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关键词：: PE250-400 复摆鄂式破碎机设计 cad图纸

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PE250-400复摆鄂式破碎机设计

51页 16000字数+说明书+中期报告+开题报告+7张CAD图纸

A0动颚部分.dwg

A0装配图.dwg

A1动颚.dwg

A3皮带轮.dwg

A3轴套.dwg

A3轴承端盖.dwg

A4推力板.dwg

PE250-400复摆鄂式破碎机设计开题报告.doc

PE250-400复摆鄂式破碎机设计论文.doc

中期报告.doc

实习报告.doc

翻译--数控技术和装备发展趋势及对策.doc

摘要

　　　在建筑材料生产中，粉碎作业是很重要的过程。粉碎作业的情况直接关系着产品质量和产品成本。建材工业中采用的粉碎方法，主要是用机械力来粉碎矿石。

　　　经调研由于颚式破碎机具有结构简单、制造容易、维护方便、工作可靠等特点。所以，世界各国在冶金、化工、建筑材料、矿工等基础工业部门都广泛采用这种设备。为了提高颚式破碎机的使用效果，许多国家在结构上、破碎功能上做了些改进和发展。

　　　设计内容主要包括了复摆颚式破碎机的动颚、偏心轴、皮带轮、地基、动颚齿板、机架等一些重要部件；另外对颚式破碎机的工作原理及特点和主要部件作了介绍，包括保险装置、调整装置、机架结构、润滑装置等；同时对机器参数（主轴转速、生产能力、破碎力、功率等）作了计算以及对偏心轴作了设计。此外也简单介绍了破碎的意义、破碎工艺和破碎比的计算，颚式破碎机的主要部件的安装、颚式破碎机的操作及维修等。

关键词: 颚式破碎机主轴转速破碎力

Abstract

In construction material production, it is an important course to crush the homework. Crush the situation direct relation product quality of the homework and cost of goods. The method of crushing to adopt in the building materials industry, mainly crush the ore with mechanical force.

Because Jaw type breaker have the simple structure to making easy maintaining convenient ,working reliable such as being by investigation and research. So the countries all over the word adopt this kind of equipment extensively in such basic industrial departments as metallurgy chemical industay construction material miner etc .In order to improvement and development functionally in brokenness.

　　　 The content of this design totally include jaw crusher’s move jaw, eccentric shaft, belt pulley, ground , toothed rack of move jaw, rack and some important components; in other we introduced the principle of jaw crusher , Features of jaw crusher and important components, included insurance unit , adjustment unit, rack structure ,lubrication unit and so on. At the same time, we computed parameter of the machine (the speed of main axle, Productivity, the strength of stave power and so on ) and designed the eccentric shaf . Further more, we simply introduced the significance of stave ,stave technology and the computation of stave strength , Installation of the main components in jaw crusher , the operation and maintenance of jaw crusher and so on.

.Key words: jaw crasher the speed of main axle

the strength of stave power

1 绪论5

1.1 物料破碎及其意义5

1.1.1 破碎的目的5

1.1.2 破碎工艺6

1.2 破碎物料的性能及破碎比8

1.2.1 粒度及其表示方法8

1.2.2 破碎产品的粒级特性9

1.2.3 矿石的破碎及力学性能10

1.2.4 破碎机的破碎比11

1.3复摆颚式破碎机特点12

1.4复摆颚式破碎机的基本结构和工作原理15

1.4.1 基本结构15

1.4.2 工作原理16

2 主要零部件的结构分析18

2.1 动颚18

2.1.1 动颚的结构18

2.1.2 动颚工作过程分析18

2.2 齿板20

2.3 肘板（推力板）21

2.4 调整装置22

2.5 保险装置23

2.6 传动件24

2.7 飞轮24

2.8 润滑装置25

3 复摆颚式破碎机的主要参数设计计算26

3.1主要参数的设定26

3.1.1已知条件26

3.1.2啮角26

3.1.3 传动角28

3.1.4 动颚水平行程和偏心轴的偏心距28

3.1.5 主要构件尺寸的确定29

3.1.6 破碎腔的形状30

3.2主要参数的计算32

3.2.1 动颚的摆动次数（偏心轴的转速）32

3.2.2 生产能力34

3.2.3 破碎力35

3.2.4 功率36

4 各个部件的受力分析37

5 重要零件的设计和校核39

5.1 电动机的选型39

5.2 推力板的设计39

5.3 V带传动设计40

5.4 飞轮的设计43

5.5 偏心轴主要尺寸的确定44

6 颚式破碎机的使用与维修46

6.1颚式破碎机的使用46

6.2颚式破碎机的维护47

结论49

致谢50

参考文献51

3 复摆颚式破碎机的主要参数设计计算

3.1主要参数的设定

　　3.1.1已知条件

　　　根据毕业设计的要求，已知条件如下：

　　　进料口尺寸：；

　　　出料口尺寸：；

　　　进料块最大尺寸：；

　　　生产能力：。

1 绪论

1.1 物料破碎及其意义

　　　从矿山开采出来的矿石称为原矿。原矿是由矿物与脉石组成的，露天矿井开采出来的原矿其最大粒度一般在之间，地下矿开采出来的原矿最大粒度一般在之间，这些原矿不能直接在工业中应用，必须经过破碎和磨矿作业，使其粒度达到规定的要求、破碎是指将块状矿石变成粒度大于产品的作业，小于粒度的产品是通过磨碎作业完成的。

1.1.1 破碎的目的

　　（1）制备工业用碎石

　　　大块石料经破碎筛分后，可得到各种不同要求粒度的碎石。这些碎石可制备成混凝土。它们在建筑、水电等行业中广泛应用。铁路路基建造中也需要大量的碎石。

　　（2）使矿石中的有用矿物分离

　　　矿石有单金属和多金属，而且原矿多为品位较低的矿石。将原矿破碎后，可以使有用金属与矿石中的脉石和有害杂质分离，作为选矿的原料，除去杂质而得到高品位的精矿。

　　（3）为磨矿提供原料

　　　磨矿工艺所需粒度大于的原料，是由破碎产品提供的。例如在炼焦厂、烧结厂、制团厂、粉末冶金、水泥等部门中，都是由破碎工艺提供原料，再通过磨碎使产品达到要求的粒度和粉末状态。　

1.1.2 破碎工艺

　　　最终破碎粒度是根据产品的用途确定的。需要进行磨矿作业的矿石，应考虑到破碎与磨矿总成本较低来确定破碎产品的粒度。一般较适宜的粒度为。把原矿粒度与破碎产品的粒度的比，称为总破碎比，若露天矿开采出来的原矿粒度为则破碎作业的总破碎比的范围为：　　　　　　

　　　一台破碎机只能在一定限度的破碎比下才有合理的结构，才能最有效地工作，因此使一台破碎机达到这样的破碎比是很有困难的。各种破碎机的破碎比范围见表1-1。可见，要把原矿破碎到需要的粒度，必须将若干台破碎机串连进行分段破碎。总破碎比等于各段破碎比的乘积、为了发挥串联破碎机的破碎能力，不使小块矿石进入破碎机反复进行破碎，因此将破碎与筛分有机结合，构成合理的破碎工艺流程。

　　　表1-1 各类破碎机的破碎比

　　　破碎机型式　　　流程类型　　　破碎比范围

颚式破碎机的旋回破碎机　　　开路　　　35

　　　标准圆锥破碎机　　　开路　　　35

标准圆锥破碎机（中型）　　　闭路　　　48

　　　短圆锥破碎机　　　开路　　　36

　　　短圆锥破碎机　　　闭路　　　48

　　　机架即机座，实际上是个上下开口的四方斗，主要用作支承偏心轴和承受破碎物料的反作用力，因此要求具有足够强度，一般采用铸钢整体铸造，规格小的可用优质铸铁代替。大型破碎机的机架由分段铸成后再用螺栓装配在一起，铸造工艺较为复杂。自制的小型颚式破碎机可用40～50毫米厚的钢板焊成，但其钢度不如铸钢好。

　　　颚板包括活动颚板和固定颚板，各与颚床组成活动颚和固定颚。颚板用楔形铁块和螺栓固定在颚床表面，保护颚床不受磨损。固定颚的颚床就是机架，活动颚的颚床悬挂在偏心轴上，由于它直接承受对石料的挤压作用力，所以必需有足够的强度和刚度活动颚床一般用铸铁或铸钢制造。颚板直接和石块接触，除承受挤压和冲击力外，尚与石块强烈摩擦，因此要求用高强度且耐磨的材料制造。常用的是铸锰钢颚板，其铸钢含锰量为12～14%左右。若条件受限制时，可用白口铸铁代替，但容易磨损和折断，使用寿命不长。为了有效地破碎石料，颚板表面常铸成波浪形和牙形，其齿峰角度一般为90°～110°，齿高和齿距视出料粒度和产量要求而定。齿形高齿距小，则出料粒度小，产量低，动力消耗大。一般齿高和齿距之比为1/2～1/3之间。由于复摆式的特点造成颚板底部比上部磨损快，所以颚板往往做成上下对称形状，以便磨损后能倒置安装，延长使用寿命。

　　　颚式破碎机的优点是生产率高，结构简单可靠，破碎比较大（一般为6～8），外形尺寸较小，零件检查和更换较容易，操作维护简便，不用较高技术水平的工人就能够操作，应用范围广，与其他类型破碎机比较，不容易堵塞。因此工程中普遍采用它来破碎各种硬度92500公斤/厘米以下）的石料，常作粗碎和中碎设备。一般用于破碎极限抗压强度不才超过2000公斤/厘米的石料时效果较好。其缺点是不宜破碎片状石料，工作间歇、有空转冲程，需要很大的摆动体，增加非生产能量的消耗，破碎可塑性和潮湿的物料时，容易堵塞出料口。由于工作时产生很大的惯性力，机体摆动大，工作不平稳，冲击，振动及噪音较大。因此须安装在比机器自重大五倍以上的混凝图基础上，并须采取隔振措施。大型破碎机还应安装在埋设于基础上的刚梁上。

　　　颚式破碎机的最大装料块度应比装料口宽度小15～20%，即给料的最大石块不应超过装料口的0.85倍。当用颚式破碎机破碎坚硬而光滑的大砾石时，砾石容易从装料口反跳出来，故破碎天然砾石的生产率不及破碎采来块石的生产率高。

　　　使用颚式破碎机时，必须注意由于机器是在工作条件恶劣情况下运转的，除了必须严守操作规程和维修保养制度外，还必须及时发现并修复被磨损的零部件，这是提高机器作业的重要措施。

1.4复摆颚式破碎机的基本结构和工作原理

　　　1.4.1 基本结构

　　　如图1-2所示为复摆颚式破碎机。电动机10通过小带轮及V 带，将运动给大带轮14，从而带动偏心轴13转动。动颚5上部内孔两端的双列球面滚子轴承支承在偏心轴上。偏心轴外侧轴颈装有支座主轴承，主轴承外圈与机架12上的镗孔配合，并用螺栓固定在机架上。在偏心轴两外端部分别装有大带轮14与飞轮9，以调整破碎机工作时主轴运转速度的波动。动颚的下部由推力板1支撑，推力板（即肘板）的另一端支承在与机架12的后壁相连的楔铁调整机构3上。可在由机架1侧壁上两凸台机构成的滑道中滑动。当需要调整排料口尺寸时，只要调整楔铁上的螺栓，使楔铁上下移动，带动调整座在滑道中前后移动即可完成。

　　　推力板4的两端头为同心圆弧的圆柱面，且中部较两端薄些。其两端头圆弧与动颚5和调整座3上的“II”型衬垫接触，在破碎机工作时，两者间为纯滚动，以提高机械运转的机械效率并延长零件的使用寿命。

　　　由于推力板与肘板衬垫间为非几何锁合，而是靠动颚的重量实现重力锁合，因此在机器运转时，由于动颚产生的惯性载荷，会使推力板与其衬垫周期分离而产生冲击响声，严重时甚至会使推力板从其两端衬垫中脱落。因此在动颚下端有一跟拉杆通过机架上的弹簧拉杆2拉住动颚，使推力板与衬垫始终保持贴合状态。6.2颚式破碎机的维护

　　　日常维护有以下几个方面：

　　　1．检查轴承的发热情况。对滚动轴承其温度不超过70℃。若超过规定的温度，应立即停车检查和排除故障。

　　　2．检查润滑系统是否正常，齿轮油泵的工作无撞击声，观察油压表的数值，检查油箱中的油量润滑系统是否漏油，若发现以上各种情况不正常，应及时处理。动颚悬挂轴承和肘板肘关处，用电动或手动干油泵润滑应定期注油。用黄油杯加油，大约每隔40~50min加油一次。肘板的肘头每隔3—4h滴入一次机油。

　　　3．检查回油中是否含有金属粉末等污物，若有污物，应停车拆开轴承等部位检查。

　　　4．检查各部位螺栓和飞轮键等联接键有无松动现象。

　　　5．检查齿轮板和传动部件的磨损情况，拉杆弹簧是否正常。

　　　6．经常保持设备清洁，做到无积灰、无油污、不漏油、不漏水、不漏电、不漏灰，特别注意不让灰尘进入润滑系统和润滑部位。

　　　7．定期清洗过滤冷却器，洗净后应待完全晒干方可继续使用。

　　　8．定期更换油箱内的润滑油，一般半年更换一次。

结论

　　颚式破碎机是比较常用的破碎设备，本设计主要是对PE250400动颚和传动部分进行设计。包括其主要零件的设计，同时介绍了颚式破碎机的安装、使用及修理等。

　　　本设计是复摆颚式破碎机，通过设计可以得出复摆颚式破碎机与简摆颚式破碎机的不同之处：

　　　(1)由于复摆颚式破碎机将简摆颚式破碎机的连杆与动颚合二为一且只有一个肘板，所以其结构更加简单。具有结构简单、运动可靠、重量轻等优点。

　　　(2)复摆颚式破碎机动颚上各点的轨迹分布比较合理，其水平行程沿动颚颚板由上至下逐渐加大，正好满足破碎大块物料需加大压缩量的要求，且排料时动颚下端点向下运动，促进排料以提高生产能力。

　　　(3)复摆颚式破碎机的动颚垂直行程大，加剧齿板与物料间的摩擦作用，这样不但加快了破碎板磨损，降低其使用寿命，使产品出现粉料，粒度不均匀，而且使非生产性的能量消耗增加。因此在复摆颚式破碎机中用滚动轴承，且在肘板支承处采用高副纯滚动联接，以提高破碎机的机械效率，降低其单位功耗。

参考文献

《机械设计》高等教育出版社濮良贵

《颚式破碎机》机械工业出版社廖汉元

《新编机械设计手册》学苑出版社蔡春原

《机械设计师手册》机械工业出版社吴宗泽

《滚动轴承应用手册》机械工业出版社刘泽九

《选矿机械》辽宁冶金工业出版社

《矿山机械》选矿部分冶金工业出版社周恩浦

《选矿手册》冶金工业出版社沈志诚

《机械设计手册》第三版北京有色冶金设计研究所

《材料力学》高等教育出版社

《机械设计课程设计》中国矿业大学出版社任济生

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内容简介：: Numerical control technology and equipping development trend and countermeasureEquip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Marx has ever said the differences of different economic times do not lie in what is produced, and lie in how to produce, produce with some means of labor . Manufacturing technology and equipping the most basic means of production are the mankind produced the activity, and numerical control technology is nowadays advanced manufacturing technology and equips the most central technology. Nowadays the manufacturing industry all around the world adopts numerical control technology extensively; in order to improve manufacturing capacity and level, improve the adaptive capacity and competitive power to the changeable market of the trends. In addition every industrially developed country in the world also classifies the technology and numerical control equipment of numerical control as the strategic materials of the country, not merely take the great measure to develop ones own numerical control technology and industry, and implement blockading and restrictive policy to our country in view of high-grade, precision and advanced key technology of numerical control and equipping. In a word, develop the advanced manufacturing technology taking numerical control technology as the core and already become every world developed country and accelerate economic development in a more cost-effective manner, important way to improve the overall national strength and national position. Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electro mechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry, namely the so-called digitization is equipped, its technological range covers a lot of fields: (1)Mechanical manufacturing technology; (2)Information processing, processing, transmission technology; (3)Automatic control technology; (4)Servo drive technology; (5)Technology of the sensor; (6)Software engineering ,etc.Development trend of a numerical control technologyThe application of numerical control technology has not only brought the revolutionary change to manufacturing industry of the tradition, make the manufacturing industry become the industrialized symbol , and with the constant development of numerical control technology and enlargement of the application, the development of some important trades (IT , automobile , light industry , medical treatment ,etc. ) to the national economy and the peoples livelihood of his plays a more and more important role, because the digitization that these trades needed to equip has already been the main trend of modern development. Numerical control technology in the world at present and equipping the development trend to see, there is the following several respect 1- in its main research focus. 1 A high-speed, high finish machining technology and new trend equippedThe efficiency, quality are subjavanufacturing technology. High-speed, high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly, improve the quality and grade of the products, shorten production cycle and improve the market competitive power. Japan carries the technological research association first to classify it as one of the 5 great modern manufacturing technologies for this, learn (CIRP) to confirm it as the centre in the 21st century and study one of the directions in international production engineering. In the field of car industry, produce one second when beat such as production of 300,000 / vehicle per year, and many variety process it is car that equip key problem that must be solved one of; In the fields of aviation and aerospace industry, spare parts of its processing are mostly the thin wall and thin muscle, rigidity is very bad, the material is aluminum or aluminum alloy, only in a situation that cut the speed and cut strength very small high, could process these muscles, walls. Adopt large-scale whole aluminum alloy method that blank pay empty make the wing recently, such large-scale parts as the fuselage ,etc. come to substitute a lot of parts to assemble through numerous rivet , screw and other connection way, make the intensity , rigidity and dependability of the component improved. All these, to processing and equipping the demand which has proposed high-speed, high precise and high flexibility. According to EMO2001 exhibition situation, high-speed machining center is it give speed can reach 80m/min is even high , air transport competent speed can up to 100m/min to be about to enter. A lot of automobile factories in the world at present, including Shanghai General Motors Corporation of our country, have already adopted and substituted and made the lathe up with the production line part that the high-speed machining center makes up. HyperMach lathe of U.S.A. CINCINNATI Company enters to nearly biggest 60m/min of speed, it is 100m/min to be fast, the acceleration reaches 2g, the rotational speed of the main shaft has already reached 60 000r/min. Processing a thin wall of plane parts, spend 30min only, and same part general at a high speed milling machine process and take 3h, the ordinary milling machine is being processed to need 8h; The speed and acceleration of main shaft of dual main shaft lathes of Germany DMG Company are up to 120000r/mm and 1g. In machining accuracy, the past 10 years, ordinary progression accuse of machining accuracy of lathe bring 5m up to from 10m already, accurate grades of machining center from 35m, rise to 11.5m, and ultra precision machining accuracy is it enter nanometer grade to begin already (0.01m). In dependability, MTBF value of the foreign numerical control device has already reached above 6 000h, MTBF value of the servo system reaches above 30000h, demonstrate very high dependability . In order to realize high-speed, high finish machining, if the part of function related to it is electric main shaft, straight line electrical machinery get fast development, the application is expanded further. 1.2 Link and process and compound to process the fast development of the lathe in 5 axes Adopt 5 axles to link the processing of the three-dimensional curved surface part, can cut with the best geometry form of the cutter , not only highly polished, but also efficiency improves by a large margin . It is generally acknowledged, the efficiency of an 5 axle gear beds can equal 2 3 axle gear beds, is it wait for to use the cubic nitrogen boron the milling cutter of ultra hard material is milled and pared at a high speed while quenching the hard steel part, 5 axles link and process 3 constant axles to link and process and give play to higher benefit. Because such reasons as complicated that 5 axles link the numerical control system , host computer structure that but go over, it is several times higher that its price links the numerical control lathe than 3 axles , in addition the technological degree of difficulty of programming is relatively great, have restricted the development of 5 axle gear beds. At present because of electric appearance of main shaft, is it realizes 5 axle complex main shaft hair structure processed to link greatly simplify to make, it makes degree of difficulty and reducing by a large margin of the cost and the price disparity of the numerical control system shrinks. So promoted 5 axle gear beds of head of complex main shaft and compound to process the development of the lathe (process the lathe including 5). At EMO2001 exhibition, new Japanese 5 of worker machine process lathe adopt complex main shaft hair, can realize the processing of 4 vertical planes and processing of the wanton angle, make 5 times process and 5 axles are processed and can be realized on the same lathe, can also realize the inclined plane and pour the processing of the hole of awls. Germany DMG Company exhibits the DMUVoution series machining center, but put and insert and put processing and 5 axles 5 times to link and process in once, can be controlled by CNC system or CAD/CAM is controlled directly or indirectly. 1.3 Become the main trend of systematic development of contemporary numerical control intelligently, openly, networked.The numerical control equipment in the 21st century will be sure the intelligent system, the intelligent content includes all respects in the numerical control system: It is intelligent in order to pursue the efficiency of processing and process quality, control such as the self-adaptation of the processing course, the craft parameter is produced automatically; Join the convenient one in order to improve the performance of urging and use intelligently, if feed forward control , adaptive operation , electrical machinery of parameter , discern load select models , since exactly makes etc. automatically; The ones that simplified programming , simplified operating aspect are intelligent, for instance intelligent automatic programming , intelligent man-machine interface ,etc.; There are content of intelligence diagnose , intelligent monitoring , diagnosis convenient to be systematic and maintaining ,etc.Produce the existing problem for the industrialization of solving the traditional numerical control system sealing and numerical control application software. A lot of countries carry on research to the open numerical control system at present, such as NGC of U.S.A. (The Next Generation Work-Station/Machine Control), OSACA of European Community (Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems), OSEC (Open System Environment for Controller) of Japan, ONC (Open Numerical Control System) of China, etc. The numerical control system melts to become the future way of the numerical control system open. The so-called open numerical control system is the development of the numerical control system can be on unified operation platform, face the lathe producer and end user, through changing, increasing or cutting out the structure target(numerical control function), form the serration, and can use users specially conveniently and the technical know-how is integrated in the control system, realize the open numerical control system of different variety , different grade fast, form leading brand products with distinct distinction. System structure norm of the open numerical control system at present, communication norm, disposing norm, operation platform, numerical control systematic function storehouse and numerical control systematic function software development, etc. are the core of present research. The networked numerical control equipment is a new light spot of the fair of the internationally famous lathe in the past two years. Meeting production line , manufacture system , demand for the information integration of manufacturing company networked greatly of numerical control equipment, realize new manufacture mode such as quick make , fictitious enterprise , basic Entrance that the whole world make too. Some domestic and international famous numerical control lathes and systematic manufacturing companies of numerical control have all introduced relevant new concepts and protons of a machine in the past two years, if in EMO2001 exhibition, Cyber Production Center that the company exhibits of mountain rugged campstool gram in Japan (Mazak) (intellectual central production control unit, abbreviated as CPC); The lathe company of Japanese big Wei (Okuma ) exhibits IT plaza (the information technology square , is abbreviated as IT square ); Open Manufacturing Environment that the company exhibits of German Siemens (Siemens ) (open the manufacturing environment, abbreviated as OME),etc., have reflected numerical control machine tooling to the development trend of networked direction. 1.4 Pay attention to the new technical standard, normal setting-up1.4.1 Design the norm of developing about the numerical control system As noted previously, there are better common ability, flexibility, adaptability, expanding in the open numerical control system, such countries as U.S.A. ,European Community and Japan ,etc. implement the strategic development plan one after another , carry on the research and formulation of the systematic norm (OMAC , OSACA , OSEC ) of numerical control of the open system structure, 3 biggest economies in the world have carried on the formulation that nearly the same science planned and standardized in a short time, have indicated a new arrival of period of change of numerical control technology. Our country started the research and formulation of standardizing the frame of ONC numerical control system of China too in 2000. 1.4.2 about the numerical control standard The numerical control standard is a kind of trend of information-based development of manufacturing industry. Information exchange among 50 years after numerical control technology was born was all because of ISO6983 standard, namely adopt G, M code describes how processes, its essential characteristic faces the processing course, obviously, he cant meet high-speed development of modern numerical control technologys needs more and more already. For this reason, studying and making a kind of new CNC system standard ISO14649 (STEP-NC) in the world, its purpose is to offer a kind of neutral mechanism not depending on the concrete system, can describe the unified data model in cycle of whole life of the products, thus realize the whole manufacture process, standardization of and even each industrial field product information. The appearance of STEP-NC may be a revolution of the technological field of the numerical control, on the development and even the whole manufacturing industry of numerical control technology, will exert a far-reaching influence. First of all, STEP-NC puts forward a kind of brand-new manufacture idea, in the traditional manufacture idea, NC processes the procedures to all concentrate on individual computer. Under the new standard, NC procedure can be dispersed on Internet; this is exactly a direction of open, networked development of numerical control technology. Secondly, STEP-NC numerical control system can also reduce and process the drawing (about 75%), process the procedure to work out the time (about 35%) and process the time (about 50%) greatly. At present, American-European countries pay much attention to the research of STEP-NC, Europe initiates IMS plan (1999.1.1-2001.12.3) of STEP-NC. 20 CAD/CAM/CAPP/CNC users, manufacturers and academic organizations from Europe and Japan participated in this plan. STEP Tools Company of U.S.A. is a developer of the data interchange software of manufacturing industry in the global range, he has already developed the super model (Super Model ) which accuses of information exchange of machine tooling by counting, its goal is to describe all processing courses with the unified norm. Such new data interchange form has already been verified in allocating the SIEMENS, FIDIA and European OSACA-NC numerical control at present. 2 pairs of basic estimations of technology and industry development of numerical control of our country The technology of numerical control of our country started in 1958, the development course in the past 50 years can roughly be divided into 3 stages: The first stage is from 1958 to 1979, namely closed developing stage. In this stages, because technology of foreign countries blockade and basic restriction of terms of our country, the development of numerical control technology is comparatively slow. During Sixth Five-Year Plan Period , the Seventh Five-Year Plan Period” of the country in second stage and earlier stage in the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period , namely introduce technology, digest and assimilate, the stage of establishing the system of production domesticization arising tentatively. At this stage , because of reform and opening-up and national attention , and study the improvement of the development environment and international environment, research , development and all making considerable progress in production domesticization of the products of the technology of numerical control of our country. The third stage is during the Ninth Five-Year Plan Period on the later stage in the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period of the country, namely implement the research of industrialization, and enter market competition stage. At this stage, it made substantive progress in industrialization of the domestic numerical control equipment of our country. In latter stage for the Ninth Five-Year Plan , the domestic occupation rate of market of the domestic numerical control lathe is up to 50%, it is up to 10% too to mix the domestic numerical control system (popular). Make a general survey of the development course in the past 50 years of technology of numerical control of our country, especially through tackling key problems of 4 Five-Year Plans, all in all has made following achievements. a. Have established the foundation of the technical development of numerical control, has mastered modern numerical control technology basically. Our country has already, the numerical control host computer, basic technology of special plane and fittings grasped and driven from the numerical control system and survey basically now, among them most technology have already possessed and commercialized the foundation developed, some technology has already, industrialization commercialized. b. Have formed the industrial base of numerical control tentatively. In tackling key problems the foundation that the achievement and some technology commercialize, set up the systematic factories of numerical control with production capacity in batches such as numerical control in Central China, numerical control of the spaceflight etc. Electrical machinery plant of Lanzhou, such factory and the first machine tool plant of Beijing , the first machine tool plant of Jinan ,etc. several numerical control host computer factories of a batch of servo systems and servo electrical machineries as the numerical control in Central China, etc. These factories have formed the numerical control industrial base of our country basically. c. Have set up a numerical control research, development, managerial talents basic team. Though has made considerable progress in research and development and industrialization of numerical control technology, but we will realize soberly, the research and development of the technology of advanced numerical control of our country, especially there is greater disparity in current situation and current demand of our country of engineering level in industrialization. Though very fast from watching the development of our country vertically, have disparity horizontally more than (compare foreign countries with) not merely engineering level, there is disparity too in development speed in some aspects, namely the engineering level disparity between some high-grade , precision and advanced numerical control equipment has the tendency to expand . Watch from world, estimate roughly as follows about the engineering level of numerical control of our country and industrialization level. a. On the engineering level, in probably backward 10-1 years with the advanced level in foreign countries, it is bigger in high-quality precision and sophisticated technology. b. On the industrialization level, the occupation rate of market is low, the variety coverage rate is little, have not formed the large-scale production yet; The specialized level of production of function part and ability of forming a complete set are relatively low; Appearance quality is relatively poor; Dependability is not high, the commercialized degree is insufficient; Ones own brand effect that the domestic numerical control system has not been set up yet, users have insufficient confidence. c. On the ability of sustainable development, research and development of numerical control technology, project ability is relatively weak to the competition; it is not strong that the technological application of numerical control expands dynamics; Research, formulation that relevant standards are normal lags behind. It is analyzed that the main reason for having above-mentioned disparity has the following several respect. a. Realize the respect. Know to industrys process arduousness , complexity and long-term characteristic of domestic numerical control insufficiently; It is difficult to underestimate to add strangling, system, etc. to the substandard, foreign blockade of the market; It is not enough to analyze to the technological application level and ability of numerical control of our country. b. System. Pay close attention to numerical control industrialization many in the issue, consider numerical control industrialization little in the issue synthetically in terms of the systematic one, industry chain in terms of technology; have not set up related system, perfect training, service network of intact high quality, etc. and supported the system. c. Mechanism. It causes the brain drain, restraining technology and technological route from innovating again, products innovation that the bad machine is made, and has restricted the effective implementation of planning, has often planned the ideal, implement the difficulty. d. Technology. The autonomous innovation in technology of enterprises is indifferent; the project of key technology is indifferent. The standard of the lathe lags behind, the level is relatively low, and it is not enough for new standard of the numerical control system to study. 3 pairs of strategic thinking of technology and industrialized development of numerical control of our country 3.1 Strategic consideration Our country make big country, industry is it is it accept front instead of transformation of back end to try ones best to want in shifting in world, namely should master and make key technology advanced, otherwise in a new round of international industrial structure adjustment, the manufacturing industry of our country will step forward and leave the core spaces . We regard resource, environment, market as the cost, it is only an international “machining center in the new economic pattern of the world to exchange the possibility got and assemble the centre , but not master the position of the manufacturing center of key technology , will so influence the development process of the modern manufacturing industry of our country seriously. We should stand in the height of national security strategy paying attention to numerical control technology and industrys question , at first seen from social safety, because manufacturing industry whether our country obtain employment most populous trade, the development of manufacturing industry not only can improve the peoples living standard but also can alleviate the pressure of employment of our country , ensure the stability of the society; Secondly seen from national defense security, the western developed country has classified all the high-grade , precision and advanced numerical control products as the strategic materials of the country, realizing the embargo and restriction to our country, Toshiba incident and Cox Report is the best illustration. 3.2 Development tactics Proceed from the angles of the fundamental realities of the country of our country, regard the strategic demand of the country and market demand of national economy as the direction, regard improving our country and making the comprehensive competitive power of equipping industry and industrialization level as the goal, use the systematic method , be able to choose to make key technology upgraded in development of equipping industry and support technology supporting the development of industrialization in our country in initial stage of 21st century in leading factor, the ability to supply the necessary technology realizes making the jump development of the equipping industry as the content of research and development . Emphasize market demand is a direction, namely take terminal products of numerical control as the core, with the complete machine (Such as the numerical control lathe having a large capacity and a wide range, milling machine, high speed high precise high-performance numerical control lathe, digitized machinery of model, key industry key equipment, etc.) drive the development of the numerical control industry. Solve the numerical control system and relevant functions part especially the dependability that (digitized servo system and electrical machinery, high speed electric main shaft system and new-enclosure that equip, etc.) and production scale question. There are no products that scale will not have high dependability; will not have cheap and products rich in the competitiveness without scale; certainly, it is difficult to have day holding up ones head finally that there is no scale Chinese numerical control equipment.In equipping researching and developing high-grade , precision and advanced , should emphasize the production, learning and research and close combination of the end user, regard drawing, using, selling as the goal, tackle key problems according to the national will, in order to solve the needing badly of the country. Numerical control technology, emphasized innovation, put emphasis on researching and developing the technology and products with independent intellectual property right before the competition, establish the foundation for the industry of numerical control of our country, sustainable development of equipment manufacture and even the whole manufacturing industry. 数控技术和装备发展趋势及对策装备工业的技术水平和现代化程度决定着整个国民经济的水平和现代化程度，数控技术及装备是发展新兴高新技术产业和尖端工业（如信息技术及其产业、生物技术及其产业、航空、航天等国防工业产业）的使能技术和最基本的装备。马克思曾经说过“各种经济时代的区别，不在于生产什么，而在于怎样生产，用什么劳动资料生产”。制造技术和装备就是人类生产活动的最基本的生产资料，而数控技术又是当今先进制造技术和装备最为核心的技术。当今世界各国制造业广泛采用数控技术，以提高制造能力和水平，提高对动态多变市场的适应能力和竞争能力。此外，世界上各工业发达国家还将数控技术及数控装备列为国家的战略物资，不仅采取重大措施来发展自己的数控技术及其产业，而且在“高精尖”数控关键技术和装备方面对我国实行封锁和限制政策。总之，大力发展以数控技术为核心的先进制造技术已成为世界各发达国家加速经济发展、提高综合国力和国家地位的重要途径。数控技术是用数字信息对机械运动和工作过程进行控制的技术，数控装备是以数控技术为代表的新技术对传统制造产业和新兴制造业的渗透形成的机电一体化产品，即所谓的数字化装备，其技术范围覆盖很多领域：(1)机械制造技术；(2)信息处理、加工、传输技术；(3)自动控制技术；(4)伺服驱动技术；(5)传感器技术；(6)软件技术等。1 数控技术的发展趋势数控技术的应用不但给传统制造业带来了革命性的变化，使制造业成为工业化的象征，而且随着数控技术的不断发展和应用领域的扩大，他对国计民生的一些重要行业（IT、汽车、轻工、医疗等）的发展起着越来越重要的作用，因为这些行业所需装备的数字化已是现代发展的大趋势。从目前世界上数控技术及其装备发展的趋势来看，其主要研究热点有以下几个方面14。1.1 高速、高精加工技术及装备的新趋势效率、质量是先进制造技术的主体。高速、高精加工技术可极大地提高效率，提高产品的质量和档次，缩短生产周期和提高市场竞争能力。为此日本先端技术研究会将其列为5大现代制造技术之一，国际生产工程学会（CIRP）将其确定为21世纪的中心研究方向之一。在轿车工业领域，年产30万辆的生产节拍是40秒/辆，而且多品种加工是轿车装备必须解决的重点问题之一；在航空和宇航工业领域，其加工的零部件多为薄壁和薄筋，刚度很差，材料为铝或铝合金，只有在高切削速度和切削力很小的情况下，才能对这些筋、壁进行加工。近来采用大型整体铝合金坯料“掏空”的方法来制造机翼、机身等大型零件来替代多个零件通过众多的铆钉、螺钉和其他联结方式拼装，使构件的强度、刚度和可靠性得到提高。这些都对加工装备提出了高速、高精和高柔性的要求。从EMO2001展会情况来看，高速加工中心进给速度可达80m/min，甚至更高，空运行速度可达100m/min左右。目前世界上许多汽车厂，包括我国的上海通用汽车公司，已经采用以高速加工中心组成的生产线部分替代组合机床。美国CINCINNATI公司的HyperMach机床进给速度最大达60m/min，快速为100m/min，加速度达2g，主轴转速已达60 000r/min。加工一个薄壁飞机零件，只用30min，而同样的零件在一般高速铣床加工需3h，在普通铣床加工需8h；德国DMG公司的双主轴车床的主轴速度及加速度分别达120000r/mm和1g。在加工精度方面，近10年来，普通级数控机床的加工精度已由10m提高到5m，精密级加工中心则从35m，提高到11.5m，并且超精密加工精度已开始进入纳米级(0.01m)。在可靠性方面，国外数控装置的MTBF值已达6 000h以上，伺服系统的MTBF值达到30000h以上，表现出非常高的可靠性。为了实现高速、高精加工，与之配套的功能部件如电主轴、直线电机得到了快速的发展，应用领域进一步扩大。1.2 五轴联动加工和复合加工机床快速发展采用5轴联动对三维曲面零件的加工，可用刀具最佳几何形状进行切削，不仅光洁度高，而且效率也大幅度提高。一般认为，1台5轴联动机床的效率可以等于2台3轴联动机床，特别是使用立方氮化硼等超硬材料铣刀进行高速铣削淬硬钢零件时，5轴联动加工可比3轴联动加工发挥更高的效益。但过去因5轴联动数控系统、主机结构复杂等原因，其价格要比3轴联动数控机床高出数倍，加之编程技术难度较大，制约了5轴联动机床的发展。当前由于电主轴的出现，使得实现5轴联动加工的复合主轴头结构大为简化，其制造难度和成本大幅度降低，数控系统的价格差距缩小。因此促进了复合主轴头类型5轴联动机床和复合加工机床（含5面加工机床）的发展。在EMO2001展会上，新日本工机的5面加工机床采用复合主轴头，可实现4个垂直平面的加工和任意角度的加工，使得5面加工和5轴加工可在同一台机床上实现，还可实现倾斜面和倒锥孔的加工。德国DMG公司展出DMUVoution系列加工中心，可在一次装夹下实现5面加工和5轴联动加工，可由CNC系统控制或CAD/CAM直接或间接控制。1.3 智能化、开放式、网络化成为当代数控系统发展的主要趋势21世纪的数控装备将是具有一定智能化的系统，智能化的内容包括在数控系统中的各个方面：为追求加工效率和加工质量方面的智能化，如加工过程的自适应控制，工艺参数自动生成；为提高驱动性能及使用连接方便的智能化，如前馈控制、电机参数的自适应运算、自动识别负载自动选定模型、自整定等；简化编程、简化操作方面的智能化，如智能化的自动编程、智能化的人机界面等；还有智能诊断、智能监控方面的内容、方便系统的诊断及维修等。为解决传统的数控系统封闭性和数控应用软件的产业化生产存在的问题。目前许多国家对开放式数控系统进行研究，如美国的NGC(The Next Generation Work-Station/Machine Control)、欧共体的OSACA(Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems)、日本的OSEC(Open System Environment for Controller)，中国的ONC(Open Numerical Control System)等。数控系统开放化已经成为数控系统的未来之路。所谓开放式数控系统就是数控系统的开发可以在统一的运行平台上，面向机床厂家和最终用户，通过改变、增加或剪裁结构对象（数控功能），形成系列化，并可方便地将用户的特殊应用和技术诀窍集成到控制系统中，快速实现不同品种、不同档次的开放式数控系统，形成具有鲜明个性的名牌产品。目前开放式数控系统的体系结构规范、通信规范、配置规范、运行平台、数控系统功能库以及数控系统功能软件开发工具等是当前研究的核心。网络化数控装备是近两年国际著名机床博览会的一个新亮点。数控装备的网络化将极大地满足生产线、制造系统、制造企业对信息集成的需求，也是实现新的制造模式如敏捷制造、虚拟企业、全球制造的基础单元。国内外一些著名数控机床和数控系统制造公司都在近两年推出了相关的新概念和样机，如在EMO2001展中，日本山崎马扎克（Mazak)公司展出的“CyberProduction Center”（智能生产控制中心，简称CPC)

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