阅读长难句考点.doc

基础阅读知识点总结（长难句方面）基础阅读-长难句方面的考点（报刊文章长难句特点）除过一些比较规范的长难句之外，应注意以下各种带有报刊文章特点的长难句：考点一、宾语后置考点二、同位语更后置考点三、定从状意考点四、倒装结构考点五、 否定结构考点六、省略结构考点七、状语分割考点八、破折号、as分割考点九、than与as考点十、关联和转承语考点十一、左二右五原则及串并联定语考点一、宾语后置1) I shall define him as an individual who has regarded as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic(苏格拉底的)way about moral problems. 2) The goal of all the books will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life.3）The health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statement about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment.4) Jack London poured into his writings all the pain of his life, the fierce hatred of the bourgeoisie that it had imposed on him, and the conviction it had brought to him that the world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise up and take the management of society out of the hands of the exploiters.考点二、同位语更后置 1) For example, we know that the idea commonly accepted when the first edition of this book was printed, that life was altogether absent in the deeper parts of the sea, is not true.3) When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty miles south of London, they were not taken seriously.4) Darwin did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.考点三、定从状意1) Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.2) No action could be effectively undertaken without active participation and full cooperation of Egypts trading partners, which are permanent member of the UN Security Council and as such assume a very special responsibility toward the UN.3) Creating a “European identity”（欧洲品牌） that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice. 4) It has rumor that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publishers pipelines. A few have already appeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened. Scientific creationism, which is being pushed by some for equal time in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of non-fundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard scientific creationism as bad science and bad religion. Creationism in the passage refers to _.A evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universeB a notion of the creation of religionC the scientific explanation of the earth formation D the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe 5）A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap，but，if properly handled，it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War，it had a market eight times larger than any competitor，giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the worlds best，its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed. The U. S. achieved its predominance after World War II because_A. it had made painstaking efforts towards this goalB. its domestic market was eight times larger than beforeC. the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors考点四、状语分割 1) Nor, if regularity and conformity are as important to the scientist as the writing of his papers would reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the oddballs among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who work well with the team. 2) Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals. 3) The second aspect is the application by all members of society, from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in the work.4) That fact, let alone the current division between the 11 euro countries and the four led by Britain that have not joined, is likely to mean that the Union should become a multi-system entity（实体）, with some countries signing up to everything and others choosing only some things.考点五、 否定结构双重否定1) The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:” I cant think of a single search Ive done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”The word “poached” most probably means .Aapproved of Battended to Chunted for Dguarded against 2) Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe.In the Westerner s eyes，the postwar JapanA. under aimless developmentB. a positive exampleC. a rival to the WestD. on the decline3) Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning.4) As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. 否定转移1) In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.考点六、倒装结构全倒装1) Implicit within Tylors definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior. （全倒装）2) Deeply involved with this new technology is a band of modern businesspeople who have a growing respect for the economic value of doing business abroad.（全倒装）3) Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. （全倒装）4) Closely related to the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s was British social philosopher Herbert Spencer who put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. （全倒装）6）Closely related with this is the capacity to be tolerant-not of what is wrong, but of the frailty（脆弱） and immaturity of human nature which induce people, and again especially children to make mistakes. （全倒装）7）Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity to the health of the Earth and human well-being. （全倒装）部分倒装1) Darwin asserted that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. 2) Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served to much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.3) Nor, if regularity is as important to the scientist as the writing of his papers would reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the oddballs（怪人） among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who work well with the team.考点七、省略结构一、平行结构中名词及名词短语、动词的省略 1) Tsao Yuan-long guessed that Fang Mung-chiens knowledge of German was about as good or as bad as his own. Besides, Fang was a Chinese major, so he couldnt be too brilliant. For in a university, science majors look down an humanities majors, foreign language majors on Chinese majors, Chinese majors on philosophy majors, philosophy majors on sociology majors, and sociology majors in turn on education majors. Since education majors have no on to look down on, they can only despise the professors in their own department. 2) As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned.The word it most probably refers to _.A the lack of stable communitiesB the breakdown of informal information channelsC the increased mobility of familiesD the growing number of people moving from place to place虚拟中的省略1) On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: This book stands for reason itself. And so it doesand all wound be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate. 2) For example, standardized tests do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.考点八、than与as1) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.2) The complexity of the human situation and the injustice of the social order demand far more fundamental changes in the basic structure of society itself than some politicians are willing to admit in their speeches.What is necessary to correct the problem of society?a. basic changes in its structure.b. fewer political speechesc. honest politiciansd. basic changes in political methods3) Science depends far less on the experiments it prepares than the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiment.4) The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers. 5) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.6) For the women of my generation who were urged to keep struggling through the 80s， downshifting in the mid-90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life growing your own organic vegetables-as a personal recognition of your limitations 7) Television is one at the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. 考点九、破折号(伴随解释状语作用)、as分割1) For example, in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization-with all the far reaching changes in social patterns that followed- was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.2) Physicians-frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient-too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what Is Scientifically justified.3) The trend-the growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training-implied greater problems for amateur participation in science.4) I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “struggling your life, and making the alternative move into downshifting brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.考点十、关联和转承语 1）The astonishing distrust of the news media is not rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers. The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their_. A. working attitudeB. conventional lifestyle C. world outlook D. educational background 2) The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition. 3) I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities-those of love and of reason-are the aims of all social arrangement. 我建议把我们的社会制度从以最大限度的生产和最大限度的消费为目的的官僚主义管理下的产业体制转变为一个充分发挥人的潜能-即爱和理智的潜能-为其全部社会工作目的的人道主义产业体制。 4) I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “have it all”（拥有一切的生活哲学）, advocated by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the pages of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything. 5) A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not only an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.（关联关系） 6) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.考点十一: 左二右五原则及串并联定语定语结构分为前置定语和后置定语。（左二右五原则）前置定语：单个形容词和单个分词：developing country, broken cup等等，非语法重点，而且阅读时往往省略前置定语的阅读。后置定语：被修饰名词+（1.分词）+（2. 不定式短语）+（3. 形容词短语