西方文明史ppt.ppt

Colonialism,Context,ThegeneralintroductionaboutcolonialismThecolonialpolicyofdifferentcountriesThetriangulartradeImpacts,Theearlierperiod:SpainandPortugal,Thelatterperiod:BritishandFrance,Definition:,Colonialismistheestablishment,maintenance,acquisitionandexpansionofcoloniesinoneterritorybypeoplefromanotherterritory.Itisaprocesswhereaforeignstateclaimssovereigntyoverthecolonyandthesocialstructure,government,andeconomicsofthecolonyarechangedbycolonizers.Colonialismisasetofunequalrelationshipsbetweenthemetropole(hubstate)andthecolonyandbetweenthecolonistsandtheindigenouspopulation.,Typesofcolonialism,SettlercolonialismExploitationcolonialismPlantationcolonialismSurrogatecolonialismInternalcolonialism,AgeofDiscovery,ModerncolonialismstartedwiththeAgeofDiscovery.PortugalandSpaindiscoverednewlandsacrosstheoceansandbuilttradingposts.Forsomepeople,itisthisbuildingofcoloniesacrossoceansthatdifferentiatescolonialismfromothertypesofexpansionism.ThisperiodisalsoassociatedwiththeCommercialRevolution.ThelateMiddleAgessawreformsinaccountancyandbankinginItalyandtheeasternMediterranean.TheseideaswereadoptedandadaptedinwesternEuropetothehighrisksandrewardsassociatedwithcolonialventures.,Europeanexpansion,Motivatedby:NeedtosettleexcesspopulationSearchforwealth(trade、mineralsources)ThedescriptionabouttheoutsideworldinliteraryworksIntellectualcuriosity,thespiritofadventureStrugglefordominanceoftheseaReligiousreasons,ReligiousFreedom,AfterthefalloftheRomanEmpire,manypartsofEuropebegantobecomelesscivilizedagain(especiallyinthenorth).TheChurchretainedmuchcontrolthroughreligion,andchurcheswereoftenstrongholdsagainstmarauders(抢劫者).AftertheseparationoftheChurchintoRomanCatholicismandProtestant，manybloodywarsandpersecutionhappenedwithincountries.SpanishInquisition,Europeanexpansion,Premises:Monarchycentralized(moneysupport)Thedevelopmentoftechnologyandscience(shipping)Theappearanceof“ptolemymap”(15thEurope,8thArab)Moreresources,alargerpopulationandstrategiclocationsincreasedpotentialmilitaryandpoliticalstrength,SpanishEmpire,BycolonizingtheAmericas,Spainbecameoneoftherichestandmostpowerfulcountriesofthe16thcentury.Attheheightofitspowerin1588,theSpanishEmpireincludedtheWestIndies,Cuba,Florida,Mexico,CentralAmerica,muchofSouthAmerica,andthePhilippines.,SimnBolvar,SimnBolvarhelpedwinindependencefromSpainforBolivia,Colombia,Ecuador,Peru,andVenezuela.ReveredthroughoutSouthAmerica,BolvarearnedthenameTheLiberator.,JosdeSanMartn,ArgentinegeneralJosdeSanMartnhelpedleadSouthAmericatofreedomfromSpanishrule.SanMartnisregardedasoneofArgentinasforemostheroes.,DeclarationofPeruvianIndependence,ArgentinesoldierJosdeSanMartntookchargeofPerusstruggleforindependencein1820.ThefollowingyearheoccupiedLimaandonJuly28,1821,heproclaimedPerusindependencefromabalconyinthecenterofLima.,ThePhilippines,Inthemid-16thcentury,SpaniardssettledsomeofthemanyislandsinthePhilippines,whichwerenamedinhonorofSpanishKingPhilipII.ThisphotoshowsavillageonnorthernLuzon,thelargestislandandthesecondsettledbySpain.,Manila,Philippines,ManilaisthecapitalandlargestcityofthePhilippines.ThePasigRiverdividesManilabetweentheoriginalcity,onitssouthernbank,andthemoremodernsection,onitsnorthernbank.Spanishcolonistsfoundedthecityin1571,andSpanishinfluenceisapparentintheolddistrictsarchitecture.,PortugueseEmpire,ItsbiggestcolonywasBrazilBrazilhadperfectspoilforagriculture,hadwood(brazilwood),sugar,andgold.PortuguesebroughtAfricanslavesandusednativesaslaborJustifiedconquestofBrazilwithChristianizationofthepeople,Jesuits,SpainandPortugalareveryCatholicTheyusedtheirJesuitprieststoconvertthenativesTheirchurcheswerecalledmissionsTheyalsoservedasmini-hospitals,PortugueseEmpire,PortugalwasalwaysthesmallerbrothertoSpainVerywealthythroughtradeItwastoosmalltodefendsuchabigempire(AfricanandSouthAmerica)England,Holland&FranceeasilycapturedmanyPortugueseterritories,RiseoftheBritishEmpire,Late16thearly17thCenturies,Englanddominated17th-18thCenturies:DefeatedFranceandHollandinaseriesofwarstobecomethemaincolonizer,BritishColonialism,AmericaAfricaAustraliaCanadaIndia/PakistanMalaysiaHongKongGibraltar,BritishEmpire,Early20thCentury,TheBritishEmpire,establishedoverthecourseofthreecenturies,beganinthelate16thcenturywithcharteredcommercialventuresinsugarandtobaccoplantations,slavetrading,andmissionaryactivitiesinNorthAmericaandtheCaribbeanIslands.Duringthelate19thandearly20thcenturies,theBritishEmpirereachedtheheightofitspower,rulingoverlargepartsofAfrica,Asia,andNorthAmerica.,BritishIndia,1858,IndiasboundariesweregraduallyexpandedaftertheBritishgovernmenttookovertheadministrationofIndiafromtheEnglishEastIndiaCompanyin1858.BritishIndiaeventuallycametoincludewhatarenowtheindependentcountriesofPakistan,Bangladesh,Myanmar(formerlyknownasBurma),andSriLanka(Ceylon).,BritishFamilyinIndia,TheBritishpresenceinIndiabeganwiththeEnglishEastIndiaCompanysfoundingofatradingpostatSuratin1612.Bytheearly1800s,mostofIndiawasunderthecontroloftheEastIndiaCompany,andin1858theBritishCrowntookoveradministrationofIndia.Here,membersofaBritishfamilyinIndiaposewiththeirservants.,WesternPowersinAsia,Early1900s.,Initially,WesternpowerscametoAsiatotrade.ButtheysoondemandedconcessionsfromAsiangovernments,suchaslandformilitarybases,toprotectthattrade.AlthoughtheWesternersbuiltrailroads,canals,roads,andschools,theprofitsfromtradewenttotheWest.,MapofallFrenchpossessionsandcolonies,Frenchcolony,Duringthe19thand20thcenturies,theFrenchcolonialempirewasoneofthelargestintheworld,behindtheBritishEmpire,theRussianEmpireandtheSpanishEmpire:itextendedover12,898,000kmatitsheightinthe1920sand1930s.TheFrenchcolonialempirewasthelargestempirein17thcenturyandtheSecondEmpirein1929.,Frenchcolony,FrancebegantoestablishcoloniesinNorthAmerica,theCaribbeanandIndia,followingSpanishandPortuguesesuccessesduringtheAgeofDiscovery.Inthe19thcentury,FranceestablishedanewempireinAfricaandSouthEastAsia.,MapofFrenchcoloniesInAfrica,FrenchNorthAfrica,FrenchMorocco(19121956)(protectorate)(89%ofthecurrentterritory)(nowMorocco)FrenchAlgeria(18301962)(NowAlgeria)Egypt(ownership(17981801)FrenchTunisia(18811956)(protectorate)(NowTunisia)Libya,FrenchMorocco,FranceshowedastronginterestinMoroccoasearlyas1830.In1904FranceandSpaincarvedoutzonesofinfluenceinMorocco.The1912TreatyofFezmadeMoroccoaprotectorateofFrance.InMarch1956theFrenchprotectoratewasendedandMoroccoregaineditsindependencefromFranceandSpainastheKingdomofMorocco.,SlaveTrade,TradebetweenEuropeandAfricasoonbecamefocusedonslavetrade.AfricanswantedEuropeangoodsandalltheEuropeanswantedwereslaves.Mostslaveswerecapturedinra