SCI论文写作英文ppt课件.ppt

SecretstoWritingBetterScientificArticles,TomLangTomLangCommunicationsandTraining,1,ForMoreInformation,HowToReportStatisticsinMedicineAnnotatedGuidelinesforAuthors,Editors,andReviewers,2ndEditionThomasALang&MichelleSecicAmericanCollegeofPhysicians,2006,2,ForMoreInformation,HowtoWrite,Publish,andPresentintheHealthSciencesAGuideforPhysiciansandLaboratoryResearchersTomLangAmericanCollegeofPhysicians,2009,3,Sciencecannotexistwithoutwriting!,Speechandpicturesarenotenough!PublishingisthefinalstageofresearchEvidence-basedmedicineisliterature-basedmedicine,4,Thetruthnoonetoldyou.,Ifyouhavechosentobecomearesearcher,youhavechosentobecomeawriter!,5,Whatisthemostimportantpartofascientificarticle?,6,Whatisthemostimportantpartofascientificarticle?TheTitleThepartmostoftenreadOftentheonlypartreadThekeylinkbetweentheresearchandthereader,7,Whichpartusuallyhasthemosterrors?,8,Whichpartusuallyhasthemosterrors?TheReferencesReferencestaketimetoformatcorrectlyErrorsinreferencesindicatelackofattentiontodetail,9,Whichpartisusuallytheweakest?,10,Whichpartisusuallytheweakest?TheDiscussionYouhavetodecidewhatyourresultsmeanYouhavetotellhowyourresultssupportordifferfromotherresults,11,WhatJournalEditorsWant,ManuscriptsthatfollowtheInstructionsforAuthors!,12,MulfordLibrary,MedicalCollegeofOhioLinkstoInstructionsforAuthorsformostbiomedicaljournals/instr/TheEQUATORNetworkLinkstoreportingrequirementsfordifferenttypesofresearch/,13,Editorswanttopublishresearchthatis:NewTrueImportantClearlyReported,14,TopicsofthisLecture,Howtowritebetter:TitlesIntroductionsTablesandGraphsDiscussions,15,HowtoWriteBetterTitles,TitleshelpreadersfindanddecidewhethertoreadthefullarticleTitleshelpreadersNOTreadthearticleifitwillNOTbeofinterestIdentifywhatwasstudied,notwhatwasfound,16,Remember:“SPICED”Setting(location)Patients(whatwasstudied)Intervention(treatment)Comparator(controlgroup)Endpoint(outcomeofinterest)Design(studydesign),17,OriginalARandomizedTrialofLow-Air-LossBedsforTreatmentofPressureUlcers72charactersandspacesRevisedLow-Air-LossBedsvs.FoamMattressesforTreatingPressureUlcersinNursingHomePatients:ARandomizedTrial111charactersandspaces,18,HowtoWriteBetterIntroductions,Biomedicalscientistsare:ResearchersWritersTheserolesrequiredifferentskills,19,20,Inanareaofscience.ScientistsfindaproblemStudytheproblemasresearchersAnd,aswriters,reporttheirresultsinarticles,21,22,The4-PartIntroduction1.Backgroundstatement:providestheinformationneededtounderstandtheproblemandtheresearch2.Problemstatement:describesthenature,extent,severity,orimportanceoftheproblemthatstimulatedtheresearch,23,The4-PartIntroduction3.Actionstatement:givestheresearchquestion,hypothesis,approach,oractivitiesundertakentoinvestigatetheproblem4.Forecastingstatement:tellsreaderswhattheywillfindiftheycontinuetoread,24,Part1:BackgroundStatement,“Inpatientswithatheroscleroticvasculardisease,aspirinisrecommendedtopreventmyocardialinfarctionandgraftocclusion.”,25,Part2:ProblemStatement,“However,aspirinisalsoassociatedwithbleeding.Patientsareoftenaskedtostoptakingaspirinbeforebronchoscopy,toreducetheriskofbleeding.Theeffectivenessofthispracticehasneverbeentested.”,26,Part3:ActionStatement,“Thus,wewantedtodeterminewhetheraspirinincreasestheriskofbleedingafterbronchoscopy.”,27,Part4:ForecastingStatement,“Here,wedescribeourstudyinwhichwecomparedthenumberandseverityofbleedingeventsinpatientstakingaspirinwiththosewhowerenotanddeterminedthataspirindoesnotincreasetheriskofbleeding.”,28,ProblemswithIntroductionsWeakbackgroundandproblemstatementsManyauthorsassumereaderswillknow:1)Whatproblemwasstudied2)Whytheproblemisimportant,29,HowtoWriteBetterResultsSections,SummarizethestudyinadiagramPutyourresultsintablesandfiguresTakethetimetomakegoodtablesandfigures,30,31,MakingGoodTablesandGraphs,Whatlevelofdetaildoyouneedtoshow?Willreaderswantanalyticalorreferenceinformation?Willreaderswanttoseeexactvaluesorpatternsinthevalues?,32,1.Whatlevelofdetaildoyouneedtoshow?,Focusingreadersattentionon:IndividualvaluesGroupsofvaluesComparisonsbetweenvaluesorgroups,33,34,35,ComparisonsbetweenGroups,36,MakingGoodTablesandGraphs,2.Willreaderswantanalyticalorreferenceinformation?Analytical:organizethedataReference:organizetheheadings,37,AnAnalyticalTable,38,AReferenceTable,39,MakingGoodTablesandGraphs,3.Willreaderswanttoseeexactvaluesorpatternsinthevalues?ReadersseevaluesfasterandmoreaccuratelyintablesReadersseepatternsofvaluesfasterandmoreaccuratelyingraphs,40,ExactValuesorPatternsintheValues,41,MakingGoodTablesandGraphs,Whatlevelofdetaildoyouneedtoshow?Willreaderswantanalyticalorreferenceinformation?Willreaderswanttoseeexactvaluesorpatternsinthevalues?,42,TablesandHowtoDesignThem,43,PrinciplesofTableDesign,TablesusedtorecorddatamaynotbegoodforcommunicatingdataPlacevaluestobecomparedside-by-side,ifpossible,44,45,46,PrinciplesofTableDesign,Roundnumbersto2significantdigits,unlessmoreprecisionisnecessary,47,PrinciplesofTableDesign,Keepthedataconsistentwithcolumnandrowheadings,48,PrinciplesofTableDesign,Keepthedataconsistentwithcolumnandrowheadings,49,PrinciplesofTableDesign,Donotleavecellsempty:indicatethatthecellcontainsnovaluewithanellipsis(.),50,PrinciplesofTableDesign,Considerhighlightingimportantvalues,51,PrinciplesofTableDesign,Aligndata,symbols,andtextconsistentlywithincolumns.,52,ConsiderGivingTotals,53,ConsiderGivingTotals,54,GraphsandHowtoDesignThem,55,56,57,543210,05101520,58,543210,05101520,59,PrinciplesofGraphDesign,Indicatethezero-zeropointBreakscalelinesandthedatafieldwhenthescaledoesnotstartatzero,60,61,PrinciplesofGraphDesign,Emphasizethedataoverotherelementsinthegraph,62,Emphasizethedata!,63,PrinciplesofGraphDesign,Whenpossible,presentcomparisonsoflengthagainstacommonbaseline,64,LengthonaCommonBaseline,65,FromBarChartstoDotorBoxCharts,66,HowtoMakeaDotChart,67,ProblemswithGraphs,Donotusea3-dimensionalgraphtoshow2-dimensionaldata,68,69,70,HowtoWriteBetterDiscussionsSummarizethestudyandthemainresults.InterpretandexplaintheresultsTellhowyourresultssupportordifferfromotherresults:reviewtheliterature,71,SuggesthowtheresultsmightbegeneralizedDiscusstheimplicationsoftheresultsStatethelimitationsofthestudyListtheconclusions,72,ConclusionsWeconcludethatTamoxifenreducedtheincidenceofDMH-inducedcoloncancerinrats.WealsoshowedthatDMHinducedtheexpressionofestrogenreceptorsincolonicmucosa,butthatthenumberofestrogenreceptorsinthecolonicmucosawasnotcorrelatedwith