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Modernism(3)andErnestHemingway,HuLingliJune6th,2011,销售信,AmericanModernisminLiterature,Modernisminliteratureisnoteasilysummarized,butthekeyelementsareexperimentation,anti-realism,individualismandastressonthecerebralratherthanemotiveaspects.TheworkofModernistwritersischaracterizedbyshowingthedisenchantment(不抱幻想),dislocation(移位),andalienation(异化)ofmenintheworld,andbytheemphasisonexperimentationandformalismandobjectivismwhichare,inmostcases,areactiontothecataclysm(战乱)knownasthemodernage.,TheSchoolsofAmericanModernism,Modernpoetry:experimentsinform(Imagism)ProseWriting:modernrealism(theLostGeneration)The20thCenturyAmericanDramaNewCriticismBlackHumorTheBeatGeneration,Blackhumor绞刑架下的幽默,Inliterature,drama,andfilm,grotesqueormorbidhumorusedtoexpresstheabsurdity,insensitivity,paradox,andcrueltyofthemodernworld.Ordinarycharactersorsituationsareusuallyexaggeratedfarbeyondthelimitsofnormalsatireorirony.ThenovelsofsuchwritersasKurtVonnegut,ThomasPynchon,JohnBarth,JosephHeller,andPhilipRothcontainelementsofblackhumor.,Examplein“Catch22”,主人公尤索林由于厌恶战争要求停止飞行，复员回国，但是第22条军规的存在使他无论如何难以实现自己的愿望。第二十二条军规规定，空军军官必须飞满规定的次数才能回国；同时，它又规定，无论何时何地，你都得执行司令官命令你做的事，即使你飞满规定的次数，上司命令你飞行，你也必须执行，否则就是违抗军规。这就产生了一个悖论：你要回国就需多飞行，但即使你飞满了规定的次数又没用。第22条军规还规定，一切精神失常之人都可以不完成规定的任务被遣送回国，但要停止飞行必须由本人提出申请；在危险的关头，如果你提出申请，就证明你没有精神病，必须继续执行飞行任务。,TheBeatGeneration,TheBeatGenerationisatermusedtodescribeagroupofAmericanwriterswhocametoprominenceinthe1950s,andtheculturalphenomenathattheywroteaboutandinspired(latersometimescalledbeatniks).CentralelementsofBeatcultureincludearejectionofmaterialism,experimentationwithdrugsandalternateformsofsexuality,andaninterestinEasternreligion.,垮掉的一代,是二战后风行于美国的文学流派，作家多为男女青年，他们以性格粗犷豪放。落拓不羁著称。用同性恋、爵士乐、吸毒酗酒等来逃避现实并向体面的社会和美国传统价值观念挑战，提出“沉沦就是解放”和纵欲享乐合法的结论,他们用怪僻的内向自我探索和向下沉沦的所谓“脱俗”态度来表示对体面社会的不满，来对社会进行病态的反抗。主要作家及其作品：1、杰克凯鲁阿克：小城镇与大都会2、金斯堡：嚎叫,ErnestHemingway(1899-1961),forhismasteryoftheartofnarrative,mostrecentlydemonstratedinTheOldManandtheSea,andfortheinfluencethathehasexertedoncontemporarystyle,ErnestHemingway,ErnestHemingwayslifeHemingwaysmajorworksHemingwaysstylesBriefIntroductionto“TheSunalsoRises”(presentationwork)Appreciating“AFarewelltoArms”,Hemingwayspictures,InfantHemingway,ToddlerHemingway,Hemingwayin1905,HemingwayinItaly,RedCrossUniform,about1918,Birthandfamily:HemingwaywasbornandraisedinOakPark,Illinois,sonofasuccessfulphysician.Inhischildhood,heoftenwenthuntingandfishingwithhisfatherorfriends,whichprovidedhimwithmaterialsforhisbestwriting.,AnOverviewofHemingwayslife,Warexperiences,DuringWorldWarI,heservedasanhonorablejuniorofficerintheAmericanRedCrossAmbulanceCorpsandin1918,hewasseverelywoundedinbothlegs,whichbecamethebasisforhisnovelAFarewelltoArms.Later,hejoinedtheSpanishWarandWorldWarII.Inthewars,hegotbadlyinjured.Hiswarexperiencesprovidedhimwithabundantwritingmaterials.,FourMarriages,In1922HemingwaymarriedHadleyRichardson,thefirstofhisfourwives,andthecouplemovedtoParis,whereheworkedasaforeigncorrespondent.HisfirstnovelTheSunalsoRisesin1924.AfterdivorcingHadleyRichardsonin1927HemingwaymarriedPaulinePfeiffer;theydivorcedfollowingHemingwaysreturnfromcoveringtheSpanishCivilWar,afterwhichhewroteForWhomtheBellTolls.,Marriages,MarthaGellhornwasthethirdwifeofErnestHemingway,from1940to1945.Gellhornsmarriagetohemingwaylastedfiveyears,endingwhenGellhornleftHemingway,theonlyofhiswivestodoso.AfterWorldWarII,MaryWelshHemingwaybecamehisfourthandalsothelastwife.Duringthisperiod,TheOldManandtheSeapublished.,Hishobby,Hemingwaymovedfromoneexoticlocaletoanotherincluding;Spain,Cuba,Africa,andKeyWest,FloridaHecultivatedareputationasatough,hard-drinkingman.,Commitingsuicide,OnJuly2,1961,inillhealth,anxietyanddeepdepression,Hemingwayshothimselfwithahuntinggun.Itissaidthatinthelastfewyearsofhislife,Hemingwaywasaverytroubledman.Heevenreceivedroundsofelectro-shocktherapyshortlybeforehekilledhimself.,约翰肯尼迪总统说：“几乎没有哪个美国人比欧内斯特海明威对美国人民的感情和态度产生过更大的影响。”他称海明威为“20世纪最伟大的作家之一”以文学硬汉著称。胡安贝尔蒙德，这位西班牙最杰出的斗牛士，在听到“欧内斯特刚刚自杀了”这个“晴天霹雳”时，只是慢慢但很清晰地吐出了三个字“干得好！”之后，他也用同样的方式了结了自己的一生。（纽约时报）在这个总统死了都不会举国哀痛的国家，海明威何以能令全国上下“沉浸在哀痛之中”？就凭他独特的作品，就凭他那硬汉精神！海明威本人及其笔下的人物影响了整整一代甚至几代美国人，人们争相仿效他和他作品中的人物。他就是美国精神的化身。人们在为这种精神哭泣。,人们弄不明白，海明威曾经诅咒过自杀的父亲是懦夫，如今，当自己什么都有了，名誉、地位、金钱、朋友、女人，甚至诺贝尔文学奖，干嘛还要步父亲的后尘呢？海明威血液里燃烧着从父亲那儿继承来的自杀欲望，他的一生正是与这种自杀冲动做斗争的一生。30年代，他在一篇小传里提到：自杀，就像运动一样，是对紧张而艰苦的写作生活的一种逃避。非洲的青山极力赞美猎枪带来的快感，到了有的和没有的里头，海明威将这种能够带来感官享受的工具不仅仅瞄准了动物，而且也对准了自己。他觉得这玩意儿能够一了百了地解决所有心理、道德、医学以及经济难题，是“那种建造精美，能够治疗失眠，消除悔恨，医治癌症，避免破产，且只需指尖轻轻一按就能从无法忍受的境地炸出一条出路的工具。”,时下人人都能接受的两个自杀原因是，海明威不堪忍受肉体上精神上的痛苦和创作力的衰竭。的确，海明威长期忽视甚至糟蹋自己的健康致使他肉体上精神上都受到了严重的损伤。他受尽了消瘦症、皮肤病、酒精中毒、视力衰退、糖尿病、血色沉着病、肝炎、肾炎、高血压、精神疾病等等的折磨。他还赞同尼采的观点：“适时而死。死在幸福之峰巅者最光荣。”他近期自传性作品流动的圣餐的创作陷入了困境，电疗致使记忆衰竭。他一生奉行的至理名言就是：人可以被毁灭，但绝不能被打败。也许，是他担心自己被打败，而毁灭了自己。,MajorWorks,1926TheSunAlsoRises1927MenWithoutWomen1929AFarewelltoArms1940ForWhomtheBellTolls1942MenatWar:ThebestWarStoriesofAllTime1952TheOldManandtheSea,HemingwaysStyle,Graceunderpressure:Hemingwaydealswithalimitedrangeofcharactersinquitesimilarcircumstanceandmeasuresthemagainstanunvaryingcode,knownas“graceunderpressure”Inthegeneralsituationofhisnovels,lifeisfulloftensionandbattles;theworldisinchaos;manisalwaysfightingdesperatelyalosingbattle.Evenso,itisastrugglemancandominateinsuchawaythatlossbecomesdignity;mancanbephysicallydestroyedbutneverspirituallydefeated.,“Icebergtheory”“thedignityofmovementofanicebergisduetoonlyone-eighthofitbeingabovewater”.AccordingtoHemingway,thebestwayforwritingistosetdownexactlyeveryparticularkindoffeelingwithoutanyauthorialcomments,withoutemotivelanguage,andwithabareminimumofadjectivesandadverbs.HedevelopedthestyleofcolloquialisminitiatedbyMark.Furthermore,hisnovelisfeaturedbytelegraphiclanguage.,HemingwaysStyle,Hemingwayshero,Hemingwaysheroesliveadventure-filledlivesthataredrivenbycourageandlimitedbyfear;Theyhideasensitiveheartunderatoughexterior;“Graceunderpressure”istheirmotto;Hisheroesarehemmedinbyforcesbeyondtheircontrol.,Discussiontopics,Howdoyouunderstandthetitle“AFarewelltoarms”?Isitastoryoflove/war?Whatsyourattitudetowardwar?,Aboutthestory,ThebookisthestoryofayoungAmericannamedFredericHenrywhovolunteersforservicewiththeItalianarmyinWorldWarIandfallsinlovewithhisEnglishnurse,withwhomhedesertsfromtheretreatingItalianfront.HavingescapedtoSwitzerland,theyliveinharmonyuntilthetragicendofherpregnancy,duringwhichbothsheandthechilddie.MuchhasbeensaidabouttheprosestyleHemingwayusedandagreatdebatehasbeenwagedoverwhetherthenovelisaboutmachismoandthesexobject,CatherineBarkley.However,AFarewelltoArmsisnotanovelglorifyingwar.Instead,itisatragiclovestorywhosefarewellisfromFrederictothewomanwhosearmsheldsanityinthecrazyworldoftheGreatWar.,LeadingCharacterslist,LieutenantFredericHenry-Thenovelsnarratorandprotagonist.AyoungAmericanambulancedriverintheItalianarmyduringWorldWarI,Henrymeetshismilitarydutieswithquietstoicism.Hedisplayscourageinbattle,buthisselflessmotivationsundermineallsenseofgloryandheroism,abstracttermsforwhichHenryhaslittlepatience.HislifelacksrealpassionuntilhemeetsthebeautifulCatherineBarkley.,LeadingCharacterslist,CatherineBarkley-AnEnglishnursesaidewhofallsinlovewithHenry.Catherineisexceptionallybeautifulandpossesses,perhaps,themostsensuouslydescribedhairinallofliterature.Whenthenovelopens,Catherinesgriefforherdeadfianclaunchesherheadlongintoaplayful,thoughreckless,gameofseduction.HerfeelingsforHenrysoonintensifyandbecomemorecomplicated,however,andsheeventuallyswearslifelongfidelitytohim.,Excerpt(Chapter41),Place:inthehospitalTime:3oclockinthemorningatnoon:turningpointat2oclockitwasbeginningt