardness and comprehensive reflection of metallurgical quality. Among them, the material properties and heat treatment affect the quality of the most obvious. Mold material properties on the impact of die life is great. If the same workpiece, using a different mold material of the bending test, the test results: The 9Mn2V material, the life of 5 million; with Crl2MoV nitriding, the life of up to 40 million. Therefore, the choice of materials, the batch size should be based on workpiece, rational use of mold materials. The hardness of the die parts to Die Life a great impact. But not the higher hardness, longer die life. This is because the hardness and strength, toughness and abrasion resistance are closely related. Some die demands of high hardness, long life. Such as the use of T10 steel dies, hardness 54 58HRC, only washed thousands of times a burr on the workpiece great. If the hardness to 60 64HRC, the grinding life of up to 2 to 3 million. However, if continue to improve hardness, fracture occurs earlier. Some die hardness should not be too high, as the die manufacturing using Crl2MoV 58 62HRC hardness, the general life of 2-3 million, invalid form of chipping and cracking, and if the hardness down to 54 58HRC, life expectancy increased to 5 60 000, but decreased to 50 53HRC hardness appears easy to blunt the die edge phenomenon. Thus, mold hardness must be based on material properties and failure modes may be. Should enable the hardness, strength, toughness and wear resistance, resistance to fatigue strength needed to achieve a particular stamping process the best match. 3. The surface of the mold heat treatment to strengthen the quality and impact on life Mold heat treatment the nature and quality of life of the mold a great impact. Practice shows that the die parts of the quenching distortion and cracking, early fracture during use, while the metallurgical and materials quality, forging quality, mold structure and process related, but related more to die of heat treatment. According to statistical analysis of failure causes of mold, heat treatment failure due to improper accounting for more than 50%. Practice shows that the mold material must be accompanied by high heat treatment process properly, can really play a materials potential. Parts surface hardening mold work purpose is to obtain the effect of external hard tough inside, so be hardness, wear resistance, toughness, good resistance to fatigue with. Many ways to die surface hardening, surface treatment technology of new technologies developed rapidly. In addition to Nitrocarburizing and ion nitride, boride, seepage niobium, vanadium permeability, hard chrome plated and spark strengthening, the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) has been gradually adopted. By CVD and PVD treatment, the mold surface covered with super-hard material, such as TiC, TiN, etc. High hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, adhesion is very good, can improve the die life several times to several times. 4. Manufacturing precision of the die parts of die life Precision die manufacturing and life in it in particular, mold surface roughness on the mold a great impact. If using Crl2MoV steel blanking die, if the surface roughness value R = 1.6 m, its life span is about 30,000. Such as polished by the precision, surface roughness value R = 0.4 m, life can be increased to 4-5 million. Therefore, the working parts of the mold surface, the general must go through grinding, grinding, polishing and other finishing and fine processing. 5. Other aspects of the impact of die life (1) Press the accuracy is not high, but also easy to make die damage. (2) die in the press or not installed properly and the operators technical level, on the tool life is also greatly affected. (3) dies in the custody and maintenance of good and bad, and the use of lubricant condition also affects mold life.Cold stamping mould convex, concave die size and distribution of the clearance degree directly affect the quality of the blanking pieces and the length of the service life of the die. In guarantee blanking pieces space is mould manufacturing assembly very important link, and assembly quality will directly influence the convex, concave die if the clearance between the uniform. Such as the process of convex, concave die size precision although already meet the requirements, but in assembling if adjustment is bad, can cause clearance does not even, rushed out of the spare parts of the raw edges. Even rushed out of unqualified parts. The mold assembly is key to control convex, concave die of relative positions, in order to ensure that the convex, concave die, uniform and the clearance between the right to rush out of qualified parts. 1. Die before assembly the problems that should be paid attention2 Convex, concave die and mould parts itself is clearance of the precision, and the assembly of the assembly process is reasonable. In order to ensure that the position of the convex, concave die correctly and gaps even, mould design, processing to assembly from the whole link should pay attention to the following questions：（1）Convex, concave die design and manufacture of the right Design should be based on the above all when die cutting the section of a quality, service life of die factors such as the reasonable selection of convex, concave die clearance. And to consider the mould in the process of using that gap wear increases, general in the design the least reasonable clearance when mould. And in the manufacturing process can ensure the parts processing precision and quality, in the assembly process ensure convex, concave die gap even, this for processing complex shape is very key parts. （2）Assembly method the choice should be reasonable Die assembly method include roughly assembly method and direct with assembly method. Before the assembly must be carefully study mold assembly drawing, full consideration and analysis of the structure characteristics of punching die, die parts processing technology and processing accuracy etc, in order to choose convenient, accurate and reliable assembly method to ensure the quality of blanking pieces. 2. Convex, concave die gap between the control and adjustment of the method3 Convex, concave die clearance control, should according to die structure, clearance size, blanking pieces of quality and practical assembly condition to selected. Convex, concave die gap between the control and adjustment method have the following kinds. （1）Pervious to light method Will convex, concave die after molmerged, shone a light on the underside, observe the convex, concave die around through light and distribution to judge the size of the clearance and uniformity. If not even, to adjust to evenly between fixed again, this method is suitable for small gap plate stamping die. （2）Feeler method Will convex, concave die after molmerged, convex, concave die into the thickness of unilateral clearance feeler convex, concave die gaps in each direction. Then tighten the screw on mode. Finally put paper to stamping and will last mould seat and fixed on board with drilling, reaming positioning pin hole, and at a pin location. （3）Gaskets DiaoZhengFa Gasket adjustment method is simple, convenient, clearance is used widely. As shown in figure 1 shows, the mat with good contour mat iron, will gaskets wrapped in the punch to the punch into the concave mould, observe the convex, concave die clearance condition. If clearance does not even, with striking the protruding models of fixed plate method clearance adjustment, then tighten the screw on mode. Finally put paper to stamping, observation on paper cutting around burr and even rate to judge whether clearance convex, concave die even, to adjust the gap until cutting burr uniform so far. Finally the mould seat and the plate with drilling, reaming positioning pin hole, and enter the pin location. This method widely used cutting materials focusing thick large clearance and bending stamping, deep drawing mould clearance control. (4) Chemical method When the convex, concave die complex shape, the use of the above several methods more difficult to adjust the gap, the chemical method can be used to control the gap, the plating method is used. Plating method is the punch in the work surface coated with copper or zinc instead of washers. The plating thickness and unilateral gap is same, blade people concave die hole, and check the move without block phenomenon can assembly tighten. Coating in use process will die fall off naturally, need not removed. This uniform coating, can improve the uniformity of assembling clearance. (5) Technology DiaoZhengFa measures The main technological measures to adjust the gap between two kinds of the mould method: 1. Size method Processing of the punch, will the punch front-end appropriate lengthen, extended period of section size and sunken model hole processing to the same size. Assembly, make the punch into female model hole, natural form the cutting clearance, and then to the punch with fixed together with the punch mould seat on board with the pin for fixed and will last longer period of the punch front can remove form even clearance. 2. Positioning hole method Process positioning hole method and the inside of the progressive die principle about. Processing, the punch in fixed board and concave die on the same position processing two positioning hole, can will locate hole and the mold cavity a cut out. Assembly, in the positioning hole insert pins to ensure that gap. (6) Standard model method According to the drawing wedm in advance in processing a standard model or the qualified stamping parts, to adjust the assembly put it in between convex, concave die, upper and lower die relative motion can be reasonable degree when appropriate. (7) Measurement method Measuring method of the measuring tool have feeler. A feeler method after the adjustment convex, concave die clearance good uniformity, it is the commonly used method. Assembly, the punch in the concave die in the hole, convex, concave die according to the size of the clearance choose different specifications of the feeler insert convex, concave die clearance, inspection concave die around the blade gap everywhere, and according to the measured results adjustment. If the adjustment of the punch fixed board knock until adjust good so far. (8) Adjustment method of repair match meansDie in use after period of time, because the convex, concave die normal wear and tear. To working parts inspection, if products produce burr, convex, concave die dull and collapse the blade factors, it is because of the convex, concave die clearance for wear changed, namely bigger or not even. To make the convex, concave die restored to the original gap value out of parts can use the following method to qualified for repair match means. 1. Convex, concave die clearance greaten repair match means method General dies in use after period of time, because normal wear will make convex, concave die gap increase gradually, thus to make the work and so on a series of problems produced burr. This kind of circumstance, can use first thickness is equal to one of the KuaiGui insert gap between the convex, concave die, if convex, concave die clearance does not too big, the grinding work part of the blade continue to use, can improve the quality of stamping. When gap value too big when, the recoverable high temperature heat of local forging the modification methods female die size make it restored to the original gap value. Workpiece cooling followed by the pressure seal the law to file to trim gap value, and with the flame hardening method to improve the blade surface hardness. 2. Convex, concave die clearance does not even repair match means method Dies after a period of using, clearance does not even can make blunt a local produce burr or the blade was edge chewed. In normal wear punching die, because after wearing precision guide device that reduce convex, concave die happen relatively migration, respectively in the guide pin and a guide to cover on the plating chromium layer the restored to its original size, again through the pressure seal the law will remove file high. If it is due to the pins loosening lose positioning function and cause different convex, concave die heart, and cause convex, concave die clearance does not even. Should first will convex, concave die gap adjusting well, to match for taper pin. Due to historical reasons for the formation of closed, big and complete enterprise features, most enterprises in China are equipped with mold workshop, in factory matching status since the late 70s have a mold the concept of industrialization and specialization of production. 生产效率不高，经济效益较差。 Production efficiency is not high, poor economic returns. 模具行业的生产小而散乱，跨行业、投资密集，专业化、商品化和技术管理水平都比较低。 Mold production industry is small and scattered, cross-industry, capital-intensive, professional, commercial and technical management level are relatively low.据不完全统计，全国现有模具专业生产厂、产品厂配套的模具车间（分厂）近17000家，约60万从业人员，年模具总产值达200亿元人民币。 According to incomplete statistics, there are now specialized in manufacturing mold, the product supporting mold factory workshop (factory) near 17 000, about 600 000 employees, annual output value reached 20 billion yuan mold. 但是，我国模具工业现有能力只能满足需求量的60左右，还不能适应国民经济发展的需要。 However, the existing capacity of the mold and die industry can only meet the demand of 60%, still can not meet the needs of national economic development. 目前，国内需要的大型、精密、复杂和长寿命的模具还主要依靠进口。 At present, the domestic needs of large, sophisticated, complex and long life of the mold also rely mainly on imports. 据海关统计，1997年进口模具价值6.3亿美元，这还不包括随设备一起进口的模具；1997年出口模具仅为7800万美元。 According to customs statistics, in 1997 630 million U.S. dollars worth of imports mold, not including the import of mold together with the equipment; in 1997 only 78 million U.S. dollars export mold. 目前我国模具工业的技术水平和制造能力，是我国国民经济建设中的薄弱环节和制约经济持续发展的瓶颈。 At present the technological level of China Die & Mould Industry and manufacturing capacity, Chinas national economy in the weak links and bottlenecks constraining sustainable economic development.1、模具工业产品结构的现状 1. Research on the Structure of industrial products mold按照中国模具工业协会的划分，我国模具基本分为10大类，其中，冲压模和塑料成型模两大类占主要部分。 In accordance with the division of China Mould Industry Association, China mold is divided into 10 basic categories, which, stamping die and plastic molding two categories accounted for the main part. 按产值计算，目前我国冲压模占50左右，塑料成形模约占20，拉丝模（工具）约占10，而世界上发达工业国家和地区的塑料成形模比例一般占全部模具产值的40以上。 Calculated by output, present, China accounts for about 50% die stamping, plastic molding die about 20%, Wire Drawing Die (Tool) about 10% of the worlds advanced industrial countries and regions, the proportion of plastic forming die die general of the total output value 40%.我国冲压模大多为简单模、单工序模和符合模等，精冲模，精密多工位级进模还为数不多，模具平均寿命不足100万次，模具最高寿命达到1亿次以上，精度达到35um，有50个以上的级进工位，与国际上最高模具寿命6亿次，平均模具寿命5000万次相比，处于80年代中期国际先进水平。 Most of our stamping die mold for the simple, single-process mode and meet the molds, precision die, precision multi-position progressive die is also one of the few, die less than 100 million times the average life of the mold reached 100 million times the maximum life of more than accuracy 3 5um, more than 50 progressive station, and the international life of the die 600 million times the highest average life of the die 50 million times compared to the mid 80s at the international advanced level.我国的塑料成形模具设计，制作技术起步较晚，整体水平还较低。 Chinas plastic molding mold design, production technology started relatively late, the overall level of low. 目前单型腔，简单型腔的模具达70以上，仍占主导地位。 Currently a single cavity, a simple mold cavity 70%, and still dominant. 一模多腔精密复杂的塑料注射模，多色塑料注射模已经能初步设计和制造。A sophisticated multi-cavity mold plastic injection mold, plastic injection mold has been able to multi-color preliminary design and manufacturing. 模具平均寿命约为80万次左右，主要差距是模具零件变形大、溢边毛刺大、表面质量差、模具型腔冲蚀和腐蚀严重、模具排气不畅和型腔易损等，注射模精度已达到5um以下，最高寿命已突破2000万次，型腔数量已超过100腔，达到了80年代中期至90年代初期的国际先进水平。 Mould is about 80 million times the average life span is about, the main difference is the large deformation of mold components, excess burr side of a large, poor surface quality, erosion and corrosion serious mold cavity, the mold cavity exhaust poor and vulnerable such as, injection mold 5um accuracy has reached below the highest life expectancy has exceeded 20 million times, the number has more than 100 chamber cavity, reaching the mid 80s to early 90s the international advanced level.2、模具工业技术结构现2 .mold Present Status of Technology我国模具工业目前技术水平参差不齐，悬殊较大。 Technical level of Chinas mold industry currently uneven, with wide disparities. 从总体上来讲，与发达工业国家及港台地区先进水平相比，还有较大的差距。 Generally speaking, with the developed industrial countries, Hong Kong and Taiwan advanced level, there is a large gap. 在采用CAD/CAM/CAE/CAPP等技术设计与制造模具方面，无论是应用的广泛性，还是技术水平上都存在很大的差距。 The use of CAD / CAM / CAE / CAPP and other technical design and manufacture molds, both wide application, or technical level, there is a big gap between both. 在应用CAD技术设计模具方面，仅有约10%的模具在设计中采用了CAD，距抛开绘图板还有漫长的一段路要走；在应用CAE进行模具方案设计和分析计算方面，也才刚刚起步，大多还处于试用和动画游戏阶段；在应用CAM技术制造模具方面，一是缺乏先进适用的制造装备，二是现有的工艺设备（包括近10多年来引进的先进设备）或因计算机制式（IBM微机及其兼容机、HP工作站等）不同，或因字节差异、运算速度差异、抗电磁干扰能力差异等，联网率较低，只有5%左右的模具制造设备近年来才开展这项工作；在应用CAPP技术进行工艺规划方面，基本上处于空白状态，需要进行大量的标准化基础工作；在模具共性工艺技术，如模具快速成型技术、抛光技术、电铸成型技术、表面处理技术等方面的CAD/CAM技术应用在我国才刚起步。 In the application of CAD technology design molds, only about 10% of the mold used in the design of CAD, aside from drawing board still has a long way to go; in the application of CAE design and analysis of mold calculation, it was just started, most of the game is still in trial stages and animation; in the application of CAM technology manufacturing molds, first, the lack of advanced manufacturing equipment, and second, the existing process equipment (including the last 10 years the introduction of advanced equipment) or computer standard (IBM PC and compatibles, HP workstations, etc.) different, or because of differences in bytes, processing speed differences, differences in resistance to electromagnetic interference, networking is low, only about 5% of the mold manufacturing equipment of recent work in this task; in the application process planning CAPP technology, basically a blank state, based on the need for a lot of standardization work; in the mold common technology, such as mold rapid prototyping technology, polishing, electroforming technologies, surface treatment technology aspects of CAD / CAM technology in China has just started. 计算机辅助技术的软件开发，尚处于较低水平，需要知识和经验的积累。 Computer-aided technology, software development, is still at low level, the accumulation of knowledge and experience required. 我国大部分模具厂、车间的模具加工设备陈旧，在役期长、精度差、效率低，至今仍在使用普通的锻、车、铣、刨、钻、磨设备加工模具，热处理加工仍在使用盐浴、箱式炉，操作凭工人的经验，设备简陋，能耗高。 Most of our mold factory, mold processing equipment shop old, long in the length of civilian service, accuracy, low efficiency, still use the ordinary forging, turning, milling, planing, drilling, grinding and processing equipment, mold, heat treatment is still in use salt bath, box-type furnace, operating with the experience of workers, poorly equipped, high energy consumption. 设备更新速度缓慢，技术改造，技术进步力度不大。 Renewal of equipment is slow, technological innovation, technological progress is not much intensity. 虽然近年来也引进了不少先进的模具加工设备，但过于分散，或不配套，利用率一般仅有25%左右，设备的一些先进功能也未能得到充分发挥。 Although in recent years introduced many advanced mold processing equipment, but are too scattered, or not complete, only about 25% utilization, equipment, some of the advanced functions are not given full play.缺乏技术素质较高的模具设计、制造工艺技术人员和技术工人，尤其缺乏知识面宽、知识结构层次高的复合型人才。 Lack of technology of high-quality mold design, manufacturing technology and skilled workers, especially the lack of knowledge and breadth, knowledge structure, high levels of compound talents. 中国模具行业中的技术人员，只占从业人员的8%12%左右，且技术人员和技术工人的总体技术水平也较低。 Chinas mold industry and technical personnel, only 8% of employees 12%, and the technical personnel and skilled workers and lower the overall skill level. 1980年以前从业的技术人员和技术工人知识老化，知识结构不能适应现在的需要；而80年代以后从业的人员，专业知识、经验匮乏，动手能力差，不安心，不愿学技术。 Before 1980, practitioners of technical personnel and skilled workers, the aging of knowledge, knowledge structure can not meet the current needs; and staff employed after 80 years, expertise, experience lack of hands-on ability, not ease, do not want to learn technology. 近年来人才外流不仅造成人才数量与素质水平下降，而且人才结构也出现了新的断层，青黄不接，使得模具设计、制造的技术水平难以提高。 In recent years, the brain drain caused by personnel not only decrease the quantity and quality levels, and personnel structure of the emergence of new faults, lean, make mold design, manufacturing difficult to raise the technical level.中文译文冷冲模具使用寿命的影响冷冲模具的使用寿命是以冲制出的工件数量来计算的。影响冷冲模寿命的因素很多。主要有模具结构设计、制造模具所用凸模和凹模的材料、模具的热处理质量与表面强化、冲模零件的制造精度和冷冲压材料的选取。除此之外，还有冲模的安装、调整、使用以及维修等。1模具设计对寿命的影响(1)排样设计的影响排样方法与搭边值对模具寿命的影响很大，过小的搭边值，往往是造成模具急剧磨损和凸、凹模啃伤的重要原因。从节约材料出发，搭边值愈小愈好，但搭边值小于一定数值后，对模具寿命和剪切表面质量不利。在冲裁中有可能被拉人模具问隙中，使零件产生毛刺，甚至损坏模具刃口，降低模具寿命。因此，在考虑提高材料利用率的同时，必须根据零件产量、质量和寿命，确定排样方法和搭边值。(2)凹模结构的影响对容易产生应力集中而开裂的凹模结构，可以采用组合结构或镶拼结构，以及预应力结构，从而提高模具使用寿命。(3)间隙的影响当间隙过小时，压缩挤压利害，摩擦力增大，磨损增大，侧面的磨损加剧，冲裁后卸料和推件时，材料与凸、凹模之间的摩擦还将造成刃口侧面的磨损比端面的磨大大，同时也容易造成凸、凹模温度很高，把金属碎屑吸附在刃口侧面，形成金属瘤，使凸、凹模出现崩刃或胀裂现象。因此，过小的间隙对模具寿命极为不利。间隙太大，会增加凸模与凹模端面边缘的集中应力，致使压应力急剧增加，于是刃口边很快屈服变形而失去棱角。因此又增加了冲裁力，进而使刃口边更快磨损，降低模具寿命。但为了减小凸、凹模的磨损，延长模具使用寿命，在保证冲裁件质量的前提下，设计时适当采用较大间隙是十分必要的。(4)模具导向结构对寿命的影响可靠的导向对于减小工作零件的磨损，避免凸、凹模啃伤是非常有效的。特别对无问隙或小问隙冲裁模、复合模和多工位级进模更为重要。为提高模具寿命，必须根据工序和零件精度要求，正确选择导向形式和导向精度，所选择导向精度应高于凸、凹模的配合精度。(5)冷冲压材料选取的影响冷冲压材料应满足制件的设计要求和冲压工艺要求，否则容易损伤模具，降低模具使用寿命。冷冲压材料表面质量不好，冲压时制件易破裂，也易擦伤模具。冷冲压材料塑性不好，变形量小，冲压时制件易破裂，也易擦伤模具。另外，材料的厚度公差应符合国家标准。因为一副冲模适用于一定材料的厚度，成形、弯曲、翻边、引伸模具的凸、凹模结构间隙是直接根据材料厚度来确定的。所以材料厚度不均匀，会导致废品产生和模具损坏。2模具材料对模具寿命的影响模具材料对模具寿命的影响是模具材料性质、化学成分、组织结构、硬度和冶金质量等的综合反映。其中，材料性质和热处理质量影响最为明显。模具材料性质对模具寿命的影响是很大的。如将同一种工件，使用不同的模具材料做弯曲试验，试验结果：用9Mn2V材料，其寿命为5万次；用Crl2MoV渗氮，其寿命可达40万次。因此，在选用材料时，应根据制件的批量大小，合理选用模具材料。模具工作零件的硬度对模具寿命的影响也很大。但并不是硬度愈高、模具寿命愈长。这是因为硬度与强度、韧性及耐磨性等有密切的关系。有的冲模要求硬度高，寿命长。如采用T10钢制造冲模，硬度为5458HRC，只冲几千次，制件毛刺就很大。如果将硬度提高到6064HRC，则刃磨寿命可达23万次。但如果继续提高硬度，则会出现早期断裂。有的冲模硬度不宜过高，如采用Crl2MoV制造凹模硬度为5862HRC时，一般寿命为23万件，失效形式是崩刃和开裂以及如果将硬度降到5458HRC，寿命提高到56万件，但硬度降低到5053HRC会出现凹模刃口易磨钝现象。由此可见，模具硬度必须根据材料性质和失效形式而定。应使硬度、强度、韧性及耐磨性、耐疲劳强度等达到特定冲压工序所需要的最佳配合。3模具的热处理质量与表面强化对寿命的影响模具的热处理质量对模具的性质与使用寿命影响很大。实践证明，模具工作零件的淬火变形与开裂，使用过程中早期断裂，虽然与材料的冶金质量、锻造质量、模具结构及加工有关，但与模具的热处理关系更大。根据模具失效原因的分析统计，热处理不当引起的失效占50 以上。实践证明，高级的模具材料必须配以正确的热处理工艺，才能真正发挥材料的潜力。模具工作零件表面强化处理的目的，是获得外硬内韧的效果，从而得到硬度、耐磨性、韧性、耐疲劳强度的良好配合。模具表面强化处理方法很多，表面处理的新技术工艺发展很快。除氮碳共渗和离子氮化、渗硼、渗铌、渗钒、表面镀硬铬和电火花强化外，化学气相沉积(CVD)和物理气相沉积(PVD)已逐步采用。经CVD和PVD处理后，模具表面覆盖一层超硬物质，如TiC、TiN等。硬度极高、耐磨性、耐蚀性、抗黏合性很好，可提高模具寿命几倍到几十倍。4冲模零件的制造精度对模具寿命的影响冲模制造的精度与使用寿命关系很大，特别是模具表面粗糙度对模具影响很大。如用Crl2MoV钢制造落料模，如果表面粗糙度值R =16 m时，其寿命为3万件左右。如经精抛光，表面粗糙度值R =04 m，寿命可提高到45万件。因此，对模具工作零件表面，一般都要经过磨削、研磨、抛光等精加工和精细加工。5其他方面对模具寿命的影响(1)压力机的精度不高，也易使冲模损坏。(2)冲模在压力机上安装的正确与否及操作者的技术水平高低，对模具寿命也有很大影响。(3)冲模的保管和维护好坏，以及使用润滑剂的情况，也影响模具使用寿命。冷冲压模具凸、凹模间隙的大小和均匀程度直接影响冲裁件的质量和模具的使用寿命的长短。在保证冲裁件间隙时装配也是模具制造中十分重要的环节，而且装配质量将直接影响凸、凹模的间隙是否均匀。比如加工时凸、凹模的尺寸精度虽已达到要求，但是在装配时如果调整不好，就会造成间隙不均匀，冲出的零件有毛边。甚至会冲出不合格的零件。模具装配的关键是要控制凸、凹模的相对位置，以保证凸、凹模的间隙正确、均匀并能冲出合格的零件。1.模具在装配前应关注的问题2 凸、凹模间隙既与模具本身零件的精度有关，也与装配时的装配工艺是否合理有关。为了保证凸、凹模的位置正确和间隙均匀，模具从设计、加工到装配整个环节要注意的问题如下：（1）凸、凹模的正确设计和制造设计模具时首先应根据冲裁件的断面质量、模具使用寿命等因素选择合理的凸、凹模间隙。并要考虑到模具在使用过程中的磨损使间隙增大，一般在设计模具时采用最小合理间隙。并在制造过程中保证模具零件的加工质量和精度，在装配过程中确保凸、凹模间隙均匀，这对于加工复杂形状零件十分关键。（2）装配方法的选择要合理冲模装配方法大致包括直接装配法和配合装配法。装配前必须仔细研究模具装配图，充分考虑和分析冲模的结构特点、冲模零件加工工艺和加工精度等，以选择方便、准确、可靠的装配方法以保证冲裁件质量。2.凸、凹模间隙的控制与调整的方法【3】凸、凹模的间隙控制，应根据冲模结构、间隙大小、冲裁件的质量和实际装配条件来选定。凸、凹模间隙的控制与调整方法有以下几种。（1）透光法将凸、凹模合模后，用光照射底面，观察凸、凹模刃口周围透过的光线和分布情况来判断间隙的大小和均匀性。如果不均匀，重新调整至间隙均匀后再固定，此法适用于薄板小间隙冲裁模。（2）塞尺法将凸、凹模合模后，用凸、凹模单边间隙厚度的塞尺塞入凸、凹模各方向间隙中。然后拧紧上模固定螺钉。最后放纸试冲，最后将上模座与固定板配钻、铰定位销孔

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