关 键 词：

培养 小学 高年级 学生 自主 学习 能力 策略 研究

资源描述：

培养小学高年级学生自主学习能力的策略研究,培养,小学,高年级,学生,自主,学习,能力,策略,研究

内容简介：

摘 要培养小学高年级学生自主学习能力的策略研究摘 要自主学习是一种新型的学习方式, 是学生自己管理自己的学习。它能有效地提高学习的质量、水平和效率, 为学生今后的生存发展与终身学习打下基础。本文以小学高年级（四、五、六年级）学生作为实验对象,通过分析学生自主学习能力的现状和特点,论证了自主学习在小学实施的必要性和可行性,探讨了在英语教学实践中培养学生自主学习能力的途径。本文采用调查问卷的形式, 对数据进行分析结果显示：学生英语自主学习能力低,表现在英语学习动机不强；缺少清晰的学习目标和详细的学习计划；学习被动,缺乏主动学习意识；学习监控能力弱；较少运用学习策略；自我评估能力有待提高等。本文的意义在于试图为教育实践工作者培养小学生的自主学习能力提供可参照的实施策略。比如激发学生主动学习的内驱力，引导学生学会自主学习，创设自主学习的环境。关键词：自主学习 学习能力 小学高年级 学习策略 The Strategies of Training the Abilities of Autonomous Learning in Upper Primary School StudentsAbstractAutonomous learning is a new way of study, that is to say, the students manage to do their own learning. It can effectively improve the quality, level and efficiency of learning. It is good for the students survival and development in the future and lifelong learning. It takes the elementary school higher grades (Grade Four, Five, Six) students as subjects, through the analyses of the status of students autonomous learning ability and characteristic, it demonstrates the autonomous learning in primary schools carry the necessity and feasibility in the English teaching practice, and the ways to cultivate students autonomous learning ability.It adopts the form of questionnaire and does the data analyses. The result shows that the students English autonomous learning ability is low; they lack of the motivation of study; they are short of learning goals and detailed study plans; they always do passive learning and lack of active learning consciousness and study monitoring ability; they seldom use learning strategies; and their self-assessment ability needs to improve. The significance of this research is trying to train elementary students independent learning ability referring to the implementation of the strategies: stimulating students active learning; guidance to students autonomous learning and creating autonomous learning environment. Key words: Autonomous learning the ability of learning upper primary school students learning strategies THE STRATEGIES OF TRAINING THE ABILITIES OF AUTONOMOUS LEARNING IN UPPER PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTSA ThesisSubmitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree ofBachelor of ArtsWritten by: Zhou Shuang Supervised by: Su LiForeign Languages DepartmentBaoding UniversityMay 09, 2016Works CitedBenson,P and P.Voller. Autonomous and independence in language learning. London: Longman,1997.Dam, L, R. Eriksson, D. Little, J. Miliander and T. Trebbi. Towards a definition of autonomous.In Proceeding of Developing Autonomous Learning in the F.L.Classroom,11-14,Institutt for praktisk pedagogikk, Bergen University August 1989.Dickinson L, Autonomous and Motivation: a literature review J Britain: Cambridge University Press. 1995.Dickinson L. Self instruction in Language Learning. Britain: Cambridge University Press, 1987.Henri, Holec. Autonomy and foreign language learning. New York: Pergamon Press, 1981.Kenny, B. For more autonomous J America: University of California Press ,1993.Little, D. Autonomous in language learning: some theoretical and practical considerations. Autonomous in Language Learning J. London, 1990.黄晓雄(Huang Xiaoxiong), 郑红莲(Zheng Honglian). 浅谈激发大学生内在动机的英语自主学习能力的培养M.湖北广播电视大学学报, 2010.刘晓明(Liu Xiaoming),小学生学习心理与学习指导M.长春:东北师范大学出版社,1999. 邱秀玲(Qiu Xiuling),浅谈如何提高中学生英语自主学习能力J.中国校外教育, 2013. 保定学院 本科毕业论文（设计） 题目： 培养小学高年级学生自主学习能力的策略研究系 （部） 外语系 学科门类 文学 专 业 英语 学 号 1404012141 姓 名 周爽 指导教师 苏丽 职 称 讲师 2016年 05 月 09 日保定学院2016届毕业论文（设计）1 Introduction Autonomous learning refers to the students under the guidance of the teachers and takes scientific activities, realizes the autonomy development. Teacher is a prerequisite for scientific instruction and students are the main body of education. The actively creative learning of students is the center of teaching activity and the basic way of education. Realizing the autonomous development is the purpose of teaching activities. All education is the basic requirement of teaching activities. The upper primary school students are the subject of the research, and their physiological and psychological characteristics were analyzed, the upper primary school students appear a preliminary abstract thinking, gradually to penetrate the essence of things through the phenomenon. It has been able to foresee the result of things. It can master the most defining concepts, but defining concepts and rules of learning still need the support of specific experience. Active thinking begins to rise dramatically. Curiosity and creative consciousness is becoming more and stronger. Their independent consciousness enhancement and dares to publish different opinions with teachers and parents. But the independence seedling is still very tender, vulnerable to setbacks. It must be paid attention to students interest in learning divided. Learning burden increase and they began to face competition, they also have the entrance of junior school pressure. Autonomous learning has fundamentally established students main status. The emphasis on cultivating students learning motivation and study interest. For the integration of knowledge and building process, it attaches great importance to the initiative of the learners and exploratory learning, to form the students as the center of a lively learning situation. School education is important to learn knowledge, to make students have the interest of knowledge and the desire of the sustainable development of further absorbing new knowledge, and learn some thinking method and the formation of some thinking habits. Different learners have different learning needs. The different learning stages have different needs, therefore, traditional teaching contents and teaching methods obviously does not accord with the objective law of learning. One way of solving this problem is autonomous learning. Autonomous learning has the characteristics of the initiative, effectiveness and relative independence. The first is autonomous learning motivation. It should be inherent or excitation, is the method of study with the practice have been planned or achieve automation, learning time is regular and effective; Independent learning of students can realize the result of the study, and make to the learning process monitoring; They also can take the initiative to physical and social environment conducive to learning. The second autonomous learning emphases on individual independence, initiative, consciousness and self responsible for learning, emphasizes the study of ego orientation, self-monitoring, self adjusting and self evaluation. The third Initiative study is divided into the three levels of automatic learning, learning, autonomous learning. Autonomous learning is a life-long activity at the highest level. The first autonomous learning is the need of quality education. The implementation of quality education is the essence of improving national quality, according to the requirements of the knowledge economy era. The implementation of quality education is the focus of the innovation and the cultivation of practice ability; the implementation of quality education is the core of autonomous learning and independent development. Learning to learn is the basic training goal of the era of knowledge economy and learning society. Contemporary society with the fast development of science and technology, knowledge updates and speed is faster. Learning becomes a lifelong processThe second autonomous learning is the need of social development. In the 21st century. It is to make the educators learn to learn, live, cooperate, create. It cultivates the students to seek survival and development in information society. In the stage of school education, if students develop the thirst for knowledge, and continuously explore and innovate the desire without a scientific thinking habit and ability, it will be hard to cope in the future life and work. Therefore the school education is important to make students from the interest of knowledge and the desire of the sustainable development of further absorbing new knowledge, and learn some thinking methods and the formation of some thinking habits.The third autonomous learning is the need of the development of innovation, and the efforts to cultivate the students innovative consciousness, innovative thinking and innovative ability, to develop students creativity, and has the quality and spirit of innovation. Autonomous learning is the essential means to realize this project.Autonomous learning ability refers to learners abilities in the learning activity. The students have the ability to have strong thirst for knowledge, to reasonably arrange their learning activities. They have the assiduously spirit, and the ability to make scientific evaluation on their learning effect. “An indigenous student learning from passive to active, in turn, turn out the students main body responsibility, also turn out of the previous is a state of depression or awakening the consciousness from the wisdom of the broken,” having certain ability of autonomous learning; students will no longer be passive to accept knowledge as a machine. They get the initiative to search for knowledge. They can use the scientific method to ask questions and they get their personality fully developed.2 Literature Review Autonomous learning is an important theme in todays educational research. It focuses on the students subjectivity and initiative in order to make students know how to study and achieve life-long learning and development. As a kind of learning ability, this not only helps to improve the academic performance of students in the school, but also lays the foundation for life-long learning and development. The concept of “autonomous learning” (Holec 132) originated in the 1960s. He expressed it as a conceptual tool which further develops its definition. Kenny believes that autonomous learning is not only the freedom of learning, but also a good opportunity to form independent thinking ability as adult (Kenny, 825). Little believes that the essence of “autonomous learning” is a kind of ability such as “independent, critical reflection, decision-making.” (Little, 16) Learners need to arouse their awareness of what to learn and how to learn.2.1 Previous study at abroadSince the 20th century, autonomous learning has paid more and more attention to the subject in the field of education research. Some even argue that cultivating autonomous learners is the basic goal of education. In fact, clearly advocating the idea of autonomous learning can be traced back to the 70s of the last 20th century; and autonomous learning concept can be traced back to ancient education thoughts. Holec(1981) defines autonomy as the ability to take charge of ones own learning. Belonging to the category of ability of autonomic learning, he notes, it is different from the individuals actual behavior. He thinks it is responsible for their own learning practice including the following five aspects: the learning objectives, the learning content, learning methods, the learning process, and the evaluation of learning.Dickinson（1987）carried out: Learner autonomy can be divided into complete autonomy and refers to the conductivity of the Lord. Learning acquisition process, completely participation from teachers and learning does not use any language learning materials, designed for the learners is completely from the Lord; if there are different levels of participation and teachers, namely, and said as the instruction from the Lord. Little (1990) think that essentially a matter of the learners psychological relation to the process and content of learning, and he also thinks autonomous is one of the characteristics of a person.Dam and others (1990) define the autonomous learners as active participants of classroom learning communication process, according to the known and know things alone to positive translation of information, knows how to learn and can at any stage in its life faces any learning situation use the knowledge. In addition, the Dam and others summarized the autonomous as willing to responsible for their own learning.Kenny (1993) think that autonomous is not only the freedom to learn, but also the opportunity to become a real person.Dickinson (1995) thought that the main learning “is not only a kind of learning attitude, and is a kind of independent learning can force.” He explained, “State degree is a responsibility to you to make a decision of learning, ability is the thought of learning process of decision.”Benson (1997) illustrated that autonomy represents the force learners right recognition within the education system, in the context of teaching English as a foreign language, in the English world fee native speakers recognition of rights of native speakers.Through the study of autonomous learning literature, combining with the current situation, it discusses a kind of autonomy classroom teaching pattern, to promote students study so that improve the classroom teaching effect, and train students ability of English autonomous learning. Make English teaching get better learning effect.2.2 Previous study at homeDue to the rapid development of science and technology, it has entered the era of knowledge economy, at the end of the 20th century. That it is based on knowledge economy means high quality innovative talents will play a key role in the economic development. In the 21st century, it must be the age of education and learning the core role. Huang Xiaoya(10)s article that “to guide students independently to learn English is to cultivate their tenacity, to overcome the difficulty in the successful learning can when the temptation of external conditions, keep learning, perseverance; In difficult conditions to learn to give full play to their wisdom, gate-crashers celebrated the difficulties. Guide the students autonomous learning English is also the process of the character, enhance the process of cultivation.” liu xiaoming(88) in the primary school students learning psychology and learning guide, it is a modern learning theory, the psychological structure of the process of learning to students, psychological characteristics and psychological laws, and to give guidance, to optimize the learning psychology, achieve the goal of effective learning. In short, it is to make students learn to learn. Qiu Xiuling(04) it shows that teachers should encourage students themselves to find and solve problems, to fully affirmed the autonomous learning ability of students, make students in contact, to explore and discuss, to experience the joy of success in learning activities, and improve the students initiative of learning English. It attaches great importance to let students experience and understand the emergence and development process of knowledge, to cultivate the students scientific spirit and innovative thinking habit, and to cultivate students ability to do information collection, analyses, problem-solving skills, language power of expression, as well as the solidarity and collaboration and the ability of social activities.3 Theoretical Basis of Autonomous Learning In this part, there are three theories about autonomous learning. They are the constructivism teaching theory, the structuralize teaching theory and the met cognitive theory.3.1 The constructivism teaching theoryThe theory is provoked by Jean Piaget, Constructivists believes that knowledge does not be obtained by teachers teaching, but learners learning. In certain situations, with the help of other people, including teachers and learning partners, using the necessary learning materials, and by means of meaning construction. It advocates that to learners is the center of learning under the guidance of teachers. That is to say, it puts the emphasis on the learners cognitive subject function, and cannot be ignored the teachers leading role. Teacher is a helper, facilitator, rather than a imparter of knowledge. Students are the main body of information processing, are the active construction of meaning, rather than passive recipients of external stimulation and only as the object.Constructivism theory is rich in content, but it is based on students as the center, it emphasizes students active explored, active found for knowledge. Constructivism theory is that knowledge is not by the teacher to teach individuals, it obtained through psychological construction of access to knowledge, under the background of social culture with the help of others and using the necessary learning resources. The goal of learning is not imposed teachers to students but by the students according to their own experiences, students will be constantly new information and other information associated to the accumulation of knowledge.3.2 The Structuralize teaching theoryBy the American psychologist, education experts in accordance with point of view of cognitive psychology. He believes that the teaching of fundamental goal is to make students as much as possible, firmly grasp the scientific content, so that the students become independent and active thinkers make it independently to move forward in the future. In order to achieve the goal, the student must actively construct their own knowledge structure, to explore the “discovery” and regular knowledge, they found the ability of learning and development.Learning, a process of active cognitive structure, focuses on the learning of basic discipline structure, he thinks, the cognitive process is classified into the learning processed, learning and cognition is one of the most basic and the most common form. Cognitive learning process should beyond the information given. Childrens cognitive development is made up of three kinds of different characterization system and interaction process of qualitative.3.3 The Met cognitive TheoryMet cognition is put forward by Flavel in 1976. In brief, the Met cognition is awareness of their cognition process and control. Flavel thinks Met cognition includes three aspects: met cognitive knowledge about the cognitive knowledge; met cognitive experience is associated with cognitive activities and produce cognitive experience and emotional experience; met cognitive monitoring as the object of consciousness actively on the process of monitoring, control and regulation in the process of cognitive activities. Autonomous learning as a special cognitive activity. Studies showing Met cognition can revise aims, activate strategies, strengthen consciousness, monitoring process the influence of the quality and efficiency of students autonomous learning is shown as: only high level meets cognitive learning planned good at choose suitable for their own learning goals and strategies. Therefore, they will have high efficiency in the main study.The English learning process is not only a cognitive process, it is also a process active monitoring and regulating the cognition process, the effectiveness of the learning process often depends on the level and benefits of met cognitive process. Introduced in the English language ability structure, therefore, put forward the self-monitoring ability in the process of English learning.4 The problems of English autonomous learning to the upper primary school studentsIn order to know more about students learning situations where autonomous learning is used, the writter carried out the questionnaire survey to 30 primary students in Xiongxian County of Baoding city. This questionnaire includes 15questions. With the continuous development of science and technology, new knowledge, and technology constantly emerge. Learning to autonomous learning has become peoples survival and development needs in the 21st century. It has become an important topic of current research, and arouses students main consciousness, cultivate the students main ability, students main personality. In the current English teaching practice, it found that cultivating students interest in learning English, improve the students enthusiasm of learning English and autonomous learning ability, and can effectively reduce the financial burden on students for English. At the same time, it also makes all the students in to teachers from the usual heavy English course tutoring, face-to-face to the students who learn English really difficult to give certain research method instruction, really do it according to their aptitude.With the method of questionnaire, this survey on the English autonomous learning ability takes the 30 pupils as example. By collecting questionnaire statistics, and talkig with the students, it can be seen that the students has the following problem in the aspect of autonomous learning:4.1 Bad habits of previewAccording to the questionnaire 25% students the lesson the teacher will give, and wait for the teacher to lecture, only listening to what the teachers ideas, it is passive and dull. The students are lack of learning enthusiasm and initiative. And nearly 15% of the students can preview, with a book but not thoughts, nor analyses. In this way, this preview is not effect.4.2 Lacking of self-confidence and innovate consciousness“Will you ask question on class?” For this question, “15% says dont ask questions, 38.3% is afraid of wrong, 46.7% bold questions. In English class, you can actively participate in discussion, take the initiative to speak?” 13.3% of students say that I dont like to speak, 70% of students like putting up hands, 16.7% of students are fear of wrong.4.3 Finishing homework passively “For English homework after class, I ( )”, only 41.7% says they are always seriously finish, 50% says they sometimes can accomplish, sometimes cannot, 8.3% says they often cannot complete.4.4 Single way in Learning English The sources of question “to learn new knowledge at ordinary times you have?” 86.6% of students says from the classroom and books, 6.7% of students says from the outside reading or TV network from, 6.7% of students say from the social life.In English class. The teacher noticed that the students individual differences, create a different situation and atmosphere, especially the students with English learning difficulties, bright spots for them to timely affirmation and praise, enhance their self-confidence, encouraging them to eliminate the timidity psychology, thus the initiative to learn English.5 The strategies of training the upper primary school students autonomous learning ability in English classIn order to make students have the ability of autonomous learning, it is not only important in the teaching process of imparting knowledge to students, but the more important is to teach students how to learn, to make the students learn, let student grasp the knowledge. To this, it mainly focuses:5.1 Stimulating students active learning Arousing the enthusiasm of students learning and initiative, the students have the lasting intrinsic motivation to learn. In other words, the aim is to stimulate students interest in learning. Interest is the best teacher for the students. Psychologists think a persons behavior is caused by the motivation. Psychologists believe that learning is an active process. Motivation is the fuel of all learning. It is the subjective factor of promoting students autonomous learning activity. It is the precondition of students learning ability. Interest and curiosity is the actual power of pushing students to seek knowledge. Therefore teachers should convert role to students as the center, to make student understand by themselves.Therefore, teachers should make some examples close to life on the class or give students more encouragements to stimulate students active learning. Case1 in Where Is my backpack? the teacher ask students some questions before the text, for example, how to say “找不到书包” in English? The teacher uses multimedia to open courseware and play Crayon Shinchans fragment to lead into the new lesson. Crayon Shinchans fragment mainly tells the protagonist Shinchan placed the items everywhere, and he gets no good habit of cleanness. The students watch cartoons and observe where Shinchans toys and school supplies are placed. The end of the fragment is to ask students how Shinchan should do, and undertake to the students emotion education. After leading to this lessons topic Where Is My Backpack? In this way, it improves their learning desire of solving the problems, students will get serious in this class.Case2 T: Where is my backpack?S1: Its on the desk.T: you are very clever!T: Where is the baseball?S2: Its in the backpack.T: you are great, thank you!Just like this conversion, teacher should use positive and praise words to encourage students. The correct evaluation and appropriate praise can consolidate and develop students correct learning motivation.By praise, and encouragement the teacher ensures fully the students learn from the progress of their experience and the fun of success, in turn with full enthusiasm into the new learning, students enhance self-confidence and a sense of achievement. So, in the whole learning process, the teacher must be good at and give opportunities to students. Teachers should start from the podium, and forward to see the students life to participate in the students study. To give students the chance to explore so that the student can fully present their learning process. This is about to consult from ideas on real take students as the study master, to encourage every child, truly become a student mentor. Teachers learn some more knowledge about education teaching theory and psychology, armed with science to dig at the teaching material, based on the characteristics of the students, they use various teaching means, and cultivate students interest in learning and exploring. Having the interest, the students will produce active learning consciousness gradually.5.2 Guidance students to learn autonomous learningStudents academic performance and learning method have a close relationship. Teachers should not only study the teaching methods, but also research method. It is more important for teachers to teach students to acquire learning method, guide students to learn. When carring on the research, it must be on the basis of understanding students, according to the students personal characteristics, learning content and actual ability level, based on the principle of their aptitude, in this way students can grasp more easily, has the strong operational method. At the same time, should also pay attention to the subjectivity of the students, let the student active participation, initiative to use the reasonable method, according to a certain procedure to master knowledge, apply knowledge independently, and learn to self-study.Case3 when go shopping, in China, the waiter will say: “您想买点什么?”put in English, it cant be: “What do you want to buy?” say: “What can I do for you?”Or “May I help you?” when Chinese meet will to say: “您吃饭了吗?” in English says: “Hi” or “Hello”. Should not ask: “Have you eaten your lunch?” or “where are you going to go?” Otherwise, they will think you violate their privacy. Therefore, it can by means of learn western culture to understand English. guide students to learn autonomous learning.Case4 we can learn English songs to lead students autonomous learning. Such as The MonthsJanuary, February, March, April, May and June,July, August, September, October, November, December.In the process of chant, that is, to remember the pronunciation of the twelve months and have a pride of learn English: I can sing English songs! Training the students language expression, guiding students to learn thinking systematically, accurately describe their thinking. The correct thinking cannot be separated from language support. To guide students use language in sequence, learned systematically in this paper, the phenomenon of political issues, and express their thinking process, is to develop students thinking, give full play to students main body role of an important aspect.Careful design classroom questioning, guide students to gradually learn to thinking methods and habits. Designed for students to understand and master relevant knowledge plays an important role, to promote the development of students initiative thinking and associative thinking ability. In the teaching, to stimulate students interest in learning, to make students thinking in motion, the key is to activate the students a strong sense of the problem. The teachers and students discuss in class, and constantly deepen the understanding of the nature of the event, through interlocking rhetorical questions, students are encouraged to publish different opinions or even different conclusions.5.3 Creating autonomous learning environmentPsychologists tell us: children psychology is under the influence of the external environment, the occurrence and development. It is important to develop the students ability of autonomous learning, and create the best atmosphere for students.The teaching situation should be from life. In the class. Students feel English is practical. They will have lots of energy to learn it. It is recognized to organize students to attend the English corner, English speech contests, English singing competition, and watch English movie. For example: Case 5 D: Yeah. Here comes the big one. Come on! You gotta try this!M: Will you just stop it?D: Why? Whats wrong?M: Were in a whale, dont you get it?D: Whale?M: A whale!M: You had to ask for help! And now were stuck here!D: Wow, a whale. You know I speak whale.M: No, youre insane! You cant speak whale! I have to get out! I have to find my son! I have to tell him how old sea turtles are!M: Ohhh!D: Whoo-hoo-hoo-hoo!HeyDo you OK?SighsD: There, there. Its all right. Itll be OK.M: No. No, it wont.D: Sure it will. Youll see.M: No. I promised him Id never let anything happen to him.D: Huh. Thats a funny thing to promise.M: What?D: you can never let anything happen to him. Then nothing would ever happen to him. Not much fun for little Harpo.This isexcerpted from Finding Nemo. Through watching movies, it helps strengthen the interest in English. Creating a relaxed and happy learning atmosphere is a good way to make the situation well. That classroom atmosphere is hot or not. Can directly affect the situation. Teachers body languages are rich in the classroom with high spirit, enthusiasm of teaching, and after class he also should establish harmonious relationship between teachers and students. Make the students like the teacher and the lessons, so that it is easy for the teacher to carry out the activities and the students are interested in the class.As a teacher, he/she should allow students to experience the teaching activities, to complete the whole teaching process, for example how to learn choose the food in the supermarket to create a real situation. In this way, the teacher can both train the contents in text, and to give students a certain space. For the teaching activities which are funny and relaxing in the lesson has been subtly mastered in the childrens mind. This kind of relaxation and happiness makes the students comfortable in the teaching atmosphere. It will highlight the subjectivity of students, also make the whole class live up. Through this activity, students not only master the advice and expressions in the text, but also take the knowledge with real life. It takes the students to experience life everywhere with English, and stimulates the students learning motivation.The teacher takes students to be really involved in the learning process, and shows the students independent learning. The teacher can timely guide the student to carry on the comparison, induction and summary. In the same way, the teacher makes students understand the basic ways of problem solving more flexibly according to the different characteristics of the passages to select the different methods.In English teaching, the students autonomous learning ability is not allowed to be ignored. Teachers use different methods to explore construction of English autonomous learning from different angles, and to inquiry learning, cooperative learning, the organic unity of teaching and learning model and the corresponding evaluation model, using the “English autonomous learning ability cultivation research” to form a complete system, and to guide the regular teaching activities, promote the all-round development of school education teaching work.6 ConclusionAutonomous learning has become an important topic in todays education research. As a kind of learning ability, independent learning is not only beneficial to the students academic performance, but also the foundation of lifelong learning and lifelong development. Learning is the way to student from ignorance to the sense of gradual process. Having certain ability of autonomous learning, students will no longer be passive to accept knowledge as a machine. But the initiative to search for knowledge. They can use the scientific method to deal with the question, and their personality fully develops. In a word, teachers should cultivate students autonomous learning ability and teach students the scientific learning method, so that they know how to learn, to promote the learning objectives of their own step