二次调节扭矩伺服加载实验台设计【3张图纸】【优秀】
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二次调节扭矩伺服加载试验台设计
69页 24000字数+说明书+实习报告+开题报告+3张CAD图纸
二次调节扭矩伺服加载试验台设计开题报告.doc
二次调节扭矩伺服加载试验台设计说明书.doc
内封.doc
加载试验台.dwg
加载试验台.exb
实习报告 .doc
摘要.doc
目录.doc
说明书.doc
轴.dwg
轴.exb
驱动变速箱装配图.dwg
驱动变速箱装配图.exb
目录
前言1
1 绪论2
1.1 国内外二次调节技术研究发展概况2
1.2 车辆轮桥加载系统概述3
1.2.1 开放式加载系统4
1.2.2 封闭式加载系统4
1.3 二次调节加载系统原理与特点6
1.3.1 原理6
1.3.2 特点7
2 总体的结构设计8
2.1 试验台各部分组成及其功用8
2.2 模拟加载系统原理8
3 驱动变速箱的设计11
3.1 传动方案的确定11
3.2 最大转矩的计算12
3.3 齿轮的设计13
3.3.1 选择齿轮材料13
3.3.2 确定齿轮传动精度等级14
3.4 轴的设计20
3.4.1Ⅰ轴的设计21
3.4.2 Ⅱ轴的设计23
3.4.3 Ⅲ轴的设计24
3.4.4 Ⅳ轴的设计24
3.4.5 Ⅴ轴的设计26
4 零件的强度校核28
4.1 轴的强度校核28
4.1.1 Ⅰ轴的校核28
4.1.2 Ⅱ轴的校核30
4.1.3 Ⅲ轴的校核34
4.1.4 Ⅳ轴的校核36
4.1.5 Ⅴ轴的校核40
4.2 轴承的校核43
4.3 键的校核44
4.3.1 平键的校核44
4.3.2 花键的校核46
5 结论47
致谢48
参考文献49
摘要
随着汽车行业的不断发展壮大，对各种汽车车辆的工作性能和可靠性等的要求也越来越高，尤其是在特殊路况和工作条件下运行的越野，大型重载等特种车辆，这方面的要求就更高。对这种车辆来说，其总体工作性能和可靠性主要取决于它的发动机和轮桥，发动机为成型产品，其工作性能和可靠性等指标均已通过严格检测，设计车辆时按要求选择即可，而轮桥是另行设计的，因此为了提高车辆的工作性能和可靠性，应将重点放在轮桥上。对于新设计制造的特种车辆轮桥，需要利用专门的高动态性能固定试验台对其进行模拟加载试验，检测各项工作性能和可靠性指标是否满足要求。轮桥加载试验台，由恒压油源及管路系统、模拟加载系统、控制系统、机械台架四部分组成。恒压油源为整个模拟加载单元提供恒定压力，同各种液压元件及管路一起构成恒压网络。
关键词：二次调节;二次原件;驱动变速箱
Abstract
Unceasing grows strong along with the automobile profession, and reliable and so on request is also getting higher and higher to each kind of automobile vehicles' operating performance, particularly cross country which moves under the special state of roads and the working condition, the large-scale heavy load and so on special purpose vehicle, this aspect's request is higher. To this kind of vehicles, its overall operating performance and the reliability is mainly decided by its engine and the round the bridge, the engine to take shape the product, its targets and so on operating performance and reliability already through the strict examination, designs when the vehicles according to the request choice then, but turns the bridge is the separate design, therefore to enhance vehicles' operating performance and the reliability, should place with emphasis on a round bridge. Regarding the new design manufacture's special purpose vehicle round the bridge, needs to use the special high dynamic property fixed test platform to carry on the analog loading experiment to it, examines each operating performance and the reliable target whether to satisfy requests. Turns the bridge to load the test platform, by the constant pressure oil source and the circuitry, the analog loading system, the control system, the mechanical gantry four parts is composed. The constant pressure oil source provides the constant pressure for entire analog loading unit, constitutes the constant pressure network together with each kind of hydraulic element and the pipeline.
Key word: Two adjustments; two original parts; actuate the gear box
- 内容简介：
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附录A 译文液压系统设计液压技术被引入工业领域已经有一百多年的历史了，随着工业的迅猛发展，液压技术更日新月异。伴随着数学、控制理论、计算机、电子器件和液压流体学的发展，出现了液压伺服系统，并作为一门应用科学已经发展成熟，形成自己的体系和一套行之有效的分析和设计方法。好了，不多说了，现在我和大家来说说液压系统设计的方法和注意问题。举个液压系统在机床运用的例子来和大家聊，并欢迎大家提出意见。1 设计机床液压传动系统的依据1. 机床的总体布局和工艺要求，包括采用液压传动所完成的机床运动种类、机械设计时提出可能用的液压执行元件的种类和型号、执行元件的位置及其空间的尺寸范围、要求的自动化程度等。2. 机床的工作循环、执行机构的运动方式（移动、转动或摆动），以及完成的工作范围。3. 液压执行元件的运动速度、调速范围、工作行程、载荷性质和变化范围。4. 机床各部件的动作顺序和互锁要求，以及各部件的工作环境与占地面积等。5. 液压系统的工作性能，如工作平稳性、可靠性、换向精度、停留时间和冲出量等方面的要求。6. 其它要求，如污染、腐蚀性、易燃性以及液压装置的质量、外形尺寸和经济性等。2 设计液压传动系统的步骤1. 明确对液压传动系统的工作要求，是设计液压传动系统的依据，由使用部门以技术任务书的形式提出。2. 拟定液压传动系统图。(1) 根据工作部件的运动形式，合理地选择液压执行元件；(2) 根据工作部件的性能要求和动作顺序，列出可能实现的各种基本回路。此时应注意选择合适的调速方案、速度换接方案，确定安全措施和卸荷措施，保证自动工作循环的完成和顺序动作和可靠。液压传动方案拟定后，应按国家标准规定的图形符号绘制正式原理图。图中应标注出各液压元件的型号规格，还应有执行元件的动作循环图和电气元件的动作循环表。3. 计算液压系统的主要参数和选择液压元件。(1) 计算液压缸的主要参数；(2) 计算液压缸所需的流量并选用液压泵；(3) 选用油管；(4) 选取元件规格；(5) 计算系统实际工作压力；(6) 计算功率，选用电动机；(7) 发热和油箱容积计算； 4. 进行必要的液压系统验算。5. 液压装置的结构设计。6. 绘制液压系统工作图，编制技术文件。3 设计液压传动系统时应注意问题1. 在组合基本回路时，要注意防止回路间相互干扰，保证正常的工作循环。2. 提高系统的工作效率，防止系统过热。例如功率小，可用节流调速系统；功率大，最好用容积调速系统；经常停车制动，应使泵能够及时地卸荷；在每一工作循环中耗油率差别很大的系统，应考虑用蓄能器或压力补偿变量泵等效率高的回路。3. 防止液压冲击，对于高压大流量的系统，应考虑用液压换向阀代替电磁换向阀，减慢换向速度；采用蓄能器或增设缓冲回路，消除液压冲击。4. 系统在满足工作循环和生产率的前提下，应力求简单，系统越复杂，产生故障的机会就越多。系统要安全可靠，对于做垂直运动提升重物的执行元件应设有平衡回路；对有严格顺序动作要求的执行元件应采用行程控制的顺序动作回路。此外，还应具有互锁装置和一些安全措施。5. 尽量做到标准化、系列化设计，减少专用件设计。4 使用液压系统要注意的问题1. 使用者应明白液压系统的工作原理，熟悉各种操作和调整手柄的位置及旋向等。2. 开车前应检查系统上各调整手柄、手轮是否被无关人员动过，电气开关和行程开关的位置是否正常，主机上工具的安装是否正确和牢固等，再对导轨和活塞杆的外露部分进行擦拭，而后才可开车。3. 开车时，首先启动控制油路的液压泵，无专用的控制油路液压泵时，可直接启动主液压泵。4. 液压油要定期检查更换，对于新投入使用的液压设备，使用3 个月左右即应清洗油箱，更换新油。以后每隔半年至1 年进行清洗和换油一次。5. 工作中应随时注意油液，正常工作时，油箱中油液温度应不超过60。油温过高应设法冷却，并使用粘度较高的液压油。温度过低时，应进行预热，或在运转前进行间歇运转，使油温逐步升高后，再进入正式工作运转状态。6. 检查油面，保证系统有足够的油量。7. 有排气装置的系统应进行排气，无排气装置的系统应往复运转多次，使之自然排出气体。8. 油箱应加盖密封，油箱上面的通气孔处应设置空气过滤器，防止污物和水分的侵入。加油时应进行过滤，使油液清洁。9. 系统中应根据需要配置粗、精过滤器，对过滤器应经常地检查、清洗和更换。10. 对压力控制元件的调整，一般首先调整系统压力控制阀-溢流阀，从压力为零时开调，逐步提高压力，使之达到规定压力值；然后依次调整各回路的压力控制阀。主油路液压泵的安全溢流阀的调整压力一般要大于执行元件所需工作压力的10%25%。快速运动液压泵的压力阀，其调整压力一般大于所需压力10%20%。11. 流量控制阀要从小流量调到大流量，并且应逐步调整。同步运动执行元件的流量控制阀应同时调整，要保证运动的平稳性5 工作部件产生爬行的原因及排除方法1. 因为空气的压缩性较大，当含有气泡的液体到达高压区而受到剧烈压缩时，会使油液体积变小，使工作部件产生爬行。采取措施：在系统回路的高处部 位设置排气装置，将空气排除。2. 由于相对运动部件间的磨擦阻力太大或磨擦阻力变化，致使工作部件在运动时产生爬行。采取措施：对液压缸、活塞和活塞杆等零件的形位公差和表面粗糙度有一定的要求；并应保证液压系统和液压油的清洁，以免脏物夹入相对运动件的表面间，从而增大磨擦阻力。3. 运动件表面间润滑不良，形成干磨擦或半磨擦，也容易导致爬行。采取措施：经常检查有相对运动零件的表面间润滑情况，使其保持良好。4. 若液压缸的活塞和活塞杆的密封定心不良，也会出现爬行。采取措施：应卸除载荷，使液压缸单独动作，测定出磨擦阻力后，校正定心。5. 因液压缸泄漏严重，导致爬行。采取措施：减少泄漏损失，或加大液压泵容量。6. 在工作过程中由于负载变化，引起系统供油波动，导致工作部件爬行。采取措施：注意选用小流量下保持性能稳定的调速阀，并且在液压缸和调速阀间尽量不用软管联接，否则会因软管变形大，容易引起爬行现象。6 液压系统油温升高的原因、后果及解决措施液压系统在工作中有能量损失，包括压力损失、容积损失和机械损失三方面，这些损失转化为热能，使液压系统的油温升高。一般液压系统的油温应控制在（30-60）范围内，最高不超过（60-70）。油温升高会引起一系列不良后果： 1. 使油液粘度下降，泄漏增加，降低了容积效率，甚至影响工作机构的正常运动； 2. 使油液变质，产生氧化物杂质，堵塞液压元件中的小孔或缝隙，使之 不能正常工作；3. 引起热膨胀系数不同的相对运动零件之间的间隙变小，甚至卡死，无法运动；4. 引起机床或机械的热变形，破坏原有的精度。保证液压系统正常工作温度的措施：1. 当压力控制阀的调定值偏高时，应降低工作压力，以减少能量损耗；2. 由于液压泵及其连接处的泄漏造成容积损失而发热时，应紧固各连接处，加强密封；3. 当油箱容积小、散热条件差时，应适当加大油箱容积，必要时设置冷却器；4. 由于油液粘度太高，使内磨擦增大而发热时，应选用粘度低的液压油；5. 当油管过于细长并弯曲，使油液的沿程阻力损失增大、油温升高时，应加大管径，缩短管路，使油液通畅；6. 由于周围环境温度过高使油温升高时，要利用隔热材料和反射板等，使系统和外界隔绝；7. 高压油长时间不必要地从溢流阀回油箱，使油温升高时，应改进回路设计，采用变量泵或卸荷措施7 空气侵入到液压系统的不良后果及解决措施空气侵入到液压系统的不良后果主要有：1. 使油液具有一定的压缩性，致使系统产生噪声、振动和引起运动部件的爬行，破坏了工作的平稳性；2. 易使油液氧化变质，降低油液的使用寿命。解决措施：(1) 空气由油箱进入系统的机会较多，如油箱的油量不足；液压泵吸油管侵入油中太短；吸油管和回油管在油箱中距离太近或没有用隔板隔开；回油飞溅，搅成泡沫；液压泵吸入空气；回油管没有插入油箱，使回油冲出油面和箱壁，在油面上会产生大量气泡，使空气与油一起吸入系统。因此，油箱的油面要经常保持足够的高度；吸油管和回油管应保证在最低油面以下，两者要用隔板隔开；(2) 由于密封不严或管接头处和液压元件接合面处的螺钉拧得不紧，外界空气就会从这些地方侵入；系统中低于大气压部分，如液压泵的吸油腔、吸油管和压油管中油流速度较高（压力低）的局部区域；在系统停止工作，系统中回油腔的油液经回油管返回油箱时，也会形成局部真空的区域，在这些区域空气最容易侵入。因此，要尽量防止各处的压力低于大气压力；各个密封部件均应使用良好的密封装置，管接头和各接合面处的螺钉应拧紧；经常清洗液压泵吸油口处的过滤器，以防止吸油阻力增大而把溶解在油中的空气游离出来进入系统；(3) 对于主要的液压设备，液压缸上最好设有排气装置，以排除系统中的空气。8 系统中流量不足的原因及解决措施1. 由于液压泵流量不足，致使系统中流量不足时，应检查液压泵零件是否有损坏情况，及时地更换或修复损坏超差件；如果因泵内吸入空气影响了液压泵的流量，则要采取措施，防止空气吸入，变量泵由于变量机构工作不良影响泵的流量，应对变量机构拆卸、清洗或修理、更换；2. 压力分配阀工作不良引起流量不足时，应修理或更换；3. 因油液粘度不合适而影响流量时，要更换粘度适当的油液，并注意油温对粘度的影响； 4. 溢流阀工作不良影响流量时，应采取措施，使其工作正常；5. 由于液压缸、阀等元件泄漏严重，造成流量不足时，应针对不同情况采取相应的措施；6. 流量控制阀的调节机构工作不正常时，应根据零件损坏情况予以修复或更新、或拆开清洗，使调节机构动作灵活，工作正常。9 液压系统中噪声产生原因及解决措施1. 空气侵入液压系统是产生噪声的主要原因。因为液压系统侵入空气时，在低压区其体积较大，当流到高压区时受压缩，体积突然缩小，而当它流入低压区时，体积突然增大，这种气泡体积的突然改变，产生“爆炸”现象，因而产生噪声，此现象通常称为“空穴”。针对这个原因，常常在液压缸上设置排气装置，以便排气。另外在开车后，使执行件以快速全行程往复几次排气，也是常用的方法；2. 液压泵或液压马达质量不好，通常是液压传动中产生噪声的主要部分。液压泵的制造质量不好，精度不符合技术要求，压力与流量波动大，困油现象未能很好消除，密封不好，以及轴承质量差等都是造成噪声的主要原因。在使用中，由于液压泵零件磨损，间隙过大，流量不足，压力易波动，同样也会引起噪声。面对上述原因，一是选择质量好的液压泵或液压马达，二是加强维修和保养，例如若齿轮的齿形精度低，则应对研齿轮，满足接触面要求；若叶片泵有困油现象，则应修正配油盘的三角槽，消除困油；若液压泵轴向间隙过大而输油量不足，则应修理，使轴向间隙在允许范围内；若液压泵选用不对，则应更换；3. 溢流阀不稳定，如由于滑阀与阀孔配合不当或锥阀与阀座接触处被污物卡住、阻尼孔堵塞、弹簧歪斜或失效等使阀芯卡住或在阀孔内移动不灵，引起系统压力波动和噪声。对此，应注意清洗、疏通阴尼孔；对溢流阀进行检查，如发现有损坏，或因磨损超过规定，则应及时修理或更换；4. 换向阀调整不当，使换向阀阀芯移动太快，造成换向冲击，因而产生噪声与振动。在这种情况下，若换向阀是液压换向阀，则应调整控制油路中的节流元件，使换向平稳无冲击。在工作时，液压阀的阀芯支持在弹簧上，当其频率与液压泵输油率的脉动频率或与其它振源频率相近时，会引起振动，产生噪声。这时，通过改变管路系统的固有频率，变动控制阀的位置或适当地加蓄能器，则能防振降噪。5. 机械振动，如油管细长，弯头多而未加固定，在油流通过时，特别是当流速较高时，容易引起管子抖动；电动机和液压泵的旋转部分不平衡，或在安装时对中不好，或联轴节松动等，均能产生振动和噪声。对此应采取的措施有：较长油管应彼此分开，并与机床壁隔开，适当加设支承管夹；调整电动机和液压泵的安装精度；重新安装联轴节，保证同轴度小于0.1MM等。10 在液压系统中安装油管的注意事项：1. 吸油管不应漏气，各接头要紧牢和密封好；2. 吸油管道上应设置过滤器；3. 回油管应插入油箱的油面以下，防止飞溅泡沫和混入空气；4. 电磁换向阀内的泄漏油液，必须单独设回油管，以防止泄漏回油时产生背压，避免阻碍阀芯运动；5. 溢流阀回油口不许与液压泵的入口相接；6. 全部管路应进行两次安装，第一次试装，第二次正式安装。试装后，拆下油管，用20%的硫酸或盐酸溶液酸洗，再用10%的苏打水中和，最后用温水清洗，待干燥后涂油进行二次安装。注意安装时不得有砂子和氧化皮等。11 在液压系统中安装液压元件时的注意事项：1. 液压元件安装前，要用煤油清洗，自制的重要元件应进行密封和耐压试验，试验压力可取工作压力的2倍，或取最高使用压力的1.5倍。试验时要分级进行，不要一下子升到试验压力，每升一级检查一次；2. 方向控制阀应保证轴线呈水平位置安装；3. 板式元件安装时，要检查进出油口处的密封圈是否合乎要求，安装前密封圈应突出安装平面，保证安装后有一定的压缩量，以防泄漏；4. 板式元件安装时，固定螺钉的拧紧力要均匀，使元件的安装平面与元件底板平面能很好地接触。12 在液压系统中安装液压泵时的注意事项：1. 液压泵传动轴与电动机驱动轴同轴度偏差小于0.1MM，一般采用挠性联轴节联结，不允许用V带直接带动泵轴转动，以防泵轴受径向力过大，影响泵的正常运转；2. 液压泵的旋转方向和进、出油口应按要求安装；3. 各类液压泵的吸油高度，一般要小于0.5M。13 如何清洗液压系统液压系统在制造、试验、使用和储存中都会受到污染，而清洗是清除污染，使液压油、液压元件和管道等保持清洁的重要手段。生产中，液压系统的清洗通常有主系统清洗和全系统清洗。全系统清洗是指对液压装置的整个回路进行清洗，在清洗前应将系统恢复到实际运转状态。清洗介质可用液压油，清洗时间一般为2-4小时，特殊情况下也不超过10小时，清洗效果以回路滤网上无杂质为标准。清洗时注意事项：1. 一般液压系统清洗时，多采用工作用的液压油或试车油。不能用煤油、汽油、酒精、蒸气或其它液体，防止液压元件、管路、油箱和密封件等受腐蚀； 2. 清洗过程中，液压泵运转和清洗介质加热同时进行。清洗油液的温度为（50-80）时，系统内的橡胶渣是容易除掉的；3. 清洗过程中，可用非金属锤棒敲击油管，可连续地敲击，也可不连续地敲击，以利清除管路内的附着物；4. 液压泵间歇运转有利于提高清洗效果，间歇时间一般为（10-30）min5. 在清洗油路的回路上，应装过滤器或滤网。刚开始清洗时，因杂质较多，可采用80目滤网，清洗后期改用150目以上的滤网；6. 清洗时间一般为（48-60）小时，要根据系统的复杂程度、过滤精度要求和污染程度等因素决定； 7. 为了防止外界湿气引起锈蚀，清洗结束时，液压泵还要连续运转，直到温度恢复正常为止；8. 清洗后要将回路内的清洗油排除干净。附录B 外文文献Hydraulic system design Hydraulic technology has been the introduction of an industrial area have 100 years of history. With the rapid industrial development of hydraulic technology more with each passing day. Along with mathematics， control theory, computer， electronic components and hydraulic fluid sciences， a hydraulic servo system, and as an application of science has been developed， develop its own system， and a set of effective analysis and design methods. Well，not that， and now I say all of the hydraulic system design methods and attention to the issue. For the hydraulic system of the machine used examples to chat with everyone， and welcome comments. 1 Machine design of the hydraulic drive system based on 1. The overall layout of machine tools and technological requirements, including the use of hydraulic machine performed by type of campaign, mechanical design made possible with the implementation of the hydraulic components of the types and models, implementation of the components of the space and its location size, the requirements of the degree of automation. 2. Machine work cycle, the implementing agency of movement (Mobile, rotate or swing), and the completion of the work. 3. Hydraulic Components movement speed, speed of reference, itinerary, load changes in the nature and scope. 4. Machine movements of the various components of the order and interlocking requirements, and the various components of the working environment and covers such. 5. The hydraulic system performance, such as work smooth, reliability, precision to the other, time and stay out of the volume of the request. 6. Other requirements, such as pollution, corrosive, flammable, and the quality of hydraulic devices, Size and shape of the economy and so on. 2 Hydraulic system design steps1. A clear right hydraulic system requirements for the work, hydraulic system is designed on the basis that users in the technical tasks of the form. 2. The hydraulic drive system development plans. a. According to the working parts of exercise a reasonable choice of hydraulic components; b. Under the working parts of the performance requirements and movements of the order, listing possible to achieve the basic circuit. It should be noted at this time to choose a suitable speed, speed-exchange programs to determine safety and unloading, automatically guarantee the completion of the work cycle of action and order and reliable. Hydraulic drive programming, the national standard should be the official graphic symbol mapping diagram. Tagging should map out the components of the hydraulic model specifications, It should also be a component of the implementation of action plans and the recycling of electrical components in the table of operating cycle. 3. Calculation of the main hydraulic system parameters and the choice of hydraulic components. (1) Calculation of the hydraulic cylinder main parameters;(2) Calculation of the hydraulic cylinder flow and use hydraulic pumps; (3) Selection of tubing;(4) Selecting components specifications; (5) Calculation of the actual system pressure;(6) The calculation of power, motor selection;(7) Heating and fuel tank volume;4. Necessary hydraulic system checked. 5. Hydraulic design of the structure.6. Drawing hydraulic system map, the preparation of technical documents. 3 Hydraulic system design to be a problem1. The basic composition of the loop, We must pay attention to preventing mutual interference between the circuit, and ensure normal work cycle. 2. To improve the efficiency of systems to prevent overheating. For example, small power available throttle control system; Power, speed volume with the best system; Regular parking brake. should be able to pump in a timely manner unloading; In each work cycle oil consumption vary greatly system should consider using pressure accumulator or variable compensation such as high efficiency pump circuit.3. Prevent hydraulic shock, for large high-pressure flow system, should consider the use of hydraulic valve replaced electromagnetic valve, to slow down the pace of change; using accumulator or additional buffer circuit, the elimination of hydraulic shocks. 4. The system in meeting the productivity of the work cycle and, under the premise should be as simple as possible, the more complex the system, have the opportunity to fault the more. To a safe and reliable system for doing vertical movement of heavy loads upgrade components should be implemented there is a balancing loop; on the strict requirements of the order moves the implementation program components should be used to control movements in the order loop. Moreover, they should also have interlocking devices and some safety measures. 5. As well standardized, serialized design, reducing exclusive designs. 4 Hydraulic systems use the issue to the attention 1. Users should understand that the hydraulic system of principle, familiar with the various operational and adjustment of the location and the handle to the other roundabout.2. Drive system should be checked prior to the adjustment on the handle, hand wheel was irrelevant whether the officers Touched, Electrical switches and switch itinerary and whether it is normal for the location, host of installation tools and firmly correct. another pair of rails and the exposed parts of the piston rod for clean, and then can drive.3. When driving a car, to start the control of the hydraulic pump asphalt, without special control asphalt hydraulic pump, can directly initiate hydraulic pump.4. Hydraulic oil to replace regular checks for the new use of hydraulic equipment, three months or so that the washing tanks, the replacement oil. After every six months to a year for an oil change and cleaning. 5. Should always keep in oil, normal working hours, the oil tank temperature should not exceed 60 .High temperature to be cooling, and the use of higher viscosity hydraulic oil. Low temperature should be carried out when preheating, or in operation before the intermittent operation, gradually rising temperature, enter the formal functioning of the state. 6. Check oil levels, and ensure the system has sufficient fuel. 7. Installation of the exhaust system should exhaust, no venting device system should be reciprocating operation times, so that the natural gas emitted. 8. Should be impressed with the seal tank, the fuel tank above the air vents should install air filters, prevent dirt and moisture intrusion. Filling should be filtered, clean oil. 9. The system should be based on need to configure coarse and fine filters, the filter should always check, cleaning and replacement.10. Pressure control components of the adjustment, the general first adjustment system pressure relief valve-control valve. Pressure from zero returned, and gradually raising the pressure, so that they achieve the required pressure values; followed by the adjustment of the loop pressure control valve. The oil pump safety relief valve pressure adjustments will be greater than the general implementation of the necessary components of the work pressure10%25 %. Rapid movement of the hydraulic pump pressure relief valve adjustment pressures generally greater than the pressure required for 10%20%. 11.Flow control valve flow to small transferred large flow, and should be gradually adjusted. Synchronous execution of the component flow control valve should be adjusted. To ensure the movement stability.5 Crawling have working parts and the reasons for exclusion method 1. Because of the compressed air are greater. When the bubble of liquid containing high pressure zone and reach severe compression, the volume of oil will become smaller, working components produced crawling. Take measures to : loop in the system were installed height of the exhaust system to remove the air. 2. As the relative movement between the parts too much friction and friction resistance changes which has caused the campaign components generated crawling. Takes the measure : the hydraulic cylinder, piston and piston rod, and other parts of the form and position tolerances, and surface roughness have certain requirements; and should ensure that hydraulic systems and hydraulic oil clean dirt to avoid relative movement folder into the surface, thus increasing friction. 3. Surface movement among poor lubrication, to create friction or semi-friction, it is easy to crawl. Take the measures: regular checks of relative movement between parts of the lubrication of the surface, enabling it to maintain good.4. If the hydraulic cylinder piston and the piston rod sealing centering bad, there may be crawling. Take the measures: shed load, so that a separate action hydraulic cylinder was measured friction, centering correction.5. Due to serious hydraulic cylinder leak led to crawling.Take the measures: to reduce the leakage loss, or increased pump capacity. 6. In the course of their work load due to changes in oil supply system caused fluctuations, leading to crawl working parts. Take the measures: choose to remain small flow properties of the valve stability, and the hydraulic cylinder and valve between minimizing the hose connection, otherwise they will be flexible deformation, it can be easily aroused creeping phenomenon. 6 Hydraulic system temperature rise, consequences and solutions In the hydraulic system with energy work, including loss of pressure loss. volume losses and three mechanical losses, these losses into heat, so that the hydraulic system temperature increased. General hydraulic system temperature should be controlled (30-60) , not exceeding the maximum (60-70) . Temperature rise will cause a series of negative consequences : 1. The oil viscosity, leakage, reduce the volume efficiency and even affect the normal movement; 2. To enable the oil changed oxides produced impurities hydraulic components to plug the holes or cracks, so that they are not normal;3. Have different thermal expansion coefficients of the relative movement between the parts become smaller space, or even death card, not a campaign; 4. Machine tools or machinery caused the thermal deformation, damage to the original accuracy. Hydraulic system to ensure the normal operating temperature of measures : 1. When the pressure control valve to set the value at high pressure should be lowered to reduce energy loss;2. As the hydraulic pump and its connecting the volume caused by the leakage of heat loss, shall be securely fastened to the connecting and enhancing seal;3. When the fuel tank size small, poor conditions of heat, as appropriate, increase volume of the fuel tank and, if necessary, set cooler; 4. Due to high oil viscosity, increasing friction within fever, should select the lowest viscosity hydraulic oil;5. When the tubing is too slender and bent, the oil resistance along the way losses increased temperature rises, should increase diameters, shortening pipe, the oil patency;6. The ambient temperature is too high to enable temperature rises, to the use of insulation materials and sounding board so that the system and isolated from the outside world; 7. Prolonged unnecessarily high pressure oil from the relief valve to the fuel tank, temperature rises, should be improved circuit design, variable pump or unloading measures 7 The adverse consequences of air to invade the hydraulic system and solutions The adverse consequences of air to intrusion hydraulic system are : 1. To enable the oil has some compression, resulting system to produce the noise, Vibration and movement caused parts of crawling and undermines the work of a smooth;2. Oxidation of the oil easily degenerate lower oil life. Solution : (1) The air from the tank into the system more opportunities, such as the fuel tank inadequate; hydraulic pump oil absorption tube penetrated oil is too short; Range pipe and tubing back to the fuel tank too close or middle distance with no partitions separating; Oil back spatter, stirs bubble; Pump inhaled air; no tubing inserted to the fuel tank so that the oil out of oil to surface and the wall, in the oil surface will produce large bubble of air inhaled together with the oil system. Therefore, the oil-tank to keep sufficient height; Range pipe and tubing should be back at the minimum guaranteed under the oil surface, Taken with clapboard separated; (2) Since sealing leakage or pipe joint of hydraulic components and the adjoining plane where the fixing screw tight, Air from these areas will be invasive; System below atmospheric pressure, such as the absorption of pump cavity, Range pipe and tubing pressure oil flow rate is high (low pressure) local area; stop working in the system, system to the oil-oil pipeline returned to the return of the fuel tank, will be partial vacuum in the region, In these regions the most easily penetrated the air. Therefore, in order to try to prevent the pressure throughout below atmospheric pressure; Seal all components should use a good seal, pipe joints and the adjoining plane Department should tighten the screws; Regular cleaning pump oil absorption mouth of filters, to prevent oil absorption resistance increased while oil dissolved in the air out of free access to the system;(3) On the main hydraulic equipment, hydraulic cylinder with the best exhaust devices to exclude the air system. 8 System flow shortage and the reasons for a solution 1. Because of inadequate flows of hydraulic pumps, System result of inadequate flows, the hydraulic pump parts should check whether there are defects, in a timely manner to replace or repair damaged pieces of ultra-poor; If inhaled air pump affect the flow of hydraulic pumps, would take measures prevent air inhaled, the variable pump as variable sector adversely affected the flow pump, variable response agencies demolition, cleaning or repair, replacement; 2. The pressure distribution valve caused adverse work flow is insufficient, should be repaired or replaced;3. The oil viscosity inappropriate affect the flow, to be replaced due to the viscosity of the oil. Attention to the temperature and viscosity of the impact;4. The relief valve adverse impact on the work flow, measures should be taken, make it work properly. 5. The hydraulic cylinder, valve leakage, and other components, causing insufficient traffic flow, meet the different circumstances to take corresponding measures; 6. The flow control valve regulating agencies not working, should be damaged parts repaired or updated, or disassemble cleansing and regulating body movements flexible, and work normally.9 Hydraulic system noise and causes a solution1. Air penetrated hydraulic system is the main source of the noise generated. Because the hydraulic system penetrated the air, the area of low pressure over its larger, when the flow of high-pressure zone by compression, the volume suddenly narrowed, And when it flows area of low pressure, the volume suddenly increased, the size of this bubble suddenly changed to explosion phenomenon, resulting noise, this phenomenon, commonly known as the hole. To address this reason, the hydraulic cylinder is often installed on the exhaust device to exhaust. Moreover, the drive, to enable the rapid implementation of pieces of the whole trip reciprocating several venting, as well as commonly used methods; 2. Hydraulic pump or hydraulic motors are poor, usually generated hydraulic transmission noise component. Pump the poor manufacturing quality, accuracy is not to meet all the technical requirements, pressure and flow fluctuations, the hardship of oil yet to be satisfactorily eliminated, Seal well, and the poor quality bearings are causing the main source of the noise. In use, the hydraulic pump parts wear, the gap is too large, insufficient flow and pressure fluctuations easy, but can also cause the same noise. Faced with the above reasons, the first choice of good quality hydraulic pump or hydraulic motors, two is to strengthen repairs and maintenance For example, if the gear tooth low precision, it should study the gears, meet exposure requirements; If a storm vane pump oil, Oil should be amended to distribution sites 1.30 chutes, eliminate the hardship oil; If the axial pump too much oil is insufficient, they should repair, so that the axial space within the permissible range. If the pump choose not to, they should be replaced;3. The relief valve instability, as a result of slide valve with the valve hole with improper or poppet valve and valve seat being contacted dirt cab, damping plug the hole, spring or deflect such as the failure to make jam or spool valve hole in the mobile system, caused the system pressure fluctuations and noise. In this regard, attention should be clean, and clear the damping hole; The relief valve inspections and if found damaged, or wear over, should be repaired or replaced in a timely manner;4. Improper adjustment valve, valve spool moving too fast, caused to the impact of exchange, resulting in noise and vibration. Under such circumstances, if the hydraulic valve is the valve should be adjusted to control the asphalt throttle device, to make for a smooth without shocks. At work, hydraulic valve spool support the spring, when the frequency and rate of oil pump pulsation frequency or with other similar local oscillator frequency, it will cause vibration, noise generated. Then, by changing the piping system natural frequency, changes in the control valve position or an appropriate increase in the accumulator, it will shockproof noise. 5. Mechanical vibration, as slender tubing, bend over without an increase in fixed, the flow of oil out of date, especially when the flow rate is high, it is easy to cause the tubes jitter; motor and the rotary pump imbalance or when installing the right bad, or loose coupling, can produce noise and vibration. This measures to be taken : a longer pipeline should be separated from each other, and with the wall separating machine, the appropriate additional supporting tube folder; adjustment of the motor and pump installation accuracy; re-install the coupling to ensure concentricity of less than 0.1MM and so on.10 Matters needing attention in the hydraulic system to install the tubing 1. Not leak oil absorption tube, the connector must firmly and sealed well; 2. Oil absorption pipeline should be set up traps; 3. To be inserted into the fuel tank tubing to the surface following the oil to prevent splashing foam and into the air; 4. Electromagnetic valve leakage of oil, we must back up a separate pipeline to prevent oil leakage caused back pressure, spool to avoid hindering the movement; 5. The relief valve not allowed to export oil and import-phase pump; 6. All pipe installation should be carried out twice, the first test equipment, the second formal installation. Test equipment, tubing removed using 20% sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid pickling solution, and then 10% of the soda and water. Finally, warm water washing, drying to anoint for the second installation. Attention to the installation shall be sand and oxidation hides. 11 In the hydraulic system installed hydraulic components of attention 1. The installation of hydraulic components, use kerosene cleansing, self-important components to be sealed and pressurized test, the test pressure desirable work pressure two times, or from the use of maximum pressure of 1.5 times. Test to grade, do not suddenly rise to the test pressure, once in a liter; 2. Directional control valve should ensure that the axis is the horizontal position installation; 3. The installation of pla
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