《专业英语基本介绍》PPT课件.ppt

张志勇生命科技学院，生理生化教研室,EnglishCourseforBiotechnology,共勉,知识永远是死物，如果说你具备多少知识就代表你拥有多少能力，那么这世界将失去变数，而没有变数的世界就如精确的逻辑，就没有了思想，没有了灵魂，也就没有了激情。如果你不将你学到的知识系统融会贯通变成你的一种习惯与本能，那么你永远只有感触而没有收获。,课程基本要求,了解专业英语的文体特征了解专业英语文献的阅读方法能够较好地用英语描述科技知识和理解本专业用英语描述的科技知识(翻译）通过专业英语学习巩固专业知识学习英语科技文章写作的基本知识学习和掌握英文摘要和个人简历的写作方法,翻译（translation）,Translatingisrendingfromonelanguageintoanother,i.e.thefaithfulrepresentationinonelanguageofwhatiswrittenorsaidinanotherlanguage.Themainprinciplesoftranslationarefaithfulness,expressivenessandelegance(信、达、雅)whichwerefirstproposedbyYanFu.,Ifshehadlonglosttheblue-eyed,flower-likecharm,thecoolslimpurityoffaceandform,theapple-blossomcoloring,whichhadsoswiftlyandsooddlyaffectedAshursttwenty-sixyearsago,shewasstillatforty-threeacomelyandfaithfulcompanion,whosecheekswerefaintlymottled,andwhosegray-blueeyeshadacquiredacertainfullness.(JohnGalsworthy高尔斯华绥,1867-1933,英国小说家,剧作家,曾获得1933年诺贝尔文学奖),Continued,26年前，她那有着蔚蓝色眼睛的、鲜花一般的魅力，那脸庞和身材冰清玉洁、婀娜多姿的风韵，还有那苹果花似的颜色，曾经是那么猝不及防地、莫名其妙地使艾舍斯特怦然心动。而今这一切虽然早已失去，43岁的她依然是一个面目娇好、忠实可靠的伴侣，只是两颊已出现淡淡的斑痕，灰蓝色的眼睛也添了几分饱满和成熟。,描述客观事实、现象和过程；科学理论、原理和概念等传递内容量大、信息丰富追求行文简洁、结构紧凑注重逻辑严密、层次分明和重点突出,科技英语文体特征,词汇分类,技术词antibody,gene,adenine,plasmid次技术词power,factor,key,mouse普通词汇,Attentiontosub-technicalwords,Resistance：反抗，抵抗，电阻，阻尼Work：工作，功，工程，工事Coat：外衣，镀层Horse：马，支架，铁杆Eye：眼，孔环Ear：耳，吊钩,词汇特征（一）,希腊语和拉丁语词源vacuum,motor,chromosome,chlorophyll选用正式程度高的词汇accomplish/do,optimum/best单个动词代替短语/词组absorb/takein,eliminate/getridof,SpecializationoftheWordsinCommonUseForexample，template(刻印模版，patternorgaugeusu.Athinboardormentalplateusedasaguideincuttingordrillingmetal,wood,etc.新义(遗传）：“遗传密码载体分子”（amoleculeinabiologicalsystemthatcarriersthegeneticcodeforanothermacromolecule,词汇特征（二）,Anneal:toheatandthencool(assteelorglass)usuallyforsofteningandmakinglessbrittle;also:tocoolslowlyusuallyinafurnacetoheatandthencool(double-strandednucleicacid)inordertoseparatestrandsandinducecombinationatlowertemperaturewithcomplementarystrands,Denature:todepriveofnaturalqualities:changethenatureof:tomake(alcohol)unfitfordrinking(asbyaddinganobnoxioussubstance)withoutimpairingusefulnessforotherpurposestomodifythemolecularstructureof(asaproteinorDNA)especiallybyheat,acid,alkali,orultravioletradiationsoastodestroyordiminishsomeoftheoriginalpropertiesandespeciallythespecificbiologicalactivity,Blast:aviolentgustofwind;aforcefulhit(asinbaseball)orshot(asinsoccerorgolf)etc.BasicLocalAlignmentSearchTool-theproteinandnucleicacidsequencesearchenginedevelopedatNCBIthatallowsyoutosearchsequencedatabases.,OneWordwithMultipleMeaningsForexample,“transmission”,inradioengineering,itmeans“传送”or“播送”;inmechanics,itmeans“传动”or“变速”;inphysics,itmeans“透射”;inmedicine,itmeans“遗传”,etc.,词汇特征（二）,使用科技长句的倾向较多的使用名词化结构常用It句型结构被动语态的广泛使用,语法特征,使用科技长句的倾向,Themethodnormallyemployedforfreeelectronicstobeproducedinelectrontubesisthermionicemission,inwhichadvantageistakenofthefactthat,ifasolidbodyisheatedsufficiently,someoftheelectronsthatitcontainswillescapefromitssurface.固体加热到足够温度时，它所含的电子就会有一部分离开固体表面飞逸到周围的空气中去，这种现象称热离子放射；通常，电子管就利用这种现象产生自由电子。,使用科技长句的倾向,Behavioristssuggestthatthechildwhoisraisedinanenvironmentwheretherearemanystimuliwhichdevelophisorhercapacityforappropriateresponseswillexperiencegreaterintellectualdevelopment.行为主义者认为,如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素,这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展,那么,儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。,较多的使用名词化结构,Presently,mosttransgenicanimalsaredesignedtoassistresearchersinthediagnosisandtreatmentofhumandiseases.Archimedsfirstdiscoveredtheprincipleofdisplacementofwaterbysolidbodies.Ifyouusefirebricksroundthewallsoftheboiler,theheatlosscanbeconsiderablyreduced.Therotationoftheearthonitsownaxiscausesthechangefromdaytonight,较多的使用名词化结构,makeuseof（利用）,payattentionto（注意）,Obtainsupportfrom（得到支持）,Keepwatchover（密切注视）,Makeaclaimto（主张）,havealookat,givenoevidenceof（不足以说明）,takewarningfrom（从中引以为戒）withaviewto(根据),inaccordancewith(依照),forlackof(缺少),inproportionto(成比例),onaccountof(基于原因),bymeansof(凭借),attheexpenseof(由负担),常用It句型结构,Itisevidentthatawell-lubricatedbearingturnsmoreeasilythanadryone.显然Itseemsthatthesetwobranchesofsciencearemutuallydependentandinteracting.看来ItislikelythatmanynewinsightsalsowillemergefromtheclosestudyofthelargesectionsofDNAthathavenotyetbeenassignedafunction.可能,被动语态的广泛使用,被动语态的广泛使用（by表示行为的方式、手段和原因，而非执行者）TwoDNAstrandsareheldtogetherbybondsbetweenthebases;theseconstitutebasepairs.Oftenthesizeofagenomeisreferredtobyitsnumberofbasepairs.,被动语态的广泛使用,Greateffortsshouldbemadetoinformyoungpeopleespeciallythedreadfulconsequencesoftakingupthehabit.应该尽最大努力告诫年轻人吸烟的危害,特别是吸上烟瘾后的可怕后果Manystrangenewmeansoftransporthavebeendevelopedinourcentury,thestrangestofthembeingperhapsthehovercraft.在我们这个世纪内研制了许多新奇的交通工具,其中最奇特的也许就是气垫船了。,被动语态的广泛使用,Inchemistry,symbolsareusedrepresentelements.化学用符号代表元素。Thefullmeaningofcloningwillbefeltonlywhenwegetthetasteofabuse.只有当我们尝到克隆被滥用的恶果之后，我们才会彻底明白其价值所在Gasesarefrequentlyregardedascompressible,liquidasincompressible.人们通常认为气体是可以压缩的，而其体则不可以压缩。,被动语态的广泛使用,Officialfromthenationalaeronauticsandspaceadministrationsaid300researchersinindustry;governmentandeducationwouldbepermittedtousethesystem.获准Theworldhealthorganizationestimatesthat1.7billionpeopleareinfectedwithMycobacteriumtuberculosis.感染上了ThebasictheoryofthetraditionalChinesemedicineisadoptedfromthetheoryofyinandyangtheoryofthefiveelements.取自,用分词短语代替状语从句ThegreatlyincreasedsensitivityandspeedofthePCRtechnique,ascomparedwithtraditionalmethods,allowsearlierinterventionandtreatment.用动词不定式短语作定语或表示目的或结果的状语ArecentresulttocomefromworkassociatedwiththeHGPisthediscoveryofthemolecularmechanismthatunderliesthephenomenonthatscientistscallgeneticanticipation.用形容词短语或介词短语代替关系从句Itisbecomingincreasinglyclearthatmoleculartechniquesarepowerfulwaystostudymanyquestionsinbiology,fromquestionsaboutdevelopmenttothoseaboutevolution.,常使用非限定动词或其短语和介词短语,通常使用现在时态,Ageneisspecificsequ