外文翻译--清障车的发展

附录 A 清障车的发展 道路清障车最早应用于公路交通非常发达的国家，美国早在 20 世纪 50 年代即生产出世界第一辆道路清障车。当时这种特种车结构比较简单，由发动机驱动，通过机械传动，带动卷扬机构，并用拉杆支撑，将故障车一端吊起拖离现场，而且往往采用自制底盘，功能也较单一，这是道路清障车发展的第一阶段。 道路清障车发展的第二阶段，是以液压传动与控制技术的引入为标志的。 20世经 70 年代，第一批全液压系统的道路清障车并涌现出一批著名的道路清障车生产企业，如美国的 C E N T U R Y、 LLENGER、 JERR-DAN、 WRECKER，奥地利的 EMPL，日本的 TOKYU，加拿大的 NRC 等。此阶段内，道路清障车技术和生产得到很大发展。首先是系列品种及规格增多，结构型式多样化；其次是所用的专用底盘、二类底盘多样化，最大型号的道路清障车为 4 桥；第三是结构多样、功能齐全，具有托举、起吊、拖拽、牵引、背拖、破拆、清洁、维修等功能；第四是工作能力更大，拖举能力最大可达 25t，拖牵能力可达 48t，起吊能力可达 40t；第五是操作方式更先进，工作环境更优越舒适。 近几年我国公路交通事业发展非常迅速：一是 投资大，国家每年投资两三千亿元用于公路建设，已成为拉动经济增长的先导行业；二是公路多， 2002 年公路通车总里程已达 175.8 万公里，高速公路通车里程已跃居世界第二位；三是汽车多， 2002 年汽车产销总量已跃居世界第五位。客流量及物流量，道路清障车也要同步快速发展，而且今后我国公路交通仍将保持高速发展势头，到 2010 年全国公路总里程将达到 210 万 230 万公里。那么，道路清障车的需求量也应保持与之相适应的增长比例，并且绝不只是数量上的增长，而是在质量和技术上的不断提高。只有这样才能适应公路交通事业的发展，而且市 场竞争的焦点首先集中在技术的层次与创新上。 我国道路清障车虽起步较晚，但发展迅速，国内已有近二十家生产道路清障车的厂家 ,其中形成生产规模的主要厂家有广东粤海汽车有限公司、长沙中联重工科技发展股份有限公司、沈阳北方交通工程公司、江苏扬州盛达特种车有限公司等。我国道路清障车行业走了一条引进技术与自主开发相结合的道路，紧跟世界道路清障车发展方向，技术基本与世界同步，只是在产品的可靠性和耐用性方面与世界先进水平有一定差距。无论是研发、生产技术还是生产能力，我国企业都能满足国内市场需求。主要特点表现在以下几个方面 ： (1)起点高。国内道路清障车主要生产厂家在产品开发时，以国际著名品牌的近代产品为基型，剖析、吸纳国际上经济发达国家的道路清障车新类型、新结构、新工艺、新技术和新材料，全面提升了道路清障车技术的起点和水平； (2)配置新。现在多数厂家采用了国际最新技术成果，特别是在液压、电气、传感、气动及数控等元器件的应用方面，直接引入了这些领域的最新技术； (3)多元化。各生产厂家为满足市场的需求，各种类型的道路清障车不断涌现，使品种多元化成为道路清障车技术的一个明显特点。 (4)大型工程机械生产企业介 入清障车领域：国内诸如中联重科、三一集团等世界级的工程机械大型生产企业凭借其强大的制造实力、研发实力以及优质的售后服务参与到提高清障车技术水平的竞争中来，将大幅度缩短我国与世界清障车设计、制造水平的差距，尽快实现技术水平与世界同步。 道路清障车今后的发展将有如下趋势： (1)重型化趋势。目前国内最大吨位的道路清障车为 48t，产品投入市场后很受欢迎。随着我国经济发展越来越快，高等级道路越来越长，重型运输车辆越来越多，我国对重型清障车的需求越来越大。我国自己开发的 60t 道路清障车也即将面市，开发 80t 的 道路清障车工作已经开始筹划，道路清障车的重型化趋势也使得重型道路清障车占有的市场比例越来越大。 (2)开发专用底盘。目前国内道路清障车所用的底盘，绝大多数采用的是普通载重车用二类底盘，它的受力方式、结构布局、车体改造等都不能很好地满足道路清障车的需要。道路清障车底盘专用化是国内道路清障车行业发展的必然趋势。 (3)应用新技术。利用数控技术、遥控技术来提高道路清障车的自动化程度；利用高强、轻质新材料，提高道路清障车各结构件、受力件的强度，减轻道路清障车的自质量；利用液压、电气、气动方面的技术创新和最新 成果来提高道路清障车的功能；利用表面处理及涂装新技术，防腐防锈，美化外观。 (4)多重安全保障。利用传感技术来自动限制道路清障车的超重、超距等违章操作，确保车辆安全。 (5)流水线生产。在产品制造过程中开始大量使用专用设备，有条件实现道路清障车的流水线生产，提高产量，降低成本。 道路清障车是一个刚刚起步的朝阳产业，只要路在延长，车在增加，就需要越来越多的道路清障车来保障路的畅通。功能大致相同、吨位相同、质量差不多的道路清障车，国外产品的价格是国内产品的 4 倍。这说明我国的道路清障车走向世界市场具有 很大的竞争优势，成为世界的道路清障车生产大国已经不是遥远的梦想 当 前，随着国民经济的健康发展，国内需求的持续扩大，我国专用汽车市场也将取得飞速的发展。今后几年发展的重点主要集中在城市建设、服务和高等级公路运输方面。具体到车型上体现在下列方面： 1、自卸汽车 随着近几年来国家实施扩大内需的方针，积极投资基础设施建设和兴建大型工程，以及 2008 年的北京奥运会和 2010 上海世博会，都对相应的自卸汽车需求量有大量的增长，而且大、重吨位的自卸车是发展的方向，所占的比例也将进一步增大。 2、牵引汽车 随着我国高速公路、高等级公路的高速增长，高速公路、高等级公路拓展带来的对提高运输效率的需要，这将为我国公路今后的主导车型大容积的厢式半挂车将大大增加，相应的半挂牵引车的需求量也将大量增加，并且大功率、高速公路长距离运输的牵引车是市场需求的热点。 3、罐式汽车 罐式汽车包括常见的油罐车、散装水泥车、混凝土搅拌运输车，以及使用量相对较少的液化气高压罐车、化工液罐车、吸污液罐车等。随着西部地区油气资源的开发必然会带动石化炼油业的发展，因此大型油罐车的需求也会增大。大吨位的半挂式油罐车增长比 率还将加快。 4、散装水泥车及混凝土搅拌机 近几年来，随着房地产热的兴起和公共基础设施建设的开发等原因导致了对散装水泥车及混凝土搅拌车的大量需求。 5、市政用车 市政用车包括大型公交车、路面清扫车、可换车厢式的垃圾压缩车、吸粪车、下水道疏通车、各种邮政车，洒水车及清洗高层建筑物的高空作业车等。随着国家确立加快城市化进程，为适应城市建设需要的各类建筑工程专用车需求量将会很大，而且品种会十分丰富。城市化进程不仅会拉动经济发展，同时对各 种专门的需要会增多起来，拉动专用车行业的发展。 6、高速公路维护车辆 我国高速公路的飞速发展，以 “五纵七横 ”为主骨架的公路网的完成，我国高速公路通车总里程将达 3.5 万公里。随着西部大开发的不断推进和西部地区高速公路里程的不断增加，大型高速公路清障车、路面养护车、路面清扫车、救援拖车、带大型起重机的救援车等有大的市场。 7、消防车 专业化、特种消防车的数量愈来愈多，但从在用车辆的实际情况看，目前我国消防车在数量和质量上还存在很大的欠缺，尤其 是车型结构不合理、特种消防车比例过低，水罐车占总量的 69.2%，而特种消防车 (除水罐、干粉、泡沫以外的车辆 )仅占 10%。今后专业化的特种消防车将成为需求的重点。 8、医疗专用车 医疗专用车包括救护车、医疗急救车、采血车、防疫车、化验车等。由于2003 年初全国 “非典 ”疫情的影响和当前流行于东南亚国家的禽流感病毒，将大大刺激国内医疗专用车的需求。 9、机场专用车 当前，国家把机场建设确立为西部大开发的重点，随着机场的建成，机场大量需要舷梯车、行李运送车、食品供应车，飞机大型的加油车 、飞机牵引车、救援车、消防车等。除机场专用的大功率消防车国内尚无生产以外，其他都已有企业生产，但其中的大吨位的飞机加油车，在性能结构和技术保证上，还不能完全过关，急待尽快提高水平。 10、油田专用车 油田专用车，是在通用型的重吨位货车底盘上加装各种钻井、修井等作业的专用装备而成。随着西部石油资源的开发，西部地区的非沙漠油田用车辆的需求大型固井车、钻井车、生活车、修井车等车型。 11、集装箱车 随着国民经济的高速发展，现代物流的加快以及用于肉类，速冻食品、冷饮、乳制品及鲜果类商品 的总产量和运输量的增加，集装箱运输将是我国汽车运输发展的一个重要方向，国家每年对集装箱车的需求量将大大增加。 我国清障车工业起步于上世纪八十年代末，在近二十年里，国内清障车行业经历了引进整车、吸收仿制到自主研发清障车的过程。随着我国城市交通和高速公路的快速发展，国内清障车的产品设计技术、制造工艺也进行了突破性发展，形成了清障车多功能化、智能化、人性化的产品技术特点；专用机构运用新型材料、产品模块化设计、专用设备的应用的制造工艺技术特点。 2002 年我国公路通车里程已达 175.8 万公里，其中高速公路 达 2.5 万公里，跃居世界第二。随着京沈、京沪、西南出海通道等高速公路的开通，我国以五纵七横国道主干线为重点的国家公路主骨架已初步建成。这为清障车的突飞发展孕育了广阔市场，作为“让大地的脉络更畅通”的使者 清障车，要使其更能发挥安全快捷、强而有力的道路清障优势，那么清障车底盘专用化、重型化、智能化、作业附件实用性是清障车技术发展的必然趋势。 To clear up obstacles in the development of car Vehicles used to clear up obstacles in the path of road traffic is the first developed country, the United States as early as the 50s in the 20th century that produced the worlds first clear up obstacles in the path of a car. At that time, relatively simple structure such vehicles, driven by the engine through mechanical transmission, drive winch body, and the support rod, one end of the fault car lifting off the scene, often using home-made chassis than a single function, which is the road clearance impaired the first stage of vehicle development Vehicles to clear up obstacles in the path of the second phase of development is based on hydraulic transmission and control technology, marked by the introduction of the. 20 world by 70 years, the first all-hydraulic system to clear up obstacles in the path of vehicles and the emergence of a group of cars to clear up obstacles in the path of a well-known manufacturers, such as the United States, CENTURY, LLENGER, JERR-DAN, WRECKER, Austria EMPL, Japan The TOKYU, such as Canadas NRC. This stage, the road to clear up obstacles in vehicle technology and production has been great development. First of all, a series of varieties and specifications of more diversified structure； followed by the exclusive use of the chassis, chassis second-class diversification, to clear up obstacles in the path of the largest car models 4 bridge； the third is the structure of diverse functions, with lifts, lifting,towing,traction,backdragging,cleaning, maintenance, etc.； and the fourth is the ability to work even greater ability to drag up to give 25t, capacity 48t, lifting capacity of 40t； V is a more advanced mode of operation, superior and comfortable working environment. In recent years, the development of Chinas road traffic very quickly: First, large investment and an annual 300 billion yuan investment for highway construction, to promote economic growth has become the industry leader； Second Highway in 2002, has total length of highways open to traffic 1.758 million kilometers of highway traffic mileage has leapt to second in the world； more than three motor vehicles, motor vehicle production and sales volume in 2002 has been ranked fifth in the world. Such a large road network and traffic flow, traffic flow and Physical Properties of road vehicles to clear up obstacles to the rapid development of synchronization, and road traffic in China will maintain a momentum of rapid development in 2010 will reach National 2100000 230 10,000 kilometers. In that case, the demand for cars to clear up obstacles in the road should also adapt to maintain the growth rate, and not just a quantitative growth, but in terms of quality and continuous improvement in technology. The only way to adapt to the development of road traffic, but the focus of competition in the market will first concentrate on the level of technology and innovation. Although the road to clear up obstacles in my car late start, but the rapid development of domestic production of nearly 20 car manufacturers to clear up obstacles in the road, which formed the production scale are the main manufacturers in Guangdong Guangdong Automobile Co., Ltd., Changsha Zoomlion Heavy Industry Technology Development in Co., Ltd., Shenyang North Traffic Engineering, Jiangsu Yangzhou Shengda Special Purpose Vehicle Co., Ltd. 80 during the late 20th century, China began to clear up obstacles in the production of road cars. Chinas car industry to clear up obstacles in the road take a self-developed technology with the introduction of a combination of roads, closely follow the development of the worlds roads to clear up obstacles in the direction of vehicles, technical basic with the world, but in product reliability and durability with the advanced world level a certain gap. Both the research and development, production technology and production capacity, Chinese enterprises can meet domestic market demand. The main features of performance in the following areas (1) the starting point of the high. The main roads to clear up obstacles in the domestic car manufacturers in product development to world-renowned modern brand-based products, analysis of the economy to absorb the international community to clear up obstacles in the path of developed countries, new types of vehicles, the new structure, new processes, new technologies and new materials, to enhance the cars to clear up obstacles in the way the starting point and level of technology； (2) the new configuration. Most manufacturers are now using the latest technological achievements, especially in the hydraulic, electrical, sensors, pneumatic and CNC components such as applications, direct introduction of the latest technology in these areas； (3) diversification. Manufacturers to meet the needs of the market, to clear up obstacles in the road cars of all types continue to emerge, so that species diversity as a vehicle to clear up obstacles in the path of an obvious feature of technology. (4) large-scale construction machinery manufacturing enterprises vehicles involved in the field of obstacles: internal, such as Zoomlion, Trinity Group Construction Machinery world-class large-scale manufacturing enterprises, with its powerful manufacturing capabilities, R & D strength, as well as to participate in quality after-sales service to improve to clear up obstacles in the level of vehicle technology competition, the will to significantly reduce the obstacles in our country with the worlds car design and manufacturing levels, skill levels as quickly as possible with the world. Vehicles to clear up obstacles in the path of future development will have the following trends: (1) heavy trend. At present, the largest tonnage of cars to clear up obstacles in the path of 48t, after the product into the market very popular. Chinas economic development as more and more rapidly, more and more high-grade the road a long, heavy transport vehicles, more and more obstacles in our country on the heavy demand for cars is growing. 60t developed our own road cars will also be available to clear up obstacles in the development of vehicles to clear up obstacles in the path of 80t work has already begun planning to clear up obstacles in the path of the trend of heavy vehicles also makes heavy-duty trucks to clear up obstacles in the road occupies an increasingly large share of the market. (2) the development of a dedicated chassis. At present, vehicles used to clear up obstacles in the path of the chassis used in the vast majority of ordinary truck chassis used in the second category, which means force, structural layout, and so the bod y can not be modified to meet the needs of cars to clear up obstacles in the road. To clear up obstacles in the path of vehicle chassis is dedicated to clear up obstacles in the road cars of the inevitable trend of development of the industry. (3) application of new technologies. The use of digital technology, remote control technology to improve the roads to clear up obstacles in the automated car； the use of high-strength, lightweight new materials, to enhance road cars of the structural obstacles, the strength of the force incident to reduce the obstacles the road since the quality of vehicles； use hydraulic, electrical, pneumatic aspects of the latest achievements in technological innovation and to improve the function of vehicle to clear up obstacles in the road； the use of surface treatment and coating of new technologies, anti-corrosion rust-proof and beautifying the appearance. (4) multiple security. The use of sensor technology to automatically limit the overweight trucks to clear up obstacles in the road, ultra-distance and other illegal operations, ensure the safety of vehicles. (5) production lines. Product manufacturing process in the beginning of large-scale use of special equipment, road obstacles to achieve the assembly line production of vehicles, increase production and reduce costs. To clear up obstacles in the road car is a sunrise industry has just started, so long as the extension of the road in cars is increasing, we need to clear up obstacles in the path of more and more vehicles to ensure smooth flow of road. Function more or less the same, the same tonnage, quality is almost up obstacles in the path of cars, the price of foreign products is the product of 4 times.