womengettattoos女性纹身.ppt

NEWS,Whyaresomanywomengettingtattoos?,Paintedladies:whywomengettattoos,FromChinaDailyDec.13,2013,Content,Recently,theGuardianinterviewedeightdifferentclasses,agebutallbekeentotattooofwomen,andtheydiscussedtheculturalsignificanceforwomentogettattoos.,Asweallknow，apictureordesignthatismarkedpermanentlyonapersonsskinbymarkingsmallholesintheskinwithaneedleandfillingthemwithcoloredink.,EliseHarrison:Mydadisold-fashioned:hethinksalltattooedpeopleareprostitutes妓女orcriminals.ThefirsttattooIeversawbelongedtomygrandad.HehaditdoneinScotlandduringhisnationalserviceinthe50s,sothetattoomusthavebeenmorethan30yearsoldwhenIbecamefascinatedbyit.Hesaiditwasapictureofmygranny.Andhediedover15yearsagoandIdhavetolookataphotographtorememberthedetailsofhisface,butIcanalwaysrememberthattattoo.,Tattooscanbeusefulorbeautifuloracombinationofthetwo.Thatsreasonenough.SailorsusedtogetimagesofChristinkedontotheirbackstomakethefirstmatereluctanttousethewhip鞭打onthem.Theydaskforelaborate精心制作的designsontheirlimbstomarkvoyagestakenandportsvisitedakindofindelibledogtagthat,theyhoped,wouldidentifyacorpse尸体lostatseaandwashedashore.Everymarkhadastory.,JennAshworth:WhenIwas19,IwenttoastudioinCambridgewithmythenboyfriendandwehadsimplecirclestattooedontheinsideofourwrists.Theinklastedlongerthantherelationship.TheinkwillageatthesamerateasIdojustlikemygrandadsdid.Thatsfinewithme.Themarksarentdecoration,arentdesignedtodrawthegazeorenhanceafeature,andeveniftheywere,whatswrongwithskinthatlookstheageitis,ratherthantheair-brushedandpaintedflawlessnessofaneternal20-year-old?Whatswrongwithbellies腹部,armsandbreaststhatloosenandrelaxastheyearspass?Iwantmytattoostolooktheagetheyare.,Somesaytattoosareaddictivethatitstartswithabutterflyonthehipandendswithfullsleevesandaseptumpiercing.Maybe.ItsbeenawhilesinceIwaslastinked,butIvebeenplanningmynextforsometime.Acompassonmyfoot.ToremindmeofwhereImgoing,andoftimesImightforget.,Originoftattoo,1.Theoriginalpurposeofsurvival：theprimitivepeoplelivingintheoriginalforest,inordertoavoidwildanimalsandprotecttheirownsecurity.Onlyonthebodypaintedwithbrightcolors.,2.superstitioustattoo:Itissaidthatsomeanimalsengravedimageorthelogocanenhancephysicalfitness.,AndtherearesomeotherkindsoftattoosIwanttoseewithyoutogether.,3.thereligioussymbol:alotofcustomtribaltattoo,themostcommonisreligioustotem.,4.thememorialtattoo:Themostpopularistheloversnametattooed.,5.thebeautyofthetattoo:Tattooscancoverthescarsofyourbody.Ortheyhavethetattooonthebodytomakethemselvesbecomeaworkofart.,6.Inspiredtattoo:peopletattooedthepictureonbodytoremindhimkeepnature.,Thehistoryoftattoobeganover5000yearsago.ThemodernrevivalintattooingstemsfromthevoyageofCaptainJamesCookinthelate1700s.Sincethe1970s,tattooshavebecomeamainstreampartofWesternfashion,commonamongbothsexes,toalleconomicclasses,andtoagegroupsfromthelaterteenyearstomiddleage.FormanyyoungAmericans,thetattoohastakenonadecidedlydifferentmeaningthanforpreviousgenerations.Thetattoohas“undergonedramaticredefinition”andhasshiftedfromaformofdeviance异常行为toanacceptableformofexpression.In2010,25%ofAustraliansunderage30hadtattoos.,Healthrisks,1.Becauseitrequiresbreakingtheskinbarriertattooingcarrieshealthrisksincludinginfectionandallergicreactions.Moderntattooistsreducerisksbyfollowinguniversalprecautionsworkingwithsingle-useitemsandsterilizingtheirequipmentaftereachuse.Manyjurisdictionsrequirethattattooistshaveblood-bornepathogentrainingsuchasthatprovidedthroughtheRedCrossandOSHA.Asof2009(intheUnitedStates)therehavebeennoreportedcasesofHIVcontractedfromtattoos.,2.Inamateurtattooing,suchasthatpracticedinprisons,however,thereisanelevatedriskofinfection.Infectionsthatcantheoreticallybetransmittedbytheuseofunsterilized未杀菌的tattooequipmentorcontaminatedinkincludesurfaceinfectionsoftheskin,fungalinfections真菌感染,someformsofhepatitis乙型肝炎,herpes疱疹simplexvirus,HIV,staph葡萄球菌,tetanus破伤风,andtuberculosis肺结核.,3.Tattooinkshavebeendescribedas“remarkablynonreactivehistologically”.However,casesofallergicreactionstotattooinks,particularlycertaincolors,havebeenmedicallydocumented.Thisissometimesduetothepresenceofnickelinaninkpigment色素,whichtriggersacommonmetalallergy.Occasionally,whenabloodvesselispuncturedduringthetattooingprocedure,abruise青肿/hematoma血肿mayappear.,Tattooremoval,Whiletattoosareconsideredpermanent,itissometimespossibletoremovethem,fullyorpartially,withlasertreatments.Typically,blackandsomecoloredinkscanberemovedmorecompletelythaninksofothercolors.Theexpenseandpainassociatedwithremovingtattoosaretypicallygreaterthantheexpenseandpainassociatedwithapplyingthem.Pre-lasertattooremovalmethodsincludedermabrasion,salabrasion(scrubbingtheskinwithsalt),cryosurgery,andexcisionwhichissometimesstillusedalong,withskingraftsforlargertattoos.Theseoldermethods,however,havebeennearlycompletelyreplacedbylaser激光removaltreatmentoptions.However，ingeneral,itisimpossibletoremovetattooscompletely.,SocialComments,Tattoo在彰显个人信仰与个性的西方国家颇流行。但某种程度上社会对于女性纹身似乎抱有一种偏见。难道女性纹身真的是theslapper(风骚),theloose(放纵)的一种标志吗？凤凰卫视,Imnotawoman,butIgottattoosspecificallytoalienatethekindofpeoplewhohatetattoos.Inmyexperiencetheyrenotworthknowing,notworthdealingwithandcertainlynotworthworkingfor.Staffreplies,AnacademicattheUniversityofUtahactuallycollectedandanalysedsomedatatoanswerthisquestion.Theresultwasthatbothmenandwomenhavetattoosbuttheyhavedifferenttypesindifferentplacesfordifferentreasons.Guardianpicks,Ofcourse,thereareplentyofreasonstodisliketattooslikeanypieceofart,noteverystylewillbetoeveryonestaste.当然，不喜欢纹身的理由也有好多就像一件艺术品，它的风格并不是所有人的品位。对某些人来说，天长地久永远不会有吸引力。对眼睛来说，没有比无修饰更美丽。Tosome,thepermanencewillneverappeal.Orperhapstheresnothingasbeautifultotheireyesasunmarkedflesh.oneinternetuser,TattooshavetraditionallybeenconsideredsociallymarginalandriskyconsumptionchoiceinAmerican/Westernculture.HowevertattoosarenowbeginningtocomeintothemainstreamofAmericanlife.Theyrepresentaninterestingconsumptionbehaviorduetotheirpermanentalterationofbodypartsandtheirrelationshiptopersonalexpressionsandidentity.Inpart