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关键词：: 交流变频调压调速电梯轿厢结构设计 cad图纸

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交流变频调压调速电梯-轿厢结构设计

32页 12000字数+说明书+任务书+外文翻译+文献综述+9张CAD图纸【详情如下】

交流变频调压调速电梯-轿厢结构设计说明书.doc

任务书.doc

外文翻译--电梯.doc

客梯轿厢.dwg

总装配图.dwg

承重梁.dwg

文献综述.doc

最后总图.dwg

评阅表.doc

轿厢对重导轨系统.dwg

轿厢架.dwg

轿厢门组合.dwg

鉴定意见.doc

摘要

　　电梯，是指动力驱动，利用刚性导轨运行的箱体或者沿固定线路运行的梯级（踏步），进行升降或者平行运送人、货物的机电设备，包括人（货）电梯、自动扶梯、自动人行道。习惯上不论其驱动方式如何，将电梯作为建筑物内垂直交通运输工具的总称。

　　电梯兴衰发展的根本原因在于采用了电力作为动力来源。并随着电机技术的发展，从直流电机的改进，交流异步单速，双速交流电梯，乃至生产专用的交直流电梯电机，开口电机等，显著改善了电梯的工作性能。随着控制技术的发展，特别电子技术的发展，PC机和电子计算机技术成功地应用到电梯的电气控制系统中，电梯的自动化程度，性能，可靠性，运行效果得到更为显著提高。

　　本文主要是对1000kg交流变频调压调速电梯（VVVF）的设计，重点涉及电梯的机械部件轿厢的设计。

　　　关键词：运输设备;电梯;电子计算机技术;自动化

Abstract

　　 The elevator, it is to point to driving, the use of rigid rail running casing or fixed line running along the cascade (step), to lift or parallel transporting people and goods of mechanical and electrical equipment, including people (cargo) elevators, escalators, automatic sidewalks. Regardless of the drive way, will the elevator as the floorboard of the vertical transport within the building.

　　　 Elevator the root cause of the rise and development lies in the power as a source of power. And with the development of electrical technology, from the improvement of dc motor, ac asynchronous single speed of a two-speed exchange elevator, and even in the production of special ac/dc elevator motors, opening machine, etc., significantly improve the performance of the lift. Along with the development of control technology, especially the development of electronic technology, PC and electronic computer technology successfully applied in the electric control system of the elevator, the elevator of the degree of automation, performance, reliability, operation effect get more improved significantly.

　 This article mainly to 1000 kg of ac variable frequency regulating speed control (VVVF) elevator design, focusing on the design of mechanical parts capsules of the lift.

Key words : transportation equipment; elevator;computer technology; automation

文献综述 ……………………………………………………………………… 3

第一章绪论……………………………………………………………………5

1.1 课题的目的和意义……………………………………………………… 5

1.2 电梯的分类……………………………………………………………… 5

1.3 电梯类型的选择以及设计介绍………………………………………… 5

曳引系统…………………………………………………………… 7

2.1 曳引机的优点……………………………………………………………7

2.2 曳引机的分类…………………………………………………………… 8

2.3 曳引机的选择…………………………………………………………… 8

轿厢结构设计………………………………………………………10

3.1 轿厢综述…………………………………………………………………10

3.2 轿厢架……………………………………………………………………11

3.3 轿厢体……………………………………………………………………13

3.4 轿厢与曳引钢丝绳的连接方法…………………………………………14

3.5 电梯门系统………………………………………………………………15

3.6 电梯导向系统……………………………………………………………18

3.7 轿厢的超载装置…………………………………………………………19

3.8 轿厢面积…………………………………………………………………21

轿厢结构计算………………………………………………………23

4.1 主要技术性能参数………………………………………………………23

4.2 轿厢架相关计算…………………………………………………………23

4.3 承重梁的计算……………………………………………………………27

4.4 导轨弯曲应力计算………………………………………………………30

总结………………………………………………………………………………31

参考文献…………………………………………………………………………31

三、电梯发展方向

随着世界科技的飞速发展，电梯产品和服务的发展更加体贴用户。

1 电梯群控系统将更加智能化电梯智能群控系统将基于更强大群控资源。这些群控系统能够适应电梯交通中的不确定性、控制目标的多样化以及非线性表现等动态特性。 2 超高速电梯越来越快 21世纪多用途、全功能的塔式建筑高速发展，超高速电梯将越来越热门。对曳引式超高速电梯将继续在使用超大容量电动机、减振技术、高性能的微处理器、永磁同步电动机、新式滚轮导靴和安全钳、轿厢气压缓解以及噪声抑制系统等这些方向进行研究。而且采用直线电机驱动的电梯也会有较大的研究前景。我们有理由相信未来的超高速电梯舒适感会有明显提升。 3 蓝牙技术在电梯上的大量应用蓝牙（Bluetooth）技术是一种全球开放的、短距无线通讯技术规范，不需要纵横交错的电缆线，便可以实现无线组网。这种技术的运用会对电梯的安装周期与费用的减少产生重要的作用，它还将提高电梯的控制精度以及可靠性以及更好解决电气设备之间的兼容性问题，也有利于把电梯更加智能归纳到大楼管理系统与管理小区系统中来。 4 绿色电梯将广泛普及要求电梯具备节能、电磁兼容性强、少油污染、噪声低、寿命长、装潢材料绿色健康、与建筑物协调等特点。 5 电梯产业将实现网络化、信息化、智能化未来的电梯控制系统将会与网络技术相互结合，运用网络把各个地方的电梯集中监管起来进行维修保养；通过电梯交易网站进行网上贸易，包括电梯的配置、招投标等等，也可以实现在网上申请电梯的定期检查。 1.1 课题的目的和意义

电梯的发展经历了从简单到复杂的过程。可靠性不强，高故障率，维修很困难等是原始电梯最大缺点，远远不能满足现代社会生产、生活的需要。在20世纪80年代前期至90年代初，据有关资料统计，在所有交通工具中，电梯故障率居首位，随着科学技术的发展，这一切都己成为过去，现代电梯应用先进技术，大幅提高其运行平稳性及乘坐舒适感，使故障得到有限控制。

电梯轿厢系统从最初的简陋到现在的功能齐全、装饰豪华，已经经历过了一个非常大的技术跃进，产品也己固定成型，而且性能相当稳定，然而这并不能满足用户对电梯不断增长的需求。现今用户对电梯的舒适性、安全性等追求越来越高，于是便对电梯智能化运行也提出了更高的要求。

1.2 电梯的分类

1?按用途分类?

可分为乘客电梯，载货电梯，医用电梯等。

2?按驱动方式分类?

可分为交流电梯，直流电梯，液压电梯等。

3?按速度分类

可分为低速电梯（常指低于1.00m/s速度的电梯），中速电梯（常指速度在1.00～2.00m/s的电梯），高速电梯（常指速度大于2.00m/s的电梯）以及超高速电梯（速度超过5.00m/s的电梯）。??????

4?按电梯有无司机分类

可分为有司机电梯，无司机电梯等。?

5?按操纵控制方式分类

可分为手柄开关操纵电梯，按钮控制电梯，信号控制电梯等。?

6 特殊电梯

如斜行电梯，立体停车场用电梯以及建筑施工电梯。

1.3 电梯类型的选择以及设计介绍

1.3.1电梯类别的选择

根据课题的要求，我们可以确定此次设计的电梯为乘客电梯，因此必须有完善的安全装置；使用交流异步电动机曳引驱动，所以属于交流电梯；又因为其额定的速度为1.6m/s，根据有齿轮曳引机和无齿轮曳引机特点的分析很容易知道，有齿轮曳引机更适合用在这次设计的电梯中；客梯只需乘客自己操作，非常简便，因此属于无司机电梯；根据其额定速度为1.6m/s，又可知其为中速电梯。总的来说此次设计的电梯属于交流中速客梯。

1.3.2电梯的设计介绍

本人的毕业设计主要内容是电梯的轿厢部分，包括电梯轿厢结构的设计（如：轿厢门系统、轿厢架的选择、轿厢的超载装置等）；以及相关设计的验算（如：轿厢架上、下梁，承重梁等的验算）；还有导向系统的设计等。曳引系统

当今世界上电梯产业广泛采取运用的提升形式是曳引式提升机构。

输出和传递动力是曳引系统主要的功能，从而使电梯运行。曳引系统主要是由曳引机、曳引钢丝绳，导向轮以及反绳轮这几部分组成的。

曳引钢丝绳的作用原理是通过曳引轮一端与轿厢连接，另外一端则与对重装置连接，让井道中的轿厢和对重能够各自沿着井道中的导轨自由运行并且不发生蹭撞，在曳引机上通常放置一个导向轮使他们分开。轿厢与对重装置的重力使得曳引钢丝绳与曳引轮槽产生摩擦力。于是电动机转动带动着曳引轮转动，驱动着钢丝绳，使轿厢和对重作相对运动。从而实现轿厢在井道中沿导轨上、下往复运行以及电梯执行垂直运送任务。如图（2-1）所示：2.2 曳引机的分类

一.按照减速方式分类

1.有齿轮曳引机：动力是通过中间减速器传递至曳引轮上的曳引机，其减速箱通常采用的是蜗轮蜗杆传动（也有使用斜齿轮传动），这种曳引机使用的电动机既有交流的，也有直流的，一般运用在低速的电梯上。曳引比一般为35：2。要是电动机动力是通过减速箱从而传送至曳引轮上，这种曳引机则被称为有齿轮曳引机，一般运用在速度为2．5m/s以下的低中速电梯当中。

2.无齿轮曳引机：动力不需要用中间的减速器而是直接传递至曳引轮上的曳引机。这种曳引机以前大多运用的是直流电动机作为动力，当今国内已研发出的交流永磁同步无齿轮曳引机。其曳引比一般是2：1或者是1：1。通常载重320kg～2000kg，电梯速度大致为0.3m/s～4.00m/s。如果动力并不通过减速箱而是直接传动至曳引轮上就被称为无齿轮曳引机，一般运用在速度为2．5m/s以上的电梯当中。

3.柔性传动机构曳引机

二.按照驱动电动机分类

1.直流曳引机可分为直流有齿曳引机以及直流无齿曳引机两类。

2.交流曳引机可分为交流有齿曳引机、交流无齿曳引机和永磁曳引机三类。

三.按照用途分类

可分为双速客货电梯曳引机，，VVVF客梯曳引机等。

四.按照速度高低分类

可分为四类：低速度曳引机 (ν<1米/秒)，中速曳引机(快速曳引机)(ν=1米/秒～2米/秒)，高速曳引机(ν=2米/秒～5米/秒)以及超高速曳引机(ν>5米/秒)。

五.按照结构形式分类

分为卧式和立式曳引机。

2.3 曳引机的选择

此次电梯设计的额定速度为1.6m/s，则需要有变速器的曳引机，即用有齿轮曳引机。常用的曳引比为1：1绕法的有齿轮传动应用非常广泛，运用一般的交流客梯和载重小的货梯。1：1的曳引比是指曳引钢丝绳的速度与轿厢的速度比为1：1。这种传动结构比较简单，详见传动简图，如图（2-2）所示。

电梯起动加速度和制动减速度:a≤0.9m/s2

钢丝绳与绳轮间摩擦系数:μ=0.09

钢丝绳许用安全系数:[S]=12

钢丝绳总重量:W4=230kg

曳引传动总效率:η=0.68

　　　经过几个月的努力我的毕业设计终于完成了,但是现在回想起来做毕业设计的整个过程，颇有心得，其中有苦也有甜，艰辛同时又充满乐趣,不过乐趣尽在其中！通过本次毕业设计，没有接受任务以前觉得毕业设计只是对这几年来所学知识的单纯总结，但是通过这次做毕业设计发现毕业设计不仅是对前面所学知识的一种检验，而且也是对自己能力的一种提高。通过这次毕业设计使我明白了自己原来知识还比较欠缺。自己要学习的东西还太多，以前老是觉得自己什么东西都会，什么东西都懂，有点眼高手低。通过这次毕业设计，我才明白学习是一个长期积累的过程，在以后的工作、生活中都应该不断的学习，努力提高自己知识和综合素质。

　　　在此要感谢我的指导老师对我悉心的指导，感谢老师给我的帮助。在设计过程中，我通过查阅大量有关资料，与同学交流经验和自学，并向老师请教等方式，使自己学到了不少知识，也经历了不少艰辛，但收获同样巨大。在整个设计中我懂得了许多东西，也培养了我独立工作的能力，树立了对自己工作能力的信心，相信会对今后的学习工作生活有非常重要的影响。而且大大提高了动手的能力，使我充分体会到了在创造过程中探索的艰难和成功时的喜悦。虽然这个设计做的也不太好，但是在设计过程中所学到的东西是这次毕业设计的最大收获和财富，使我终身受益。

　　　参考文献资料：

　　　[1] 李秧耕 .电梯基本原理及安装维修全书 .北京：机械工业出版社，2001.

　　　[2] 李惠升 .电梯控制技术 .北京：机械工业出版社，2003.

　　　[3] 孙克军 .电梯实用技术问答.北京：机械工业出版社，2006.

　　　[4] 朱德文 .电梯安全技术 .北京；中国电力出版社，2007.

　　　[5] 沈鸿 .机械工程手册.北京：机械工业出版社，1982.

　　　[6] GB7588《电梯制造与安装安全规范》.

　　　[7] GB/T10058《电梯技术条件》.

　　　[8] GB/T7025《电梯主参数及轿厢、井道、机房的型式与尺寸》.

　　　[9] GB/T13435《电梯曳引机》

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内容简介：: ElevatorAn elevator or lift is a transport device used to move goods or people vertically. Languages other than English may have loanwords based on either elevator (e.g. Japanese) or lift (e.g. many European languages, Cantonese). Because of wheelchair access laws, elevators are often a legal requirement in new buildings with multiple floors. DesignElevators began as simple rope or chain hoists. An elevator is essentially a platform that is either pulled or pushed up by a mechanical means. A modern day elevator consists of a cab (also called a cage or car) mounted on a platform within an enclosed space called a shaft, or in Commonwealth countries called a hoistway. In the past, elevator drive mechanisms were powered by steam and water hydraulic pistons. In a traction elevator, cars are pulled up by means of rolling steel ropes over a deeply grooved pulley, commonly called a sheave in the industry. The weight of the car is balanced with a counterweight.Hydraulic elevators use the principles of hydraulics to pressurize an above ground or in-ground piston to raise and lower the car. Roped Hydraulics use a combination of both ropes and hydraulic power to raise and lower cars. Recent innovations include permanent earth magnet motors, machine room-less rail mounted gearless machines, and microprocessor controls. Which technology is used in new installations depends on a variety of factors. Hydraulic elevators are cheaper, but installing cylinders greater than a certain length becomes impractical for very high lift hoistways. For buildings of much over seven stories, traction elevators must be employed instead. Hydraulic elevators are usually slower than traction elevators. History The first reference about the elevator is located in the works of the Roman architect Vitruvius, who reported that Archimedes built his first lift or elevator, probably, in 236 B.C. In some literary sources of later historical period lifts were mentioned as cabs, on the hemp rope and powered by hand or by animals force. It is supposed that lifts of this type were installed in the Sinai monastery of Egypt. In the 17th century the prototypes of elevators were located in the palace buildings of England and France. In 1793 Ivan Kulibin created the elevator with the screw lifting mechanism for the Winter Palace of Saint Petersburg. In 1816 the elevator was established in the main building of sub Moscow village called Arkhangelskoye. In 1823, an ascending room made its debut in London. Henry Waterman, of New York, invented the lift (elevator) in 1850. He intended it to transport barrels of flour. In 1853, Elisha Otis introduced the safety elevator, which prevented the fall of the cab if the cable broke. The design of the Otis safety elevator is somewhat similar to one type still used today. A governor device engages knurled roller(s), locking the elevator to its guides should the elevator descend at excessive speed. On March 23, 1857 the first Otis elevator was installed at 488 Broadway in New York City. The first elevator shaft preceded the first elevator by four years. Construction for Peter Coopers Cooper Union building in New York began in 1853. An elevator shaft was included in the design for Cooper Union, because Cooper was confident that a safe passenger elevator would soon be invented. The shaft was circular because Cooper felt it was the most efficient design. Later Otis designed a special elevator for the school. Today the Otis Elevator Company, now a subsidiary of United Technologies Corporation, is the worlds largest manufacturer of vertical transport systems. The first electric elevator was built by Werner von Siemens in 1880. The safety and speed of electric elevators were significantly enhanced by Frank Sprague. The development of elevators was led by the need for movement of raw materials including coal and lumber from hillsides. The technology developed by these industries and the introduction of steel beam construction worked together to provide the passenger and freight elevators in use today. In 1874, J.W. Meaker patented a method which permitted elevator doors to open and close safely. U.S. Patent 147,853 In 1929, Clarence Conrad Crispen, with Inclinator Company of America, created the first residential elevator. Crispen also invented the first inclined stairlift. Elevator safetyElevators are characterized as being extremely safe. Their safety record of moving millions of passengers every day, with extremely low rate of incident, is unsurpassed by any other vehicle system, although fatalities due to malfunction have been known to occur on occasion. A certain number of passengers do die every year in elevator related incidents. In 1998, in the United States, it was reported that of the estimated 120 billion rides per year in the approximately 600,000 elevators in the U.S., 10,000 people wound up in the emergency room. because of elevator-related accidents. Statistically, its a safe ride, says Ray Lapierre, executive director of the Elevator Escalator Safety Foundation. Past problems with hydraulic elevators meant such elevators built prior to a code change in 1972 were subject to possible catastrophic failure. The code had previously required only single-bottom hydraulic cylinders; in the event of a breach of the cylinder, an uncontrolled fall of the elevator might result. Because it is impossible to verify the system completely without a pressurized casing (as described below), it is necessary to remove the piston to inspect it. The cost of removing the piston is such that it makes no economic sense to re-install the old cylinder, and therefore it is necessary to replace the cylinder and install a new piston. Another solution to protect against a cylinder blowout is to install a life jacket. This is a device which, in the event of an excessive downward speed, clamps onto the cylinder and stops the car. In addition to the safety concerns for older hydraulic elevators, there is risk of leaking hydraulic oil into the aquifer and causing potential environmental contamination. This has led to the introduction of PVC liners (casings) around hydraulic cylinders which can be monitored for integrity. In the past decade, recent innovations in inverted hydraulic jacks have eliminated the costly process of drilling the ground to install a borehole jack. This also eliminates the threat of corrosion to the system and increases safety. Passenger serviceA passenger lift is designed to move people between a buildings floors. This apparent simplicity belies a complex and sophisticated mechanical, electrical and microelectronic system. Passenger elevators capacity is related to the available floor space. Generally passenger elevators are available in capacities from 1,000 to 6,000 lb (455 to 2,727 kg) in 500 lb (230 kg) increments. Generally passenger elevators in buildings eight floors or less are hydraulic or electric, which can reach speeds up to 200 ft/min(1.0 m/s) hydraulic and up to 500 ft/min electric. In buildings up to ten floors, electric & gearless elevators are likely to have speeds up to 500 ft/min (2.5 m/s), and above ten floors speeds begin at 500 ft/min (2.5 m/s) up to 2000ft/min (10 m/s). Sometimes passenger elevators are used as a city transport along with funiculars. For example, there is a 3-station underground public elevator in Yalta, Ukraine, which takes passengers from the top of a hill above the Black Sea on which hotels are perched, to a tunnel located on the beach below. Types of passenger elevatorsPassenger elevators may be specialized for the service they perform, including: Hospital emergency (Code blue), front and rear entrances, double decker, and other uses. Cars may be ornate in their interior appearance, may have audio visual advertising, and may be provided with specialized recorded voice instructions. An express elevator does not serve all floors. For example, it moves between the ground floor and a skylobby, or it moves from the ground floor or a skylobby to a range of floors, skipping floors in between. EntrapmentAll elevators are required to have communication connection to an outside 24 hour emergency service, automatic recall capability in a fire emergency, and special access for fire fighters use in a fire. Elevators should not be used by the public if there is a fire in or around the building. Numerous building codes require signs near the elevator to state USE STAIRS IN CASE OF FIRE. However emergency evacuations in some countries do allow the use of the fire elevators.CapacityResidential elevators may be small enough to only accommodate one person while some are large enough for more than a dozen. Wheelchair, or platform lifts, a specialized type of elevator designed to move a wheelchair 6 ft (2 m) or less, often can accommodate just one person in a wheelchair at a time with a maximum load of 1000 lb (455 kg).Freight elevatorsA freight elevator (or goods lift) is an elevator designed to carry goods, rather than passengers. Freight elevators are often exempt from some code requirements. Freight elevators or service elevators (goods or service lifts) may be exempt from some of the requirements for fire service. However, new installations would likely be required to comply with these requirements. Freight elevators are generally required to display a written notice in the car that the use by passengers is prohibited, though certain freight elevators allow dual use through the use of an inconspicuous riser. Freight elevators are typically larger and capable of carrying heavier loads than a passenger elevator, generally from 2,300 to 4,500 kg. Freight Elevators may have manually operated doors, and often have rugged interior finishes to prevent damage while loading and unloading. Although hydraulic freight elevators exist, electric elevators are more energy efficient for the work of freight lifting. Stage and Orchestra lifts are specialized lifts for use in the performing arts, and are often exempt from some requirements. Local jurisdictions may govern their use, installation and testing, however they are often left out of local code enforcement provisions due to their infrequent installation. Vehicle elevatorsA car lift is installed where ramps are considered space-inconservative for smaller buildings (usually in apartment buildings where frequent access is not an issue). The car platforms are raised and lowered by chained steel gears (resembling bicycle chains in appearance). In addition to the vertical motion, the platforms can rotate about its vertical axis (up to 180 degrees) to ease driver access and/or accommodate building plans. Most parking lots of this type are however unable to accommodate taller vehicles. In spite of the sheer size of the car platform and its perceived passenger capacity, there are huge passenger and freight lifts that can accommodate more than the rated capacity of the car lift.Boat elevatorsMain article: Boat liftIn some smaller canals, boats and small ships can pass between different levels of a canal with a boat lift rather than through a canal lock. PaternosterMain article: PaternosterA special type of elevator is the paternoster, a constantly moving chain of boxes. A similar concept moves only a small platform, which the rider mounts while using a handhold and was once seen in multi-story industrial plants.Material handling belts and belt elevatorsA different kind of elevator is used to transport material. It generally consists of an inclined plane on which a conveyor belt runs. The conveyor often includes partitions to prevent the material from sliding backwards. These elevators are often used in industrial and agricultural applications. When such mechanisms (or spiral screws or pneumatic transport) are used to elevate grain for storage in large vertical silos, the entire structure is called a grain elevator. There have occasionally been lift belts for humans; these typically have steps about every seven feet along the length of the belt, which moves vertically, so that the passenger can stand on one step and hold on to the one above. These belts are sometimes used, for example, to carry the employees of parking garages, but are considered too dangerous for public use. 电梯电梯或升降机是一种垂直移动的货物或人的运输设备。英语以外的语言可能有外来的基础上无论是电梯（如日本）或升降机（如许多欧洲语言，广东话）。因为法律的轮椅通道，电梯往往是一种在有多层楼的新建筑物的必需设备。设计电梯由简单的绳索或连锁式吊笼开始。电梯基本上就是一个平台，用机械手段或拉高或推高。一个现代化的电梯就是一个装在一个平台上的的驾驶室（也称为“笼”或“车” ），放在一个被称为井道的封闭空间，或在英联邦国家被称为垂直通道的设备。在过去，电梯驱动机制，动力由蒸汽和液压活塞提供。在“牵引”电梯，车是被滚动槽皮带轮通过钢丝绳带动的，在该行业称为带轮。车的重量是由对重来平衡与制衡。液压电梯工作的原理，压力迫使活塞向上或向下，以使车上升或下降。液压电梯由液压动力通过绳索，来提高和降低电梯。最近的改革，包括永久地磁铁马达，无齿轮曳引机带动的无机房式，微处理器控制。其中用在新装置的技术取决于多种因素。液压电梯造价便宜，但安装气缸的长度过大，需要非常高的电梯垂直通不切实际。超过7层的建筑物，必须使用电梯牵引。液压电梯通常是低速电梯。历史第一个与电梯有关的参考物，是在罗马建筑师vitruvius的作品中，据报道说，阿基米德建立了他的第一台升降机或电梯，大概在公元前236年这个文学发源历史后期，升降机被称为驾驶室，系在大麻绳索上由人力或动物的力量提供动力。这种类型的升降机被安装在西奈半岛的埃及修道院。在十七世纪，这种原始的电梯设在英格兰和法国的总统府的建筑物里。在1793年伊万库历滨为圣彼得堡的冬宫设计了带有起重螺杆的电梯机构，。在1816年莫斯科村的阿尔汗金斯科主体建筑内安装了电梯。在1823年， “升房”首次在伦敦安装了。在1850年纽约人唐英年沃特曼发明了电梯。他打算用它运输桶装面粉。在1853年，以利沙介绍了安全电梯，防止由于绳索发生断裂而发生的电梯降落。奥的斯安全电梯的这个设计与今天仍然使用的一种有点类似。调速器设备利用刻了痕迹的滚筒，锁定电梯的速度避免下降速度过高。在1857年3月23日第一台奥的斯被安装在纽约市的488百老汇。第一电梯井道出现在第一电梯之前四年。建在纽约的彼得库珀的库珀联盟的建筑，开始于1853年。一个电梯井道被包括在库珀联盟的设计中，因为库珀有信心，一个安全的乘客电梯，不久将被发明。井道是圆形，因为库珀认为这是最有效的设计。后来，奥的斯为学校设计了一个特殊的电梯。今天，奥的斯电梯公司，现在的附属公司联合技术公司，是世界上最大的垂直运输系统制造商。第一台电动电梯，由维尔纳冯西门子于1880年建立。电动升降机的安全和速度均由弗兰克斯普拉格显著改进。电梯的发展由原材料包括煤炭和来自山坡的木材所限制。这些行业的发展和钢梁建设技术的引进一起从而使得客运和货运电梯在今天能够使用。在1874年， j.w. meaker获得了一项允许电梯门安全打开和关闭的专利，美国专利147853 在1929年，克拉伦斯林康拉德crispen与美国的inclinator公司，建设了第一台住宅电梯。 crispen还发明了第一倾斜座椅电梯。电梯安全电梯的优点是非常安全的。他们的安全纪录是以输送以百万乘客计算的，每天的事故率极低，是任何其他车辆系统无法比拟的，虽然已经知道由于故障发生死亡的场合。每年都有一定数量的乘客这样死在电梯的相关的事件。在1998年的美国，据报道，估计每年有120000000000人次乘坐电梯，当时大约600000电梯在美国。由于电梯事故1.0万人死在了急诊室。 “按统计上说，这是一个安全的旅程” ，雷.拉皮埃尔说，电梯扶手电梯安全基金会执行董事。液压电梯过去的问题意味着这种电梯之前确立的原则在1972年可能遇到原则性的失败而变化。该规则以前只需要单底部的液压缸;在汽缸断裂的事故中，电梯因不受控制而下降。因为它是不可能去核实该系统完全没有加压套管（如下所述），移开活塞检查是必要的。移开活塞的代价正如重新安装旧缸一样毫无经济意义，因此取代缸和安装一个新的活塞是必要的。另一种解决办法，安装“救生衣”以防止气缸破裂。这是一种装置，一旦发生过度下降的速度时，会夹紧缸并车停。此外，从安全的角度考虑，老化的液压电梯，有液压油泄漏进入含水层的风险，造成环境的潜在污染。这将导致涂在液压缸周围的聚氯乙烯衬板（外壳）的引进，它可监测其完整性。在过去十年中，最近的倒置液压千斤顶的创新，已消除了为安装钻孔千斤顶的昂贵的钻井地面加工费用。这也消除了对系统腐蚀威胁，并提高安全性。客运服务一台乘客电梯的设计是为了在一座大厦的各楼层运输乘客。这种明显而简单却包含一个复杂和精密的机械，电气和微电子系统。客运电梯

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