环境科学与工程专业英语教学课件(2)：英文科技论文结构与表达技巧.ppt

12/3/2019,Dr.TaowuMaJishouUniversity,1,EnglishScientificPaper,Part1:TheformationofapaperPart2:ThedescriptionforeachsectionPart3:WritingscientificEnglishsomehints,12/3/2019,2,Dr.TaowuMaJishouUniversity,Part1:Theformationofapaper(foraresearchpaper),Section1:Title（题目）Section2:Authors（作者）Section3:Abstract（摘要）Section4:Keywords（关键词）Section5:Introduction（引言）Section6:MaterialsandMethods（材料与方法）Section7:Results（结果）Section8:Discussion（讨论）Section9:Acknowledgements（致谢）Section10:References（参考文献）,12/3/2019,3,Dr.TaowuMaJishouUniversity,SamplePaper(astandardresearchpaper),题目,作者,地址,收稿与接受时间,12/3/2019,4,Dr.TaowuMaJishouUniversity,摘要,关键词,12/3/2019,5,Dr.TaowuMaJishouUniversity,电子文献数据库中的论文提纲,12/3/2019,6,Dr.TaowuMaJishouUniversity,12/3/2019,7,Dr.TaowuMaJishouUniversity,12/3/2019,8,Dr.TaowuMaJishouUniversity,12/3/2019,9,Dr.TaowuMaJishouUniversity,12/3/2019,10,Dr.TaowuMaJishouUniversity,12/3/2019,11,Dr.TaowuMaJishouUniversity,12/3/2019,12,Dr.TaowuMaJishouUniversity,Part2:Thedescriptionforeachsection,Section1:TitleRequirements:concise,striking,reflectionofthepapercore,ifnecessary,subheadingmightbeadded.,Checkstylesinthejournal,usingsomepublishedpapersasexamples.Someoptions:A.Descriptions,e.g.EstimationofphosphorusfertilizerrequirementsofwheatinsouthernAustralia.Descriptionstobeavoided:Effectsof.e.g.Effectsofappliedcalciumonsalinitytoleranceofwheat-verygeneralStageIVformallyannouncesthepurposeandhypothesisofyourresearch;andStageVindicatespossiblebenefitsorapplicationsofyourwork.,12/3/2019,27,Dr.TaowuMaJishouUniversity,NotesforIntroduction:1Thefirstsentenceisimportanttoattracttheeditor,reviewersandreadersanditisthemostdifficulttowrite2Itmustsetthescenei.e.thecontextofthepaperandthequestionsbeingasked3Itdependsonthechosenjournal:specialistormoregeneral;e.g.,12/3/2019,28,Dr.TaowuMaJishouUniversity,Mycorrhizas(菌根)colonizethevastmajorityofplantsworldwideandareimportantintransferringphosphateandothernutrientstoplants.Arbuscularmycorrhizasarethemostcommontype(Smithbutdonotrepeatthedetailedinformation(e.g.allthevalues),12/3/2019,38,Dr.TaowuMaJishouUniversity,MoreonTables:Donotclutterwithdetail(e.g.toomanycolumnstooclosetogether;toomanydecimalplacesthatarenotneeded),MoreonFigures:Figurescanhavemoreimpact;e.g.bardiagramsorgraphswithtime-coursesbutcanalsobetoocluttered(e.g.toomanynarrowbarstooclosetogether)Ifresultsshownosignificantdifferencesbetweensometreatments,justsaysointext;e.g.shootPconcentrationswere3.0-3.5mgkg-1;therewerenosignificantdifferencesbetweentreatments(resultsnotshown)thisunclutterstablesorfigures.,12/3/2019,39,Dr.TaowuMaJishouUniversity,Moreonstatistics:Takeappropriateadvicewhendesigningexperiments,fieldsurveysetcDonotmakeclaimsofdifferences,maximumvaluesetc,withoutstatisticalevidence;givestandarderrors,and/orprobabilitiesasappropriateDonotunder-analyzeresults:e.g.donotrelyonglobalAnovar.Example:inastudyof4plantvarietieswith4levelsofaddedNaCl-Caadditionsignificantlyincreasedtolerancetosoilsalinity.OK,butwasthissoinall4varieties?DidtheCaadditionatdifferentNaCllevelsaffectthe4varietiesequally?Analyseindividualtreatments!Donotover-analyzeresults:notallsmalldifferencesorinteractionsmaybebiologicallysignificantorglobaladifficultdecision!,12/3/2019,40,Dr.TaowuMaJishouUniversity,Moreonexperimentaldesign3treatments,only1potpertreatment,5plantsperpot,2)comparisonsbetweenyourresultsandthosepublishedones,anddiscussiononthepossiblereasonsormechanismsforthedifferencesbetweenthem.,12/3/2019,43,Dr.TaowuMaJishouUniversity,NotesforDiscussion:1First:summarizetheresultsdonotrepeatthemindetail;thereadercanrememberthedetails2DiscussresultsinrelationtotherelevantissuesraisedintheIntroduction3But:donotwritealongreviewwithmanyadditionalreferences4Emphasizeinterestingdifferences,ordevelopmentsfrom,theearlierwork,e.g.WhereasSmith(1990)foundthatadditionalZndecreasedCuuptakebywheat,wehavefoundor:thepresentstudyshowedthatZndecreasedCuuptakebybarley.Thereasonsforthisdifferenceareunresolved.Theymaybeduetoetc.Keepspeculationlimited.,12/3/2019,44,Dr.TaowuMaJishouUniversity,NotesforDiscussion:5Somejournalsallowsubheadings;usefulifyouhavealotofresultsthatyouwanttodiscussseparately6ButdonotgointoresultsindetaildiscusstheirrelevancetotheissuesraisedintheIntroduction7NowgobacktotheIntroductiontochecktheissuesraised!8Possiblysuggestusefulfuturework9Give(briefly)themainconclusions(withConclusionssubheadingifthejournalallowsthis).NowyoucanwritetheAbstract,12/3/2019,45,Dr.TaowuMaJishouUniversity,Section9:Acknowledgments,Thanktechnicalstaff,colleaguesforhelpfuladviceoruseoftheirfacilities,andprovidersoffinancialsupport(usuallyinthatorder),detailsinclude:-Peopleandagencieswhoallowedyoutowritethismanuscript-Yoursupervisor(ifnotaco-author)-Yourtechnician(ifnotaco-author)-Yourcolleague,whogaveyousomebrightideasorcriticallyreadyourmanuscript-Someonewhohelpedyouwiththelanguage-Grantingagencies(出资单位或赞助单位),12/3/2019,46,Dr.TaowuMaJishouUniversity,Section10:ReferencesItisessentialthatanorganizedcollectionofreferencescitedbyyourpaperisplacedinaseparatesectionattheendofyourpaper.ThiscollectioniscalledReferencesorBibliography(参考书目),whichcanbegeneratedautomaticallybysoftwareprograms,suchasEndNote.,Checkandfollowcarefullythelateststylerequiredbythejournal(styleforauthors,title,journaletc)errorsgreatlyirritatereviewersandeditor!Checkallreferencescarefullyforspelling,especiallynamesoforganismsandjournalsCitingliteratureyouhavenotreadisdangerous,incasetheauthorfromwhomyouarereallycitinggotitwrong,12/3/2019,47,Dr.TaowuMaJishouUniversity,Part3:WritingscientificEnglishsomehints,Englishisadifficultlanguageforscientificwriting.Somehints:,Verbtenses(动词时态)Usethepresenttenseforestablishedfacts,e.g.-AdditionofcalciumusuallyimprovesNaCltoxicity.-Mosttropicalforesttreesaremycorrhizal.Usethepasttensetodescriberesultsthatmaynotbegeneral,e.g.Browntheimportantistherebecausesomevariablesarelessimportant.,12/3/2019,55,Dr.TaowuMaJishouUniversity,SampleSummary:articlesAssunaoetal.(2003).Differentialmetal-specifictoleranceandaccumulationpatternsamongThlaspicaerulescenspopulationsfromdifferentsoiltypes.NewPhytologist159:411-419.Thlaspicaerulescenspopulationsfromcontrastingsoiltypes(serpentine,calamineandnonmetalliferous)werecharacterizedwithregardtotolerance,uptakeandtranslocationofzinc(Zn),cadmium(Cd)andnickel(Ni)inhydroponicculture.High-leveltoleranceswereapparentlymetal-specificandconfinedtothemetalsthatwereenrichedattoxiclevelsinthesoilatthepopulationsite.Withregardtometalaccumulation,resultssuggestedthat,unlikeZnhyperaccumulation,CdandNihyperaccumulationwerenotconstitutiveatthespecieslevelinT.caerulescens.Ingeneral,thepopulationsexhibitedapronounceduncorrelatedandmetal-specificvariationinuptake,roottoshoottranslocation,andtoleranceofZn,CdandNi.Thedistinctintraspecificvariationofthesecharactersprovidesexcellentopportunitiesforfurthergeneticandphysiologicaldissectionofthehyperaccumulationtrait.,12/3/2019,56,Dr.TaowuMaJishouUniversity,Singularsandplurals（单数和复数）Themorecomplicatedthesentences,themoredifficultitistogetthemright,e.g.-SoilpHisoneoftheimportantenvironmentalvariablesthataffectplantgrowth.is(singular)andaffect(plural)refertothesingularandpluralnouns:pHandvariables.-Thejournalneedsastatementcertifyingthatallauthorshavebeenconsultedandagreewiththepaperassubmitted.needs(singular),have&agree(plural)refertothenouns:journalandauthors-ThehighAscontentofthesoilscollectedfromminesitesinnorthernChinawasresponsibleforthepoorplantgrowth.wasiscorrectbecauseitreferstocontent,singular.,12/3/2019,57,Dr.TaowuMaJishouUniversity,SampleSummary:singulars&pluralsAssunaoetal.(2003).Differentialmetal-specifictoleranceandaccumulationpatternsamongThlaspicaerulescenspopulationsfromdifferentsoiltypes.NewPhytolo