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载重汽车转向桥设计【汽车车辆类优秀机械毕业设计@word+4张CAD全套图纸】

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关键词：: 载重汽车转向设计汽车车辆优秀优良机械毕业设计 word cad 全套图纸

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载重汽车转向桥设计

摘要

　　　本设计为载重汽车的转向桥，此转向桥需要适应不同路况，不同速度下的稳定行驶，因此对前桥的要求也越来越高。在汽车设计、制造、因此应该本着既能有足够的承载能力，又能实现耐用经济的思想进行方案的选择，为了降低生产成本，又在结构上满足要求的情况下应尽量简单。

　　　通过设计：（1）保证有足够的强度：以保证可靠的承受车轮与车架之间的作用力。（2）保证有足够的刚度：以使车轮定位参数不变。（3）保证转向轮有正确的定位角度：以使转向轮运动稳定，操纵轻便并减轻轮胎的磨损。（4）转向桥的质量应尽可能小：以减少非簧上质量，提高汽车行驶平顺性。

　　　通过分析工作原理设计转向节、前轴、主销等零件的尺寸，使各个零部件的强度满足校核，并运用caxa等绘图软件绘制装配图和零件图。

关键词: 转向桥；定位参数；转向节；前轴；主销

The design of the truck steering axle

Abstract

　　　This design is Steering Axle for heavy trucks. The design is need to adapt to different road and under different speeds, so the stability of front axle higher requirements. In car design, manufacture, and should be based on both have enough carrying capacity, and can achieve durable economic thoughts options, in order to reduce the production cost, and meets the requirements in the structure of situations should as far as possible simple.

　　　By design: (1) To ensure adequate strength: in order to ensure affordable and reliable force between wheel and frame. By design: (1) To ensure adequate strength: in order to ensure affordable and reliable force between wheel and frame. (2) Ensure adequate rigidity: in order to change the wheel alignment parameters. (3)To ensure the correct positioning of steering wheel angle: to make the steering wheel movement and stability, manipulating light and reduce tire wear. (4) The steering axle of quality should be as small as possible: to reduce the non-sprung mass, improve vehicle ride comfort.

　　　Works by analyzing the design of steering knuckle, front axle, kingpin and other parts of the size, so that the strength of the various components to meet the check, and use other mapping software caxa assembly drawing and parts are drawing.

Key words: steering axle; positional parameters; knuckle; front axle；kingpin

前言1

1.汽车转向桥的概况2

1.1汽车转向桥目前状况2

1.1.1汽车前桥的分类2

1.1.2前桥各参数对汽车稳定性的作用与影响2

1.2从动桥的结构形式5

1.2.1 从动桥总体结构5

1.2.2 载重汽车从动桥6

1.2.3 载重汽车从动桥7

1.2.4设计意义7

2.转向桥的设计结构参数8

2.1结构参数选择8

2.2从动桥总体结构选择8

2.3确定前桥具体结构型式8

3.前轴设计9

3.1前轴强度计算9

3.1.1前轴受力分析简图9

3.1.2前轴载荷的计算（分三种工况分析）10

3.2前轴弯矩及扭矩计算11

3.2.1前轴断面分析图11

3.2.2各个断面弯扭矩计算（分三种工况分析）12

3.3断面系数计算13

3.4应力计算19

3.5前轴材料的许用应力20

4.转向节设计21

4.1截面系数计算21

4.2弯矩计算21

4.3应力计算22

4.4转向节的材料、许用应力及强度校核22

5.主销设计23

5.1主销受力计算参数23

5.2计算载荷23

5.3弯矩计算25

5.4抗弯断面系数、剪切面积和主销衬套挤压面积的计算25

5.5应力计算26

5.6主销材料及许用应力27

6.转向传动机构设计28

6.1转向传动机构强度计算28

6.1.1球头销29

6.1.2转向拉杆29

6.1.3转向摇臂29

6.2杆件设计结果30

7.经济技术分析31

7.1我国汽车车桥行业发展历程31

7.2国内汽车车桥产量和市场容量分析31

7.3汽车车桥业发展特征及问题透视31

7.4车桥产品结构解析－转向桥经济性分析31

7.5提高转向桥经济性32

8.结论33

致谢34

参考文献35

附录36

附录1英文原文36

附录2中文译文46

前言

　　　随着我国交通运输事业的迅速发展，汽车运输的承载重量和运行速度都在不断增加，于是人们对汽车的安全运行也越来越重视，所以对汽车车桥的设计也提出了更高的要求。前桥通过悬架与车架相连，两端安装车轮，其功用是传递车架与车轮之间各方向的作用力及其力矩，因前轮受到垂直力和垂直反力及由其形成的弯矩；水平方向的道路阻力和侧向制动力以及其形成的水平方向的弯矩；由制动力引起的转矩等各种力均需经过前桥前梁传递给悬架，然后再传递给车架，故对前桥前梁有以下的要求：必须有足够的强度和刚度，保证可靠的承受和传递车轮与车架间的最大作用力。应使转向节与主销和前梁间的摩擦力尽可能小。应保证车轮正确的定位角和合适的转向角；从而保证汽车的行驶稳定性和操纵轻便性，减轻轮胎磨耗，以延长前桥的使用寿命。本次设计针对前桥的使用功能方面进行了设计，本着尽量减少车身重量的目的进行设计，随着我国汽车行业的飞速发展，转向桥的制作及设计技术在不久的将来会全面发展，逐渐赶超欧美、日本等先进汽车生产国。

1.汽车转向桥的概况

1.1汽车转向桥目前状况

1.1.1汽车前桥的分类

　　　从动桥即非驱动桥，又称从动车桥。它通过悬架与车架(或承载式车身)相联，两侧安装着从动车轮，用以在车架(或承载式车身)与车轮之间传递铅垂力、纵向力和横向力。从动桥还要承受和传递制动力矩。

根据从动车轮能否转向，从动桥分为转向桥与非转向桥。一般汽车多以前桥为转向桥。为提高操纵稳定性和机动性，有些轿车采用全四轮转向。多轴汽车除前轮转向外，根据对机动性的要求，有时采用两根以上的转向桥直至全轮转向。

一般载货汽车采用前置发动机后桥驱动的布置形式，故其前桥为转向从动桥。轿车多采用前置发动机前桥驱动，越野汽车均为全轮驱动，故它们的前桥既是转向桥又是驱动桥，称为转向驱动桥。

从动桥按与其匹配的悬架结构的不同，也可分为非断开式与断开式两种。与非独立悬架相匹配的非断开式从动桥是一根支承于左、右从动车轮上的刚性整体横梁，当又是转向桥时，则其两端经转向主销与转向节相联。断开式从动桥与独立悬架相匹配。

　　　非断开式转向从动桥主要由前梁、转向节及转向主销组成。转向节利用主销与前梁铰接并经一对轮毂轴承支承着车轮的轮毂，以达到车轮转向的目的。在左转向节的上耳处安装着转向节臂，后者与转向直拉杆相连；而在转向节的下耳处则装着与转向横拉杆相连接的转向梯形臂。有的将转向节臂与梯形臂连成一体并安装在转向节的下耳处以简化结构。转向节的销孔内压入带有润滑油槽的青铜衬套以减小磨损。为使转向轻便，在转向节上耳与前梁拳部之间装有调整垫片以调整其间隙。带有螺纹的楔形锁销将主销固定在前梁拳部的孔内，使之不能转动。

1.1.2前桥各参数对汽车稳定性的作用与影响

　　　为了保持汽车直线行驶的稳定性、转向轻便性及汽车转向后使前轮具有自动回正的性能，转向桥的主销在汽车的纵向和横向平而内都有一定倾角。在纵向平面内，主销上部向后倾斜一个角，称为主销后倾角。在横向平面内，主销上部向内倾斜一个β角，称为主销内倾角。

360桌面截图20140601120309.jpg

360桌面截图20140601120457.jpg

前梁.gif

主销.gif

转向节.gif

装配图.gif

内容简介：: PASSAGE A Power Train The power train serves two functions： it transmits power from the engine to the drive wheels, and it varies the amount of torque. The power train includes：1.engine：that produces power；2.transmission：either manual or automatic；3.clutch：used only on manual transmission, or torque converter.：used only on automatic transmission; 4.drive shaft：that transmits the power from transmission todifferential；5.that carries the power to the two wheel axles.See Fig.5-1. Manual transmission The function of a manual transmission,shown in Fig.5-2, is to transfer engine power to the drive shaft and rear wheels. Gears inside the transmission change the cars drive-wheel speed and torque in relation to engine speed and torque.This keeps the engines output matched as close as possible to varying road speeds and loads. A manual transaxle，shown in the Fig.5-3.,is a single unit composed of a manual transmission, differential, and drive axles. Most front-wheel-drive（FWD） carsare equipped with a transaxle. Such transaxle are also found on some front-engined or rear-wheel-drive （RWD）,four-wheel-drive（4WD）cars and on rear-enginedand rear-wheel-drive cars. A manual transmission requires use of a clutch to apply and remove engine torque to the transmission input shaft.The clutch allows this to happpen gradually so that the car can be started from a complete stop. Manual transmission usually have four or five speeds, and often have “overdrive”, which means that the output shaft can turn faster than the inputShaft for fuel economy on the highway. When you use it, it will reduce the engine speed by one-third,while maintaining the same road speed. Clutch Driving a car with a manual transmission, you depress the clutch, select a gear, and release the clutch while applying power to get the car to move. The clutch allows engine power to be applied gradually when a vehicle is starting out, and interrupts power to avoid gear crunching when shifting. Engaging the clutch allows power to transfer from the engine to transmissionand drive wheel. Disengaging the clutch stops the power transfer and allows the engine to continue turning without force to the drive wheels. The clutch basic components are：the flywheel, clutch disk, pressure plate, release bearing and linkage. See Fig.5-4. The flywheel is bolted to the crankshaft of the engine. Its main function is to transfer engine torque from the engine to the transmission. The clutch disk is basically a steel plate, covered with a frictional material that goes between the flywheel and the pressure plate. A pressure plate is bolted to the flywheel. It includes a sheet metal cover, heavy release springs, a metal pressure ring that provides a friction surface for the clutch disk. The release bearing is the heart of clutch operation. When the clutch pedalis depressed, the throw-out bearing moves toward the flywheel, pushing in the pressure plates release fingers and moving the pressure plate fingers or levers against pressure plate spring force. The linkage transmits and multiplies the drivers leg force to the fork ofthe clutch pressure plate. A mechanical clutch linkage usually consists of the clutch pedal, a series of linkage rods and arms, or a cable. A hydraulic clutch linkage typically includes a clutch master cylinder and reservoir, a hydraulic line and a slave cylinder. Automatic transmission Both an automatic transmission and a manual transmission accomplish exactly the same thing, but they do it in totally different ways. The key difference between a manual and an automatic transmissions is that the manual transmission locks and unlocks and different sets of gears to the output shaft to achieve the various gear ratios, while in an automatic transmission, the same set of gears produces all of different gear ratios. The planetary gear-set is the device that makes this possible in an automatic. Automatic transmissions are used in many rear-wheel-drive and four-wheel-drive vehicles. Automatic transaxles are used in most front-wheel-drive vehicles. The major components of a transaxle are the same as those in a transmission, except the transaxle assembly includes the final drive and differential gears, in addition to the transmission. An automatic transmission receives engine power through a torque converter,which is driven by the engines crankshaft. Hydraulic pressure in the converter allows power to flow from the torque converter to the transmissions input shaft. The input shaft drives a planetary gear set that provides the different forward gears, a neutral position, and one reverse gear. Power flow through the gears is controlled by multiple-disk clutches, one-way clutches, and friction bands.Passage B Power TrainTorque Converter The key to the modern automatic transmission is the torque converter. It takes the place of a clutch in a manual transmission to send the power from the engine to the transmission input shaft. The torque converter offers the advantage of multiplying the turning power provided by the engine. It has three parts that help multiply the power：an impeller（or pump）connected to the engines crankshaft, a turbine to turn the turbine shaft which is connected to the gears, and a stator（or guide wheel）between the two. See Fig. 5-6. The torque converter is filled with transmission fluid that is moved by impeller blades. When the impeller spins above a certain speed, the turbine spins, driven by the impeller. Planetary Gearing Planetary gears provide for the different gear ratios needed to move a vehicle in the desired direction at the correct speed. A planetary gear set consists of a sun gear, planet gears, and a internal ring. See Fig. 5-7. In the center of the planetary gear set is the sun gear.Planet gears surround the sun gear, just like the earth and other planets in our solar system. These gears are mounted and supported by the planet carrier and eachgear spins on its own separate shaft. The planet gears are in constant mesh with the sun and ring gears. The ring gear is the outer gear of the gear set. Its has internal teeth and surrounds the rest of the gear set. Its gear teeth are in constant mesh with the planet gears. The number of planet gearsused in a planetary gear set varies according to the loads the transmission is designed to face. For heavy loads, the number of planet gears is increased to spread the work load over more gear teeth. The planetary gear set can provide a gear reduction or overdrive, direct drive or reverse, or a neutral position. Because the gears in constant mesh, gear changes are made without engaging or disengaging gears, as is required in a manual transmission. Rather, clutches and bands are used to either hold or release different members of the gear set to get the proper direction of rotation and/or gear ratio. Different On FWD cars, the differential unit is normally part of the transaxle assembly. On RWD cars, it is part of the rear axle assembly. Located inside the differential case are the differential pinion shafts and gears and the differential side gears. See Fig.5-8 The differential assembly revolves with the ring gear. Axle side gears are splined to the rear axle or front axle drive shafts. When an automobile is moving straight ahead, both wheels are free to rotate. Engine power is applied to the pinion gear, which rotates the ring gear.Beveled pinion gears are carried around by the ring gear and rotate as one unit. Each axle receives the same power, so each wheel turns at the same speed. See Fig. 5-9. When the car turns a sharp corner, only one wheel rotates freely. Torque still comes in on the pinion gear and rotates the ring gear, carrying the beveled pinions around with it. However, one axle is held stationary and the beveled pinions are forced to rotate on their own axis and “walk around” their gear. The other side is forc

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