（英语语言文学专业论文）翻译规范视角下的林语堂译作《浮生六记》研究.pdf

vi 摘 要 摘 要 著名的作家和翻译家林语堂创作了许多著名英语作品，如吾国与吾民和京华烟云 。他也用英语翻译了不少中国的古典名著，例如浮生六记 。本论文试图从图里的翻译规范理论角度探讨浮生六记的翻译背后的翻译规范。 在翻译的“文化转向”的背景下，翻译研究以目的语文本为研究对象，关注目的语文本产生的社会文化因素。翻译作为一种社会文化活动，要受到社会文化规范的制约。译者在翻译的过程中必然运用译语或源于社会的一些规范。这种规范就叫做翻译规范。在图里的翻译规范中，元规范包括翻译的充分性和可接受性。充分性是指译者在翻译的过程中努力让自己的翻译行为符合源语的社会文化规范，运用异化的翻译方法，以保持源语文本的特征，从而达到传播源语文化的目的。可接受性是指译者在翻译的过程中努力让自己的翻译行为符合目的语的社会文化规范，运用归化的方法，从而让译本更加通顺，更容易为目的语读者所接受。二者相辅相成，不可分割。 许多对浮生六记的研究都是从语言学或者美学的角度进行的，所关注的大多是词句的翻译，很少研究关注影响翻译的社会文化因素。本论文通过分析浮生六记翻译的社会背景、意识形态、译者的翻译理论、译者的目的和翻译在多元系统中的地位来研究翻译的充分性和可接受性。以前大多数的翻译研究采用源语为导向的研究方法。这就会产生对等的评判标准。本论文采用以目的语文本为导向的研究方法来描述和探索翻译背后的规范。 本论文的结论是： 浮生六记的翻译是由包括充分性和可接受性在内的多个规范综合作用的结果。本论文有助于从源语和目的语社会的翻译规范角度进一步拓展林语堂译作浮生六记的研究，也有助于进一步拓展对林语堂翻译实践的研究。 关键词关键词：翻译规范 充分性 可接受性 ivabstract lin yutang, as a famous writer and translator, has been well-known for his works like my country and my people and moments in peking and chinese-english translations like six chapters of a floating life. this thesis attempts to explore the translation norms that condition the translation of six chapters of a floating life from the perspective of tourys translation norm theory. set in the background of “cultural turn” of translation, translated text is taken as study target. the social and cultural factors conditioning the translation are focused on by translation scholars. translation, as a social and cultural action, is conditioned by the social and cultural norms. translator employs the norms in the source and target society during the process of translation. the norms are called translation norms. according to the translation norms of toury, initial norms consist of adequacy and acceptability. adequacy means that during the process of translation, the translator tries to follow the norms in the source society and keeps the characteristics of the source text by employing the approach of foreignization in order to introduce the source culture to the target society. acceptability means that during the process of translation, the translator tries to follow the social and cultural norms in the target society and employs the approach of domestication in order to make the translated text more smooth and acceptable by the target readers. adequacy and acceptability are complementary and can not be separated from each other. many studies on six chapters of a floating life are made from the linguistic and aesthetic perspectives which focus on the word and sentence translation. however, limited studies concern on the social and cultural factors which condition the translation. this thesis studies the adequacy and acceptability in the translation of six chapters of a floating life by analyzing the social background, the ideology, the translation theory of the translator, the intention of the translator and the translations status in the poly-system. contrary to the previous studies of six chapters of a floating life, which were conducted from the perspective of the source text, leading to the narrow critical approach of correspondence, this thesis takes target-oriented vstudy into account, adopts descriptive approach and explores the norms in both of the original and target societies. the conclusion of this thesis is: by the translation norm theory, it is found that the translation of six chapters of a floating life is a result of a combination of adequacy and acceptability which are conditioned by many factors. this research may be helpful to further the researches on lin yutangs translation of six chapters of a floating life from the perspective of translation norms in the source and target societies and hopefully it may be helpful to further the researches on lin yutangs other translation experience. key words: translation norms; adequacy; acceptability iii学位论文原创性声明 学位论文原创性声明 本人所提交的学位论文 “study on lin yutangs translation of six chapters of a floating life from the perspective of translation norms”, 是在导师的指导下，独立进行研究工作所取得的原创性成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中标明。 本声明的法律后果由本人承担。 论文作者（签名） ： 指导教师确认（签名） ： 年 月 日 年 月 日 学位论文版权使用授权书 学位论文版权使用授权书 本学位论文作者完全了解河北师范大学有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交学位论文的复印件和磁盘，允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权河北师范大学可以将学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索， 可以采用影印、缩印或其它复制手段保存、汇编学位论文。 （保密的学位论文在 年解密后适用本授权书） 论文作者（签名） ： 指导教师（签名） ： 年 月 日 年 月 日 1chapter 1 introduction 1.1 aims of the research this thesis is intended to investigate lin yutangs translation of six chapters of a floating life1 from the perspective of translation norms to explore the adequacy and acceptability in the translation. the factors outside of the text, including the social background, the ideology, the status of the translation, lin yutangs translation theories and his intention, which were influential on his translation are to be discussed. the research focuses on the translation of the cultural phenomena. 1.2 significance of the research the researches on lin yutang have become more and more prosperous because he was one of the most important persons who introduced chinese culture to the western countries. it is necessary to investigate the reasons why he gained the success and the factors affecting his translation. the significance of the present research lies in two aspects. firstly, it attempts to apply tourys theory of translation norms to the study on the specific translation phenomena in lin yutangs translation of six chapters of a floating life. it analyzes the translation from macro perspectives of society, culture, history, ideology, translators intention and translation theory in a descriptive way. secondly, by analyzing the translation, this research may be helpful to further the researches on lin yutangs other translations and especially the researches from the perspective of translation norms in the original and target societies. 1.3 methodology of the research 1 six chapters of a floating life，whose original chinese title is “浮生六记” was written by shen fu, a scholar in the qing dynasty. it was translated by linyutang and published in west wind monthly (西风月刊) and tien hsia monthly (天下月刊) with the title of six chapters of a floating life. 2this thesis adopts descriptive methods and applies translation norms to the analysis of the choices of the source text and the translation strategies. initial norms are applied to the analysis of the choice of adequacy or acceptability. in order to guarantee the translation text to enter the target society successfully, it is necessary for the translator to adhere to the target norms. that is acceptability. the translator also has to conform to the norms of source society in order to introduce his native culture to the target readers. that is adequacy. in order to realize acceptability and adequacy, two sets of translation strategies: foreignization and domestication are adopted accordingly. many translation cases are quoted to analyze the translators translation strategies. 1.4 structure of the thesis there are seven chapters in this thesis. chapter 1 presents an introduction to the aims, significance, methodology of the research and structure of the thesis. chapter 2 is literature review which presents the origin of translation norms from itamar even-zohars poly-system to tourys descriptive translation study in which two choices - descriptive or prescriptive, target orientation or source orientation are discussed. in the last part of this chapter, researches on lin yutangs translation of six chapters of a floating life are presented. chapter 3 discusses the adequacy and acceptability in the initial norms of tourys translation norms. chapter 4 discusses lin yutangs translation from the perspective of adequacy. the conditions of adequacy are analyzed, including the social background, the ideology, the translators theory of loyalty and the translators intention. chapter 5 discusses lin yutangs translation from the perspective of acceptability. the conditions of acceptability are analyzed from the translations status and the translators translation theory of smoothness and aesthetics. chapter 6 analyzes the strategies which lin yutang adopted by discussing some 3translated words, phrases, sentences and paragraphs. the strategies include domestication and foreignization. chapter 7 is the conclusion of the thesis. 4chapter 2 literature review 2.1 researches on translation norms 2.1.1 itamar even-zohars poly-system the term “poly-system” was first introduced by itamar even-zohar as the congregation of literary system which includes everything from “high” forms like poetry to “low” forms like childrens literature. poly-system refers to correlated systems including literary and extra-literary in order to interpret the function of writings in a culture from authorized texts to non-authorized texts. in the poly-system, all the literary subsystems compete with each other constantly, struggling to get to the central status. as a result, the whole system evolves. even-zohar incorporated translation into the model and developed the historic poetics. according to even-zohar, it is necessary to include translated literature in the poly-system. this is rarely done, but no observer of the history of any literature can avoid recognizing as an important fact the impact of translations and their role in the synchrony and diachrony of a certain literature. (even-zohar, 1978:15) after he had observed the translations position in varying systems, even-zohar tried to discover the relationship between translated literature and its poly-system in two aspects: “(1) how texts to be translated are selected by the receiving culture and (2) how translated texts adopt certain norms and auctions as a result of their relation to other target language systems.” (edwin gentziler, 2004:117) according to even-zohar, the receiving poly-system governs the selection of texts to be translated and the strategies to be adopted because the texts have to be compatible with the new forms demanded by a poly-system in order to get a complete, dynamic identity. thus, the texts to be translated are governed by social and literal conditions of the target culture. 5the influence of the position of the translated literature over translation norms is that when the translated literature occupies the first position, the boundary between translated texts and original ones almost disappears and the concept of translation turns widened including versions, imitated texts, adapted texts and so on. the function of translated literature is to bring new texts into the target culture and change the current relations. the translated literature tends to imitate the forms of original works. if the form of translated texts is too alienated from original, they will run into the danger of not being accepted by literary system of target culture. while, if the translated texts are accepted successfully, it will act as primary literature. on the contrary, if translation occupies the secondary place in a poly-system, the translators try to use the existed models and comply with the aesthetic norms in the receiving culture with the original forms changed. (ibid., 118) the advantage of even-zohars poly-system is that it takes its own augmentation into consideration and combines study of literature with social and economic factors. “even-zohar used the term poly just to allow for such elaboration and complexity without having to limit the number of relations and interconnections.” (ibid., 119) even-zohars work is valuable for translation theory because he paid more attention to the role of translation in a literary system. 2.1.2 translation norms in the history of translation, the questions on what the correct, accurate, and well-formed translation is have aroused much attention of translators, for correctness, accuracy, and good form are the criteria to assess the quality of a translated text. because there are not agreed concepts of these terms, they have different meanings according to different understandings of different translation schools. different approaches focus on different aspects from different angles. one of the affirmed conceptions is norms. norms are a kind of very important concept in the translation study of tel aviv school2. they make abstracted summary and explain how 2 tel aviv school is named for the translation theorists who work in tel aviv university. it first takes the macro-factors such as politics, economy, culture, and so on into consideration besides the text itself. even-zohar 6translators make their choices and decisions. bartsch defines norms as “the social reality of correctness of notions: the correctness of notions exist in a community by being the contents of norms”. (christina schaffner, 1999:1) that means norms are a set of knowledge about what is socially and culturally correct and appropriate behavior. norm theory was introduced into many other fields such as linguistics, semiotics, literary studies, and so on. according to toury, norms are competing with each other. there are three types of norms in a society, each of which has its own followers and its own position. the ones that occupy the central position and give direction to translation behavior are called mainstream norms. the ones that used to occupy central position now only leave the remnants of previous norms. and some new ones still stay in the rudimentary stage. in translation they are called trendy, old-fashioned, and progressive respectively. from the1950s, the study on translation norms can be divided into three categories: the study on translation norms from traditional linguistics, the study on translation norms from text-linguistics and the study on translation norms from translation studies. here we will focus on the school of translation studies. the scholars of translation studies who have contributed a lot to translation norms are toury in israel, and chesterman in finland. here they will be discussed respectively. toury is one of the leading figures in the study of translation norms. he advanced the study of translation norms by adopting the descriptive and target-oriented approaches in study translation. he insisted that translation was an activity full of integration of choices which were determined by social and cultural constrains. (toury, 2001:54) these constrains are called translation norms. toury defined translation norms as follows: the translation of general values or ideas shared by a certain community-as to what is right and wrong, adequate and inadequate-into specific performance instructions appropriate for and applicable to particular situations, specifying what is prescribed and toury are mainly the representatives. 7and forbidden as well as what is tolerated and permitted in a certain behavioral dimension. (ibid., 55) according to toury, translation norms are divided into three categories which are operated not only on the level of translated text but also in translating activity. the three kinds are preliminary norms, initial norms and operational norms. (ibid., 58) preliminary norms concern translation policy and directness of translation. translation policy deals with the factors governing the choice of types of text or certain individual text to be imported by means of translation into a particular language or culture at a particular time. and directness of translation deals with the factors governing the choice of translating from ultimate source or from existing translated text into another language. (ibid., 58) initial norms deal with the translators choice of following the norms of source culture or the norms of target culture. as is known, translation concerns at least two languages, two cultures, two sets of norms. a translator either follows the norms of source culture or follows the norms of target culture. if the source norms are obeyed, the text thus produced tends to be an adequate translation remaining the most characteristics of source text and incompatible with target norms. toury calls it adequacy. as for the second case, the translator tends to subject himself or herself to the norms of target text, language, and culture. the text thus produced tends to be an acceptable translation making it very different from the source text. toury calls it acceptability. (ibid., 58) operational norms govern the decisions made in the process of translation. they not only determine the make-ups of the translated text on a macro level, for example, the arrangement of chapters, but also determine the make-ups of the text and verbal formulation. operational norms can be further divided into matricial norms and textural norms. matricial norms determine the macro-structure such as remaining or rejecting the segmentation of the source text, while the textural norms deal with selection of material to form the translated text on micro-level. (ibid., 58) 8among the three norms, the initial norms gain a central position compared with the other two and initial norms have priority over particular norms. the reason is that initial norms are an explanatory tool for the particular ones and there is no necessity for every specific decision to accord with initial norms because the absolute regularities do not exist. (ibid., 57) chesterman (1999) brings various propositions of translation in different periods into a macro-structure, discussing norms from social, ethnical and technical perspectives. he classified translation norms into two categories: expectancy norms (also called product norms) and professional norms (process norms). the study of translation norms by the scholars of translation study supplies a theoretical structure and an instrument for explaining the reasons why the translator adopts such strategies and made such decisions. translation norms widen the study fields and turn the directions from prescriptive approach to descriptive approach, from source text orientation to target-text orientation, from intra-textual study to extra-textual study, such as readers expectation, ideology, social background, translators cultural orientation. the study of translation norms als