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全自动液压专用机床改造设计【12张图纸】【优秀】

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摘要

　　　车床是主要用车刀对旋转的工件进行车削加工的机床,而专用机床一般采用多轴、多刀、多工序、多面或多工位同时加工的方式,生产效率比通用机床高几倍至几十倍。由于通用部件已经标准化和系列化,可根据需要灵活配置,能缩短设计和制造周期。因此专用机床兼有低成本和高效率的优点,在大批、大量生产中得到广泛应用,并可用以组成自动生产线。

　　　专用机床一般用于加工箱体类或特殊形状的零件。加工时,工件一般不旋转,由刀具的旋转运动和刀具与工件的相对进给运动,来实现钻孔、扩孔、锪孔、铰孔、镗孔、铣削平面、切削内外螺纹以及加工外圆和端面等。有的组合机床采用车削头夹持工件使之旋转,由刀具作进给运动,也可实现某些回转体类零件(如飞轮、汽车后桥半轴等)的外圆和端面加工。

　　　本设计是把6136普通车床改造成全自动液压专用机床，对车床结构作了设计，在设计过程中考虑到车床的形成工艺，床身的受力分析和床身的热态分析。该设计满足了全自动液压专用机床的加工精度要求，整体性能稳定。

关键词：刀架拖板；液压缸；上料机构；分析

摘要III

AbstractIV

目录V

1 绪论1

2 零件的工艺性分析2

3 总体方案的确定4

4 刀架拖板设计6

4.1 设计本部分的重要性6

4.2 本部分的设计方案6

4.2.1 纵向液压缸的安置6

4.2.2 横向液压缸的位置7

4.3 出屑9

5 结构设计及计算分析10

5.1 纵向液压缸的设计10

5.1.1 液压缸的类型和安装形式10

5.1.2 液压缸工作压力的确定10

5.1.3 液压缸内径及液压缸活塞杆直径的确定11

5.1.4 液压缸的推力和流量计算12

5.1.5 活塞杆直径的验算12

5.1.6 液压缸长度及壁厚的确定13

5.1.7 液压缸外径的计算13

5.1.8 液压缸进出油口尺寸的确定13

5.1.9 液压缸的结构设计13

5.2 横向液压缸的设计14

5.2.1 液压缸的类型和安装形式14

5.2.2 液压缸工作压力的确定15

5.2.3 液压缸内径及液压缸活塞杆直径的确定15

5.2.4 液压缸的推力和流量计算15

5.2.5 活塞杆直径的验算16

5.2.6 液压缸壁厚的计算和刹那高度的计算16

5.2.7 压缸外径液的计算16

5.2.8 液压缸进出油口尺寸的确定16

5.2.9 液压缸的结构设计17

5.3 弹簧的设计与计算17

5.4 螺杆的校核18

6 CAM设计20

6.1 衬套的CAM22

7 结论与展望24

7.1 结论24

7.2 展望24

致谢25

参考文献26

附录27

1 绪论

　　　随着科学技术的发展，即使原来属于新颖，先进的机床也会逐渐变得陈旧，落后，满足不了产品科类日益增加和质量不断提高的需要，因此，“技术老化”是客观规律。

　　　目前，我国的工厂企业，除了一些新建单位外，大多数都存在设备老化问题，设备役龄在15年以上，所占比重相当大，面对这么多的陈旧设备应该怎样办呢？一方面要创造或引进新技术，新工艺，新设备，进行必要的设备更新。另一方面则要进行技术革新，挖掘设备潜力，进行有效的技术改造，使旧设备适应新的生产需要。

　　　本设计是把6136普通车床改造成全自动液压专用机床，这样生产锭脚时，生产率大大提高，劳动强度大大降低。而且因为是在原有的旧设备进行改造，就能够充分利用原机床的结构，避免了重新设计和制造许许多多的零部件，使工作量大大地减少，节省很多物质，制造成本低，见效快。改造机床还有一个显著的特点是兴废利旧，使原先已淘汰的机床重见阳光，充分发挥其使用价值。

　　　改造后的机床为全自动液压专用机床。专用机床是加工某种特定零件，完成某些特定工序的专门机床，他有利于实现单机自动化，组成生产自助线，提高劳动生产率的，降低劳动强度。随着生产率的发展和自助化程度的提高，专用机床目前在生产中的应用已越来越广。

　　　本设计的主要要求为用6136普通车床改造为全自动液压专机加工锭脚的端面和外圆。生产纲领：粗车为600件/班，精车为680件/班。

　　　本设计的方案力求简单可行，工作可靠，便于调整。

　　　由于设计时间有限，加之实践经验不足，设计中难免有些错误，请各位老师批评指正。

2 零件的工艺性分析

　　　工件是机床改造后的加工对象，也是改造机床工作的主要依据之一，故对工件进行工艺性分析是必须的。

　　　由于改造后的专用机床只加工零件的端面和外圆，故在此也只对这道工序的工艺性进行分析。

　　　根据工厂生产锭脚的工艺路线，在进行车端面和外圆加工前，C端面，φ16+0.05孔和末端中心孔已经加工完毕。在这道工序中，要保证的尺寸精度有11±0.1, φ24以及φ21.5。要保证的位置精度是D端面相对于φ16.25+0.035的锥孔的圆跳动为0.05mm,还有在精车时，要车0.5mm的退刀槽。在这道工序中，要求达到的粗糙度为6.3。

　　　从以上的分析中可以看到，这道工序的加工要求并不太高，首先要保证的是位置精度，其次是尺寸精度，粗糙度6.3在精车时就能够达到[1]。

　　　针对杆类零件的加工特点和该零件的具体形状以及加工要求，我们决定采用短锥销——顶尖定位，短锥销定位可限制x,y,z三个移动自由度。顶尖可限制y,z方面的转动自由度（如下图2-1所示）。这样定位后，只剩下一个需要转动的x方向的转动自由度，故此定位正确[8]。4.1 设计本部分的重要性

　　　在车床上加工零件，其表面成形运动由两个运动所组成，一是工件的旋转运动，另一个就是刀具的进给运动。刀具的进给运动直接参与切削过程，改变工件的形状，尺寸和精度。本设计中，刀具的进给运动则是由刀架拖的运动来实现的。所以，刀架拖板传动设计的合理与否，制造精确与否，直接关系到机床的加工质量和生产率，反映到加工工件上。工件的加工精度，尺寸要求，以及切削用量等都需要本部分的设计来保证。可以说本部分的设计在整个设计中占有重要地位[12]。

4.2 本部分的设计方案

　　　根据总体方案来进行本部分的设计。首先按照课题把C6136改造成用来加工锭脚端面和外圆的全自动液压专用机床设计以及锭脚的加工精度等，要求进行改装的6136车床具有下列的精度要求：

　　　溜板箱移动对主轴中心线的不平行度允差0.03/300

　　　导轨的直线性允差每米不可超过0.01~0.05mm

　　　导轨间的不平行性偏差每米不可超过0.05mm

　　　刀架横向移动对主轴轴线的垂直度允差为0.03/300

　　　主轴的轴向窜动允差0.03/300

　　　本部分的设计是如何来完成纵横向的进给运动。既然给定用液压传动，那么进给运动就靠液压缸了。

QQ截图20131128211249.gif

全自动液压专用机床改造设计.gif

内容简介：: 英文原文Mechanical DesignAbstract:A machine is a combination of mechanisms and other components which transforms, transmits. Examples are engines, turbines, vehicles, hoists, printing presses, washing machines, and movie cameras. Many of the principles and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to manufactured articles that are not true machines. The term mechanical design is used in a broader sense than machine design to include their design. the motion and structural aspects and the provisions for retention and enclosure are considerations in mechanical design. Applications occur in the field of mechanical engineering, and in other engineering fields as well, all of which require mechanical devices, such as switches, cams, valves, vessels, and mixers.Keywords: Mechanical Design mechanisms Design ProcessThe Design ProcessDesigning starts with a need real.Existing apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiency, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previouslydone by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly or partlyIn the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components become apparent, analysis can begin in earnest. The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive cost. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strengths of the several components. Materials and their treatment will be chosen. These important objectives can be attained only by analysis based upon the principles of mechanics, such as those of static for reaction forces and for the optimum utilization of friction; of dynamics for inertia, acceleration, and energy; of elasticity and strength of materials for stress and deflection; of physical behavior of materials; and of fluid mechanics for lubrication and hydrodynamic drives. The analyses may be made by the same engineer who conceived the arrangement of mechanisms, or, in a large company, they may be made by a separate analysis division or research group. Design is a reiterative and cooperative process, whether done formally or informally, and the analyst can contribute to phases other than his own. Product design requires much research and development. Many Concepts of an idea must be studied, tried, and then either used or discarded. Although the content of each engineering problem is unique, the designers follow the similar process to solve the problems. Product liability suits designers and forced in material selection, using the best program. In the process of material, the most common problems for five (a) dont understand or not use about the latest application materials to the best information, (b) failed to foresee and consider the reasonable use material may (such as possible, designers should further forecast and consider due to improper use products. In recent years, many products liability in litigation, the use of products and hurt the plaintiff accused manufacturer, and won the decision), (c) of the materials used all or some of the data, data, especially when the uncertainty long-term performance data is so, (d) quality control method is not suitable and unproven, (e) by some completely incompetent persons choose materials.Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity. May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding. Finally, a design based upon function, and a prototype may be built. If its tests are satisfactory, the initial design will undergo certain modifications that enable it to be manufactured in quantity at a lower cost. During subsequent years of manufacture and service, the design is likely to undergo changes as new ideas are conceived or as further analyses based upon tests and experience indicate alterations. Sales appeal.Some Rules for DesignIn this section it is suggested that, applied with a creative attitude, analyses can lead to important improvements and to the conception and perfection of alternate, perhaps more functional, economical,and durable products. To stimulate creative thought, the following rules are suggested for the designer and analyst. The first six rules are particularly applicable for the analyst.1. A creative use of need of physical properties and control process.2. Recognize functional loads and their significance.3. Anticipate unintentional loads.4. Devise more favorable loading conditions.5. Provide for favorable stress distribution and stiffness with minimum weight.6. Use basic equations to proportion and optimize dimensions.7. Choose materials for a combination of properties.8. Select carefully, stock and integral components.9. Modify a functional design to fit the manufacturing process and reduce cost.10. Provide for accurate location and noninterference of parts in assembly. Machinery design covers the following contents.1. Provides an introduction to the design process , problem formulation ,safety factors.2. Reviews the material properties and static and dynamic loading analysis ,Including beam , vibration and impact loading. 3. Reviews the fundamentals of stress and defection analysis. 4. Introduces fatigue-failure theory with the emphasis on stress-life approaches to high-cycle fatigue design, which is commonly used in the design of rotation machinery. 5. Discusses thoroughly the phenomena of wear mechanisms, surface contact stresses ,and surface fatigue. 6. Investigates shaft design using the fatigue-analysis techniques. 7. Discusses fluid-film and rolling-element bearing theory and application 8. Gives a thorough introduction to the kinematics, design and stress analysis of spur gears , and a simple introduction to helical ,bevel ,and worm gearing. 9. Discusses spring design including compression ,extension and torsion springs. 10. Deals with screws and fasteners including power screw and preload fasteners. 11. Introduces the design and specification of disk and drum clutches and brakes.Machine DesignThe complete design of a machine is a complex process. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge. One of the first steps in the design of any product is to select the material from which each part is to be made. Numerous materials are available to todays designers. The function of the product, its appearance, the cost of the material, and the cost of fabrication are important in making a selection. A careful evaluation of the properties of a. material must be made prior to any calculations. Careful calculations are necessary to ensure the validity of a design. In case of any part failures, it is desirable to know what was done in originally designing the defective components. The checking of calculations (and drawing dimensions) is of utmost importance. The misplacement of one decimal point can ruin an otherwise acceptable project. All aspects of design work should be checked and rechecked. The computer is a tool helpful to mechanical designers to lighten tedious calculations, and provide extended analysis of available data. Interactive systems, based on computer capabilities, have made possible the concepts of computer aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnels basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process. Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on. If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of productMust regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea. 中文译文机械设计摘要：机器是由机械装置和其它组件组成的。它是一种用来转换或传递能量的装置，例如：发动机、涡轮机、车辆、起重机、印刷机、洗衣机、照相机和摄影机等。许多原则和设计方法不但适用于机器的设计，也适用于非机器的设计。术语中的“机械装置设计” 的含义要比“机械设计”的含义更为广泛一些，机械装置设计包括机械设计。在分析运动及设计结构时，要把产品外型以及以后的保养也要考虑在机械设计中。在机械工程领域中，以及其它工程领域中，所有这些都需要机械设备，比如：开关、凸轮、阀门、船舶以及搅拌机等。关键词：设计流程设计规则机械设计设计流程设计开始之前就要想到机器的实际性，现存的机器需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度，或者成本上得到改善。新的机器必需具有以前机器所能执行的功能。在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不要受到任何约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即在绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于阻断创新的思路。通常,还要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在这个计划最后决定中,使用了某些不在计划之内的一些设想。一般的当外型特点和组件部分的尺寸特点分析得透彻时，就可以全面的设计和分析。接着还要客观的分析机器性能的优越性，以及它的安全、重量、耐用性，并且竞争力的成本也要考虑在分析结果之内。每一个至关重要的部分要优化它的比例和尺寸，同时也要保持与其它组成部分相协调。也要选择原材料和处理原材料的方法。通过力学原理来分析和实现这些重要的特性，如那些静态反应的能量和摩擦力的最佳利用，像动力惯性、加速动力和能量；包括弹性材料的强度、应力和刚度等材料的物理特性，以及流体润滑和驱动器的流体力学。设计的过程是重复和合作的过程，无论是正式或非正式的进行，对设计者来说每个阶段都很重要。最后，以图样为设计的标准，并建立将来的模型。如果它的测试是符合事先要求的，则再将对初步设计进行某些修改，使它能够在制造成本上有所降低。产品的设计需要不断探索和发展。许多方案必须被研究、试验、完善，然后决定使用还是放弃。虽然每个工程学问题的内容是独特的，但是设计师可以按照类似的步骤来解决问题。产品的责任诉讼迫使设计人员和公司在选择材料时，采用最好的程序。在材料过程中，五个最常见的问题为：（a）不了解或者不会使用关于材料应用方面的最新最好的信息资料；(b)未能预见和考虑材料的合理用途（如有可能，设计人员还应进一步预测和考虑由于产品使用方法不当造成的后果。在近年来的许多产品责任诉讼案件中，由于错误地使用产品而受到伤害的原告控告生产厂家，并且赢得判决）；(c)所使用的材料的数据不全或是有些数据不确定，尤其是当其性能数据长期不更新；(d)质量控制方法不适当和未经验证；(e)由一些完全不称职的人员选择材料。通过对上述五个问题的分析，可以得出这些问题是没有充分理由而存在的结论。对这些问题的研究分析可以为避免这些问题的出现而指明方向。尽管采用最好的材料选择方法也不能避免发生产品责任诉讼，设计人员和工业界按照适当的程序进行材料选择，可以大大减少诉讼的数量。从以上的讨论可以看出，选择材料的人们应该对材料的性质，特点和加工方法有一个全面而基本的了解。在随后生产和售后服务的几年中，要接受新观念的变化，或者由试验和经验为基础，进一步分析并改进。一些设计规则在本节中，建议要运用创造性的态度来替代和改进。也许会创造出更实用、更经济、更耐用的产品。为了激发创造性思维，下列是设计和分析的建议规则。前六个规则对设计者来说特别适用。1. 要有创造性的利用所需要的物理性质和控制过程。2. 认识负载产生的影响及其意义。3. 预测没有想到的负载。4. 创造出对载荷更为有利的条件。5. 提供良好的应力分布和最小的刚度条件。6. 运用最简单的方程来优化体积和面积。7. 选择组合材料。8. 仔细选择所备的原料和不可缺少的组件。9. 调整有效的设计方案，以适应生产过程和降低成本。10. 规定好准确的位置条件为了使组件安装时不干涉。机械设计包括一下内容：1. 对设计过程、设计所需要公式以及安全系数进行介绍。2. 回顾材料特性、静态和动态载荷分析，包括梁、振动和

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