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xx科技学院毕业设计（论文）开题报告表课题名称郑州大学机械工程学院教学楼方案（）课题来源教师拟定课题类型AY指导教师学生姓名专 业土木工程学 号一、调研资料的准备实习结束回到学校后，我用大量时间在学校图书馆和相关网站上查阅了大量的有关毕业设计方面的文献资料，还实地参观调研了一些已建成的教学楼，总体上收集了多方面的设计资料，来认真准备做好这次的毕业设计。调研资料如下: 1 西安建筑科技大学等七校合编房屋建筑学M北京：中国建筑工业出版社，20062 张来仪，景瑞. 结构力学上册M.北京：中国建筑工业出版社，19973 李亚东.土木工程专业英语S.成都：西南交通大学出版社，20054 卢传贤，朱育万 .土木工程制图第二版M.北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2003.5 沈蒲生，梁兴文混凝土结构设计原理第三版M北京：高等教育出版社，20026 沈蒲生，梁兴文混凝土结构设计第三版M北京：高等教育出版社，20037 GB 500092001，建筑结构荷载规范S.北京：中国建筑工业出版社，20028 GJBT 61103G101-2003,国家建筑标准设计图集S.北京：中国计划出版社，20069 GBJ 1687（2001修订版）, 建筑设计防火规范S.北京：中国建筑工业出版社，200110ACECCivil Engineering Magazine，J2002-200411 GB500112001，建筑抗震设计规范S.北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2001.12李国强，李杰，苏小卒建筑结构抗震设计M北京：中国建筑工业出版社，200913罗煜.黄河科技学院毕业设计指导手册M.郑州：黄河科技学院教务科研处出版，2008.14Hitchcock H R，Johnson PThe International StyleJNew York：W W Norton，1966二、设计的目的与要求1、设计的目的（1）通过该课题的设计让我们巩固在大学里所学过的房屋建筑学、建筑工程制图、理论力学、材料力学、结构力学、土力学、混凝土结构设计原理、混凝土结构设计、建筑结构抗震、基础工程、建筑CAD等建筑结构设计的相关内容，使学生将所学理论知识与实际联系起来，培养其分析问题、解决问题的能力，理论联系实际的工作作风。（2）通过该课题的设计使自己对建筑设计的要求即建筑造型美观,新颖,满足各项功能使用要求,功能区组合合理,结构设计要求即结构布置合理,构件设计经济合理等要求有进一步的了解，并使自己认识到建筑平面、建筑立面、结构平面布置等工程设计的科学性、复杂性、重要性。（3）通过绘制施工图,编制计算书强化绘图和使用专业软件进行分析计算的基本技能；同时了解建筑工程中多工种协调、配合的重要性，在设计过程中培养交流、沟通能力。 2、设计的要求对本课题的研究主要分成设计准备、建筑设计和结构设计、毕业设计整理四个方面。具体要求如下：（1）设计准备阶段，收集必要的设计原始资料，做好设计前的调查研究工作，参考同类型设计的文字及图纸资料。学习有关的国家法规及规范。（2）建筑设计阶段分为初步设计及施工图设计两个阶段，在此阶段将拟定建筑方案，确定建筑使用的材料及做法，确定建筑的总体形状及各种尺寸，绘出平、立、剖、总平面图、详图、写出施工说明并列出门窗明细表。（3）结构设计部分包括计算确定荷载，同时进行荷载分析、内力计算，进行最终结构图的绘制，结构计算采用部分手算，部分电算。（4）毕业设计整理阶段完成对给定的英文文献的翻译工作，按学校毕业设计条例及教研室实施细则整理毕业设计成果，做好毕业答辩准备工作。三、设计的思路与预期成果1、设计思路：首先，在建筑设计方面：（1）熟知设计依据性文件、规划要求、基础资料及任务书要求。（2）要先对建筑外观、功能分区、交通组织、建筑面积、建筑高度、层高和室内净高进行设计。（3）然后对局部进行设计，如地下室墙身、楼地面、顶棚、屋面、楼面、坡面及楼梯位置，消防要求等进行设计，各部分都要按照规范要求进行设计。（4）最后采用规则结构以利于房屋抗震，按照“三统一”的原则，确定柱网尺寸，确定材料及截面尺寸，以及基础的选定。再次，在结构设计方面：（1）熟悉设计依据：如所采用的法规和标准；风压、雪荷载、地震工程地质条件等。（2）结构布置：考虑建筑功能要求，正确选取计算单元，并绘制结构平面布置图 荷载计算：按照“结构设计条件”给出的各项进行计算；（3）内力计算：竖向荷载和水平荷载分别采用分层法和D值法计算，并绘制荷载作下框架的内力图（包括弯矩图、剪力图与轴力图）； （4）内力组合：考虑各种不利、有利因素对各个控制截面进行内力组合；（5）截面设计：进行框架梁、柱截面配筋计算，并绘制结构施工图2、设计预期成果预期成果包括文献综述（不少于3000字）、文献翻译（不少于3000字）、设计说明书与图纸4部分内容。毕业设计说明书包括与设计有关的阐述说明及计算，字数不少于8000字，包括目录、前言、正文、参考文献及附录等。图纸包括建筑设计图与结构设计图，图面布局合理、正确清晰、符合制图标准及有关规定，主要图纸基本达到施工图深度；图纸数量一般为12张（按A2号图计），比例一般为1：1001：200，详图可采用1：1050。建筑图包括设计说明、门窗表、建筑平面图（首层、标准层与顶层）；立面图、剖面图（见楼梯）、楼梯平面及剖面图；节点构造详图等内容。结构图包括框架、梁、柱、板配筋图、楼梯平面及配筋图、节点详图等内容。四、任务完成的阶段内容及时间安排：1、2013年3月1日3月7日：实习调研并完成文献检索、开题报告2、2013年3月8日3月28日：建筑设计3、2013年3月29日5月9日：结构设计4、2013年5月10日5月17日：整理设计计算说明书同时完成文献综述、文献翻译5、2013年5月18日5月23日：评审设计并修改计算书及施工图纸6、2013年5月24日5月30日：毕业答辩五、完成设计所具备的条件因素：由上述可知，在整个毕业设计的过程中，我们要通过运用各种通用图集和设计规范以及国家、地方标准，完成教学楼的结构选型，结构布置，结构设计及建筑图、结构图、施工图的绘制。此外，在设计中涉及到很多计算机软件，如 Office中的Word、Excel，绘图软件AutoCAD和天正，结构计算的PKPM及等软件，通过对这些软件的应用，能提高我们对计算机的应用能力，真正达到学以致用，理论与实践相结合的目的。同时设计中还要求我们有较强文献检索、规范应用、图集观摩、综合应用所学各门专业知识，分析和解决问题的能力，具有独立思考、独立设计、创新的精神。指导老师签名: 日期：课题来源：（1）教师拟订（2）学生建议（3）企业和社会征集（4）科研单位提供课题类型：（1）A-工程设计；B-技术开发；C-软件工程；D-理论研究；E-调研报告 （2）X-真实课题；Y-模拟课题；Z-虚拟课题要求（1）、（2）均要填，如AX、BX等 xx科技学院毕业设计(文献综述) 第 8 页 单位代码 02 学号 分 类 号 TU 密 级 毕业设计文献综述 院（系）名称工学院建筑系 专业名称土木工程 学生姓名 指导教师 2013年3月1日浅谈多层混凝土框架结构的抗震1. 前言抗震设防是指对建筑物进行抗震设计并采取一定的抗震构造措施，以达到结构抗震的效果和目的。抗震设防的依据是抗震设防烈度。抗震设防烈度是一个地区作为抗震设防依据的地震烈度，应按国家规定权限审批或颁发的文件执行。一般情况下，采用国家地震局颁发的地震烈度区划图中规定的基本烈度。建筑结构抗震设防的目的是减轻建筑物的地震破坏、避免人员伤亡和减轻经济损失。抗震设防水准在很大程度上依赖于经济条件和技术水平，既要使震前用于抗震设防的经费投入为国家经济条件所允许，又要使震后经过抗震技术设计的建筑物的破坏程度不超过人们所能接受的限度。国际上的设防标准：抵抗小地震，结构不受破坏；抵抗中等地震，结构不显著破坏；抵抗大地震结构不倒塌。基于上述抗震设防标准，建筑物在使用期间对不同强度的地震应具有不同的抵抗能力，这可以用多遇烈度、基本烈度、罕遇烈度3个地震烈度水准来考虑。2. 框架结构抗震设计的思考2.1 抗震设计的发展历史新中国以后，随着人类对自然灾害的重视和科学的发展，人们认识到地震的危害，在修建建筑物的时候开始考虑结构的抗震，国家颁布了许多关于抗震设计的规范。我国正式颁布的建筑抗震设计规范有：工业与民用建筑抗震设计烦TJ11-74（74规范）、工业与民用建筑抗震设计烦TJ11-78（78规范）、建筑抗震设计规范GBJ11-89（89规范）、建筑抗震设计规范GB50011-2001（2001规范）不同时期的抗震设计规范，其抗震设防目标也不同。随着对地震工程研究的逐步深入、国家经济建设的发展和历次地震震害经验的不断总结，抗震规范的设防标准也在不断改变。74规范将基本烈度定义为：“一个地区的基本烈度是指该区在今后一定期限内，一般场地条件下可能遭遇的最大地震烈度”，它的设计总则是以基本烈度估计地震危险性，以设计烈度作为抗震设计的设防依据。一般工业与民用建筑的设计烈度规定降低一度（7度时不降低）。经抗震设计后，在遭遇的地震影响相当于设计烈度时，建筑物的损坏不致使人民生命和重要生产设备遭受危害，建筑物不须修理或经一般修理仍可继续使用；从设计烈度7度开始设防。但对建筑物遭遇超过设计烈度的地震时，则没有提出要求。 78规范主要是以唐山地震后各单位的初步调查总结资料为依据，基本烈度定义和设计总则与74规范基本相同，但设计烈度按基本烈度设防，不再降低。设防范围7-9度，6度地区范围很广大，约占全国总面积的27.5%，未列为抗震设防区。对建筑物遭遇超过设计烈度的地震也没有提出要求。 89规范的变革较大，采用了3水准设防（小震不坏、中震可修、大震不倒）、2阶段设计（强度校核、变形验算）的设计思想。其中3水准设防：第一水准烈度，50 年内超越概率约为63.2% 的地震烈度，即小震（多遇地震）；第二水准烈度， 50 年超越概率约10%的烈度，即中震（偶遇地震）；第三水准烈度，50 年超越概率2%3% 的烈度，即大震（罕遇地震）。中震为基本地震烈度即设防烈度，小震比设防烈度低1.5度，大震比设防烈度高1度。2阶段设计方法为，在小震作用下进行以概率论为基础的截面设计，在大震作用下进行变形验算。地震基本烈度的定义为：一个地区的基本烈度是指该地区今后一定时期内在一般场地条件下可能遭遇的最大地震烈度，即现行中国地震烈度区划图规定的烈度（50年超越概率10%）。取消了“设计烈度”，引入了“抗震设防烈度”的概念：按国家批准权限审定作为一个地区抗震设防依据的地震烈度（一般情况下采用1990年地震区划图的基本烈度作为设防烈度）。以设防烈度作为建筑的抗震设防依据，并规定从6度开始设防。 2001规范仍然是3水准设防（小震不坏、中震可修、大震不倒）、2阶段设计（强度校核、变形验算）的设计思想。抗震设防标准由抗震设防烈度和建筑使用功能的重要性确定。设计基本地震加速度为50 年设计基准期超越概率10%的地震加速度的设计取值，第一次在规范中明确给出了抗震设防烈度所对应的设计基本地震加速度值。2阶段设计为: 第一阶段设计是承载力验算, 取第一水准的地震动参数计算结构的弹性地震作用标准值和相应的地震作用效应, 采用建筑结构可靠度设计统一标准GB50068 规定的分项系数设计表达式进行结构构件的截面承载力验算, 这样“小震不坏，中震可修”的目标。对大多数结构, 可只进行第一阶段设计, 而通过概念设计和抗震构造措施来满足“大震不倒”。第二阶段设计是弹塑性变形验算, 对特殊要求的建筑地震时易倒塌的结构及有明显薄弱层的不规则结构, 除进行第一阶段设计外, 还要进行结构薄弱部位的弹塑性层间变形验算并采取相应的抗震构造措施, 实现“大震不倒”的要求。2.2 框架结构的震害框架结构体系由梁和柱组成，平面布置灵活，易于满足建筑物设置大房间的要求，在工业与民用建筑中应用广泛。框架体系的侧向刚度小，在房屋高度增加的情况下其内力和侧移增长很快。目前，我国地震区的工业与民用建筑中，大多采用多层框架、框架-剪力墙及剪力墙结构体系。地震作用具有较强的随机性和复杂性，要求在强烈地震作用下结构仍保持在弹性状态，不发生破坏是很不实际的；既经济又安全的抗震设计是允许在强烈地震作用下破坏严重，但不倒塌。因此，依靠弹塑性变形消耗地震的能量是抗震设计的特点，提高结构的变形、耗能能力和整体抗震能力，防止高于设防烈度的“大震”不倒是抗震设计要达到的目标。历次地震经验表明，钢筋混凝土结构房屋一般具有较好的抗震性能，结构设计中经过合理的抗震计算并采取妥善的抗震构造措施，在一般烈度区建造多层和高层钢筋混凝土结构房屋是可以保证安全的，但是设计不良或施工质量欠佳的钢筋混凝土结构房屋在地震中遭遇震害的情况，亦不鲜见。主要震害如下。（1）共振效应引起的震害框架结构的自振周期与场地土的自振周期很接近，发生共振，导致框架结构破坏。（2）结构平面或竖向布置不当引起的震害 一些框架厂房因平面形状和刚度不对称，在地震作用下容易产生显著的扭转，从而使角柱上下错位、断裂。平面不规则的建筑物在地震中也易产生严重的扭转破坏，其中角柱的破坏十分严重。鸡腿式建筑物底层柱发生剪切破坏或脆性压弯破坏，导致上部倒塌；竖向刚度分布不合理而导致中间层破坏或倒塌。（3）框架柱、梁和节点的震害未经抗震设计的框架的震害主要反映在梁柱节点处。柱的震害重于梁；柱顶震害重于柱底；角柱震害重于内柱；短柱震害重于一般柱。（4）框架砖填充墙的震害框架中嵌砌砖填充墙，容易发生墙面斜裂缝，并沿柱周边开裂。端墙、窗间墙和门洞口边角部位破坏更加严重。烈度较高时墙体容易倒塌。由于框架变形属剪切型，下部层间位移大，填充墙震害呈现“下重上轻”的现象。填充墙破坏的主要原因是，墙体受剪承载力低，变形能力小，墙体与框架缺乏有效的拉结，因此在往复变形时墙体易发生剪切破坏和散落。（5）结构层间的震害 钢筋混凝土框架结构在整体设计上存在较大的不均匀性，使得这些结构存在着层间屈服强度特别薄弱的楼层。在强烈地震作用下，结构的薄弱层率先屈服，弹塑性变形急剧发展，并形成弹塑性变形集中的现象。如1976年唐山大地震中，13层蒸吸塔框架，由于该结构楼层屈服强度分布不均匀，造成第6层和第11层的弹塑性变形集中，导致该结构6层以上全部倒塌（6）柱端与节点的震害框架结构的构件震害一般是梁轻柱重，柱顶重于柱底，尤其是角柱和边柱易发生破坏。除剪跨比小的短柱易发生柱中剪切破坏外，一般柱是柱端的弯曲破坏，轻者发生水平或斜向断裂；重者混凝土压酥，主筋外露、压屈和箍筋崩脱。当节点核芯区无箍筋约束时，节点与柱端破坏合并加重。当柱侧有强度高的砌体填充墙紧密嵌砌时，柱顶剪切破坏严重，破坏部位还可能转移至窗洞上下处，甚至出现短柱的剪切破坏。 （7）砌体填充墙的震害砌体填充墙刚度大而变形能力差，首先承受地震作用而遭受破坏，在8度和8度以上地震作用下，填充墙的裂缝明显加重，甚至部分倒塌，震害规律一般是上轻下重，空心砌体墙重于实心砌体墙，砌块墙重于砖墙。 2.3框架结构抗震设计总结多、高层钢筋混凝土结构房屋的震害经验，抗震设计除了计算分析及采取合理的构造措施外，掌握正确的概念设计尤为重要。较合理的框架地震破坏机制，应该是节点基本不破坏，梁比柱屈服可能早发生、多发生，同一层中各柱两端的屈服历程越长越好，底层柱底的塑性铰宜最晚形成。即：框架的抗震设计应使梁、柱端的塑性铰出现尽可能分散，充分发挥整个结构的抗震能力。2.3.1 抗震计算中的延性保证 从用楼层水平地震剪力与层间位移关系来描述楼层破坏的全过程可反映出，在抗震设防的第二、三水准时，框架结构构件已进入弹塑性阶段，构件在保持一定承载力条件下主要以弹塑性变形来耗散地震能量，所以框架结构需有足够的变形能力才不致抗震失效。试验研究表明，“强节点”、“强柱弱梁、“强底层柱底”和“强剪弱弯”的框架结构有较大的内力重分布和能量消耗能力，极限层间位移大，抗震性能较好。规范通过构件承载力调整办法在一定程度上可以体现上述的强弱要求，且考虑了设计者的使用方便，采用地震组合内力的抗震承载力验算表达式，只是要对地震组合内力的设计值按有关公式进行相应的调整。 综合大量实验研究成果，影响不同受力特征节点延性性质的主要综合因素有：相对作用剪力、相对配筋率、贯穿节点的梁柱纵筋的粘结情况。 2.3.2 构造措施上的延性保证 根据大地震实践证明，当建筑结构在大地震中要求保持足够的承载能力来吸收进入塑性阶段而产生的巨大能量，因为此时的结构在震中进入到一个塑性阶段，容易产生变形。所以，根据这种特点和抗震的要求，多发地震的国家钢筋混凝土结构抗震设计均要求按延性框架结构进行设计，所以建筑结构的设计必须保证结构局部薄弱区的承载力与刚度，保证了建筑构造的整体性，延性的增加也就提高了变形能力，这样可以减少地震的破坏性，提高了建筑的抗震能力。 在结构布置上，按扩大了的柱端抗弯承载力进行设计，理论上可将柱屈服的可能性减少，保证“强柱弱梁”的设计原则。但因各种原因，如梁的实际抗弯承载力可能增大，高振型使柱中反弯点的转移等综合因素影响，要使柱中完全避免塑性铰是困难的，同时为实现“强剪弱弯”的要求，保证塑性铰区域的局部延性，也必须通过一定的构造措施来保证结构的延性，具体做法如下： 2.3.2.1 限制轴压比和合理配筋限制轴压比与纵筋最大配筋率合理的受力过程可明显提高构件延性，为实现受拉钢筋的屈服先与受压区混凝土压碎的破坏形态，以提高塑性铰区域的转动能力，规范限制轴压比与纵筋最大配筋率，同时对混凝土受压区高度也提出相应要求。 2.3.2.2 限制约束配筋和配筋形式。加密塑性铰区内的箍筋间距是很重要的一点，为保证“强节点”、“强柱弱梁”、“强底层柱底”和“强剪弱弯”的设计原则及塑性铰区域的局部延性，有必要加密塑性铰区内的箍筋间距，这不但可提高柱端抗剪能力，还可约束核心区内混凝土，对纵向钢筋提供侧向支承，防止大变形下纵筋压曲，从而改善塑性铰区域的局部延性。规范对约束区纵筋的最小直径、最大间距、塑性铰区域的最小长度等做出了详细的规定，并对箍筋肢距及箍筋形式提出了相应要求。 随着工程应用中箍筋强度和混凝土强度不断提高，对塑性铰区域内箍筋布置的要求是抗震构造措施的一个重要方面，这一情况将导致高强度混凝土中约束箍筋配筋率的减少而降低结构的设计可靠度，建议以配筋特征值代替原体积配筋率，同时鉴于约束配筋对柱端塑性铰区的良好约束作用，建议适当增大配筋量。 2.3.2.3 限制材料。拒绝豆腐渣工程的第一关就是把握好材料质量，材料延性对确保构件（结构）延性极为重要，为此规范对材料也提出了相应的限制，如保证钢筋强屈比、延伸率及混凝土强度等级等，同时对施工过程中可能出现的钢筋代换也提出了相应的限制。 3. 结语钢筋混凝土框架结构是我国大量存在的建筑结构形式之一，历年震害资料表明：钢筋混凝土框架结构的柱端与节点的破坏较为严重，其抗震设计中必须满足“强柱弱梁”、“强剪弱弯”、“强节点”、“强底层柱底”等延性设计原则和有关规定。在多层及高层钢筋混凝土房屋抗震设计的实践中，由于设计人员对规范的理解和掌握尺度上，以及因地因人在结构选型、布置以及计算方法上相互差异较多而对设计产生较多的争议，抗震设计方法值得深入研究。汶川地震给我们每个学习结构的人敲响了警钟。让我们了解了结构抗震的重要性。提高了结构的安全度。但要使建筑结构有良好的工作性能，在设计就得认真计算，严格按照国家规范设计，注意在设计中可能遗漏的东西。把建筑结构设计摆在第一位，结合经济等角度多方面考虑，让建筑更好的发挥作用。参考文献1包世华，结构力学（上、下册）.武汉：武汉理工大学出版社2吴培明，混凝土结构（上、下册）.武汉：武汉理工大学出版社3王社良，抗震结构设计.武汉：武汉理工大学出版社4刘建荣，房屋建筑学.武汉：武汉大学出版社5房屋建筑学. 中国建筑工业出版社6高层建筑结构设计.中国建筑工业出版社7建筑结构荷载规范（GB500092001）.北京：中国建筑工业出版社8建筑抗震设计规范（GB500112001）(2008版).北京：中国建筑工业出版社9混凝土结构设计规范（GB500102002）.北京：中国建筑工业出版社10高层建筑结构设计.中国建筑工业出版社xx科技学院毕业设计（文献翻译）单位代码 02 学号 分 类 号 TU 密 级 毕业设计文献翻译 院（系）名称工学院建筑建筑系 专业名称土木工程 学生姓名 指导教师 2013年3月15日Civil engineering introduction papersAbstract: the civil engineering is a huge discipline, but the main one is building, building whether in China or abroad, has a long history, long-term development process. The world is changing every day, but the building also along with the progress of science and development. Mechanics findings, material of update, ever more scientific technology into the building. But before a room with a tile to cover the top of the house, now for comfort, different ideas, different scientific, promoted the development of civil engineering, making it more perfect.key words : civil engineering; Architecture; Mechanics, Materials.Civil engineering is build various projects collectively. It was meant to be and military project corresponding. In English the history of Civil Engineering, mechanical Engineering, electrical Engineering, chemical Engineering belong to to Engineering, because they all have MinYongXing. Later, as the project development of science and technology, mechanical, electrical, chemical has gradually formed independent scientific, to Engineering became Civil Engineering of specialized nouns. So far, in English, to Engineering include water conservancy project, port Engineering, While in our country, water conservancy projects and port projects also become very close and civil engineering relatively independent branch. Civil engineering construction of object, both refers to that built on the ground, underground water engineering facilities, also refers to applied materials equipment and conduct of the investigation, design and construction, maintenance, repair and other professional technology.Civil engineering is a kind of with peoples food, clothing, shelter and transportation has close relation of the project. Among them with live relationship is directly. Because, to solve the live problem must build various types of buildings. To solve the line, food and clothes problem both direct side, but also a indirect side. Line, must build railways, roads, Bridges, Feed, must be well drilling water, water conservancy, farm irrigation, drainage water supply for the city, that is direct relation. Indirectly relationship is no matter what you do, manufacturing cars, ships, or spinning and weaving, clothing, or even production steel, launch satellites, conducting scientific research activities are inseparable from build various buildings, structures and build all kinds of project facilities.Civil engineering with the progress of human society and development, yet has evolved into large-scale comprehensive discipline, it has out many branch, such as: architectural engineering, the railway engineering, road engineering, bridge engineering, special engineering structure, water and wastewater engineering, port engineering, hydraulic engineering, environment engineering disciplines. Civil engineering as an important basic disciplines, and has its important attributes of: integrated, sociality, practicality, unity. Civil engineering for the development of national economy and the improvement of peoples life provides an important material and technical basis, for many industrial invigoration played a role in promoting, engineering construction is the formation of a fixed asset basic production process, therefore, construction and real estate become in many countries and regions, economic powerhouses.Construction project is housing planning, survey, design, construction of the floorboard. Purpose is for human life and production provide places.Houses will be like a man, its like a mans life planning environment is responsible by the planners, Its layout and artistic processing, corresponding to the body shape looks and temperament, is responsible by the architect, Its structure is like a persons bones and life expectancy, the structural engineer is responsible, Its water, heating ventilation and electrical facilities such as the human organ and the nerve, is by the equipment engineer is responsible for. Also like nature intact shaped like people, in the city I district planning based on build houses, and is the construction unit, reconnaissance unit, design unit of various design engineers and construction units comprehensive coordination and cooperation process.After all, but is structural stress body reaction force and the internal stress and how external force balance. Building to tackle, also must solve the problem is mechanical problems. We have to solve the problem of discipline called architectural mechanics. Architectural mechanics have can be divided into: statics, material mechanics and structural mechanics three mechanical system. Architectural mechanics is discussion and research building structure and component in load and other factors affecting the working condition of, also is the building of intensity, stiffness and stability. In load, bear load and load of structure and component can cause the surrounding objects in their function, and the object itself by the load effect and deformation, and there is the possibility of damage, but the structure itself has certain resistance to deformation and destruction of competence, and the bearing capacity of the structure size is and component of materials, cross section, and the structural properties of geometry size, working conditions and structure circumstance relevant. While these relationships can be improved by mechanics formula solved through calculation.Because earthmoving methods and costs change more quickly than those in any other branch of civil engineering, this is a field where there are real opportunities for the enthusiast. In 1935 most of the methods now in use for carrying and excavating earth with rubber-tyred equipment did not exist. Most earth was moved by narrow rail track, now relatively rare, and the main methods of excavation, with face shovel, backacter, or dragline or grab, though they are still widely used are only a few of the many current methods. To keep his knowledge of earthmoving equipment up to date an engineer must therefore spend tine studying modern machines. Generally the only reliable up-to-date information on excavators, loaders and transport is obtainable from the makers.Earthworks or earthmoving means cutting into ground where its surface is too high ( cuts ), and dumping the earth in other places where the surface is too low ( fills). Toreduce earthwork costs, the volume of the fills should be equal to the volume of the cuts and wherever possible the cuts should be placednear to fills of equal volume so as to reduce transport and double handlingof the fill. This work of earthwork design falls on the engineer who lays out the road since it is the layout of the earthwork more than anything else which decides its cheapness. From the available maps ahd levels, the engineering must try to reach as many decisions as possible in the drawing office by drawing cross sections of the earthwork. On the site when further information becomes available he can make changes in jis sections and layout,but the drawing lffice work will not have been lost. It will have helped him to reach the best solution in the shortest time.The cheapest way of moving earth is to take it directly out of the cut and drop it as fill with the same machine. This is not always possible, but when it canbe done it is ideal, being both quick and cheap. Draglines, bulldozers and face shovels an do this. The largest radius is obtained with the dragline,and the largest tonnage of earth is moved by the bulldozer, though only over short distances.The disadvantages of the dragline are that it must dig below itself, it cannot dig with force into compacted material, it cannot dig on steep slopws, and its dumping and digging are not accurate.Face shovels are between bulldozers and draglines, having a larger radius of action than bulldozers but less than draglines. They are anle to dig into a vertical cliff face in a way which would be dangerous tor a bulldozer operator and impossible for a dragline. Each piece of equipment should be level of their tracks and for deep digs in compact material a backacter is most useful, but its dumping radius is considerably less than that of the same escavator fitted with a face shovel.Rubber-tyred bowl scrapers are indispensable for fairly level digging where the distance of transport is too much tor a dragline or face shovel. They can dig the material deeply ( but only below themselves ) to a fairly flat surface, carry it hundreds of meters if need be, then drop it and level it roughly during the dumping. For hard digging it is often found economical to keep a pusher tractor ( wheeled or tracked ) on the digging site, to push each scraper as it returns to dig. As soon as the scraper is full,the pusher tractor returns to the beginning of the dig to heop to help the nest scraper.Bowl scrapers are often extremely powerful machines;many makers build scrapers of 8 cubic meters struck capacity, which carry 10 m heaped. The largest self-propelled scrapers are of 19 m struck capacity ( 25 m heaped )and they are driven by a tractor engine of 430 horse-powers.Dumpers are probably the commonest rubber-tyred transport since they can also conveniently be used for carrying concrete or other building materials. Dumpers have the earth container over the front axle on large rubber-tyred wheels, and the container tips forwards on most types, though in articulated dumpers the direction of tip can be widely varied. The smallestve a capacity of about 0.5 m , and the largest standard types are of about 4.5 m . Special types include the self-loading dumper of up to 4 m and the articulated type of about 0.5 m . The distinction between dumpers and dump trucks must be remembered .dumpers tip forwards and the driver sits behind the load. Dump trucks are heavy, strengthened tipping lorries, the driver travels in front lf the load and the load is dumped behind him, so they are sometimes called rear-dump trucksBuilding materials in building and has a pivotal role. Building material is with human society productivity and science and technology improves gradually developed. In ancient times, the human lives, the line USES is the rocks andTrees. The 4th century BC, 12 has created a tile and brick, humans are only useful synthetic materials made of housing. The 17th century had cast iron and ShouTie later, until the eighteenth century had Portland cement, just make later reinforced concrete engineering get vigorous development. Now all sorts of high-strength structural materials, new decoration materials and waterproof material development, criterion and 20th century since mid organic polymer materials in civil engineering are closely related to the widely application. In all materials, the most main and most popular is steel, concrete, lumber, masonry. In recent years, by using two kinds of material advantage, will make them together, the combination of structure was developed. Now, architecture, engineering quality fit and unfit quality usually adopted materials quality, performance and using reasonable or not have direct connection, in meet the same technical indicators and quality requirements, under the precondition of choice of different material is different, use method of engineering cost has direct impact.In construction process, building construction is and architectural mechanics, building materials also important links. Construction is to the mind of the designer, intention and idea into realistic process, from the ancient hole JuChao place to now skyscrapers, from rural to urban country road elevated road all need through construction means. A construction project, including many jobs such as dredging engineering, deep foundation pit bracing engineering, foundation engineering, reinforced concrete structure engineering, structural lifting project, waterproofing, decorate projects, each type of project has its own rules, all need according to different construction object and construction environment conditions using relevant construction technology, in work-site.whenever while, need and the relevant hydropower and other equipment composition of a whole, each project between reasonable organizing and coordination, better play investment benefit. Civil engineering construction in the benefit, while also issued by the state in strict accordance with the relevant construction technology standard, thus further enhance Chinas construction level to ensure construction quality, reduce the cost for the project.Any building built on the surface of the earth all strata, building weight eventually to stratum, have to bear. Formation Support building the rocks were referred to as foundation, and the buildings on the ground and under the upper structure of self-respect and liable to load transfer to the foundation of components or component called foundation. Foundation, and the foundation and the superstructure is a building of three inseparable part. According to the function is different, but in load, under the action of them are related to each other, is the interaction of the whole. Foundation can be divided into natural foundation and artificial foundation, basic according to the buried depth is divided into deep foundation and shallow foundation. , foundation and foundation is the guarantee of the quality of the buildings and normal use close button, where buildings foundation in building under loads of both must maintain overall stability and if the settlement of foundation produce in building scope permitted inside, and foundation itself should have sufficient strength, stiffness and durability, also consider repair methods and the necessary foundation soil retaining retaining water and relevant measures. 3As people living standard rise ceaselessly, the people to their place of building space has become not only from the number, and put forward higher requirement from quality are put car higher demands that the environment is beautiful, have certain comfort. This needs to decorate a building to be necessary. If architecture major engineering constitutes the skeleton of the building, then after adornment building has become the flesh-and-blood organism, final with rich, perfect appearance in peoples in front, the best architecture should fully embody all sorts of adornment material related properties, with existing construction technology, the most effective gimmick, to achieve conception must express effect. Building outfit fix to consider the architectural space use requirement, protect the subject institutions from damage, give a person with beautifulenjoying, satisfy the requirements of fire evacuation, decorative materials and scheme of rationality, construction technology and economic feasibility, etc. Housing construction development and at the same time, like housing construction as affecting people life of roads, Bridges, tunnels has made great progress.In general civil engineering is one of the oldest subjects, it has made great achievements, the future of the civil engineering will occupy in peoples life more important position. The environment worsening population increase, people to fight for survival, to strive for a more comfortable living environment, and will pay more attention to civil engineering. In the near future, some major projects extimated to build, insert roller skyscrapers, across the oceanBridges, more convenient traffic would not dream. The development of science and technology, and the earth is deteriorating environment will be prompted civil engineering to aerospace and Marine development, provide mankind broader space of living. In recent years, engineering materials mainly is reinforced concrete, lumber and brick materials, in the future, the traditional materials will be improved, more suitable for some new building materials market, especially the chemistry materials will promote the construction of towards a higher point. Meanwhile, design method of precision, design work of automation, information and intelligent technology of introducing, will be people have a more comfortable living environment. The word, and the development of the theory and new materials, the emergence of the application of computer, high-tech introduction to wait to will make civil engineering have a new leap.This is a door needs calm and a great deal of patience and attentive professional. Because hundreds of thousands, even hundreds of thousands of lines to building each place structure clearly reflected. Without a gentle state of mind, do what thing just floating on the surface, to any a building structure, to be engaged in business and could not have had a clear, accurate and profound understanding of, the nature is no good. In this business, probably not burn the midnight oil of courage, not to reach the goal of spirit not to give up, will only be companies eliminated.This is a responsible and caring industry. Should have a single responsible heart - I ones life in my hand, thousands of life in my hand. Since the civil, should choose dependably shoulder the responsibility.Finally, this is a constant pursuit of perfect industry. Pyramid, spectacular now: The Great Wall, the majestic. But if no generations of the pursuit of today, we may also use the sort of the oldest way to build this same architecture. Design a building structure is numerous, but this is all experienced centuries of clarification, through continuous accumulation, keep improving, innovation obtained. And such pursuit, not confined in the past. Just think, if the design of a building can be like calculation one plus one equals two as simple and easy to grasp, that was not for what? Therefore, a civil engineer is in constant of in formation. One of the most simple structure, the least cost, the biggest function. Choose civil, choosing a steadfast diligence, innovation, pursuit of perfect path.Reference:1 LuoFuWu editor. Civil engineering (professional). Introduction to wuhan. Wuhan university of technology press. 20072 WangFuChuan, palace rice expensive editor. Construction engineering materials. Beijing. Science and technology literature press. 20023 jiang see whales, zhiming editor. Civil engineering introduction of higher education press. Beijing. 1992土木工程概论摘要：土木工程是个庞大的学科，但最主要的是建筑，建筑无论是在中国还是在国外，都有着悠久的历史，长期的发展历程。整个世界每天都在改变，而建筑也随科学的进步而发展。力学的发现，材料的更新，不断有更多的科学技术引入建筑中。以前只求一间有瓦盖顶的房屋，现在追求舒适，不同的思想，不同的科学，推动了土木工程的发展，使其更加完美。关键词：土木工程；建筑；力学；材料。土木工程是建造各种工程的统称。它的原意是与“军事工程”相对应的。在英语中，历史上土木工程、机械工程、电气工程、化工工程都属于Civil Engineering，因为它们都具有民用性。后来，随着工程科学技术的发展，机械、电气、化工都已逐渐形成独立的科学，Civil Engineering就成为土木工程的专门名词。至今，在英语中，Civil Engineering还包括水利工程、港口工程；而在我国，水利工程和港口工程也成为与土木工程十分密切的相对独立分支。土木工程既指建设的对象，即建造在地上，地下，水中的工程设施，也指应用的材料设备和进行的勘测，设计施工，保养，维修等专业技术。 土木工程是一种与人们的衣、食、住、行有着密切关系的工程。其中与“住”的关系是直接的。因为，要解决“住”的问题必须建造各种类型的建筑物。而解决“行、食衣”的问题既有直接的一面，也有间接的一面。要“行”，必须建造铁路、道路、桥梁；要“食”，必须打井取水、兴修水利、进行农田灌溉、城市供水排水等，这是直接关系。而间接关系则不论做什么，制造汽车、轮船也好，纺纱、织布、制衣也好，乃至生产钢铁、发射卫星、开展科学研究活动都离不开建造各种建筑物、构筑物和修建各种工程设施。 土木工程随着人类社会的进步而发展，至今已经演变成为大型综合性的学科，它已经出许多分支，如：建筑工程，铁路工程，道路工程，桥梁工程，特种工程结构，给水排水工程，港口工程，水利工程，环境工程等学科。土木工程作为一个重要的基础学科，有其重要的属性：综合性，社会性，实践性，统一性。土木工程为国民经济的发展和人民生活的改善提供了重要 的物质技术基础，对众多产业的振兴发挥了促进作用，工程建设是形成固定资产的基本生产过程，因此，建筑业和房地产成为许多国家和地区的经济支柱之一。 建筑工程就是兴建房屋规划，勘测，设计，施工的总称。目的是为人类的生产和生活提供场所。 房屋好比一个人，它的规划就像人生活的环境，是由规划师负责的；它的布局和艺术处理相应于人的体形、容貌、气质，是由建筑师负责的；它的结构好比人的骨骼和寿命，是由结构工程师负责的；它的给排水、供热通风和电气等设施就如人的器官、神经，是由设备工程师负责的。也像自然界完好地塑造人一样，在城市我地区规划基础上建造房屋，是建设单位，勘察单位、设计单位的各种设计工程师和施工单位全面协调合作的过程。结构说穿了，不过就是受力体的反力与内部应力如何与外力达到平衡。建筑首先要解决，也是必须要解决的问题就是受力的问题。我们把解决 这个问题的学科称为建筑力学。建筑力学有可以分为：静力学，材料力学和结构力学三大力学体系。建筑力学是讨论和研究建筑结构及构件在荷载和其他因素影响的 工作状况，也就是建筑的强度，刚度，稳定性。在载荷作用下，承受载荷和传递载荷的建筑结构和构件会引起周围的物体对它们的作用，同时物件本身受载荷作用而 产生变形，并且存在着被破坏的可能性，但是结构本身就具有一定的抵抗变形和破坏的能力，而结构的承载能力的大小是与构件的材料，截面的几何尺寸，受力性质，工作条件和构造情况有关。而这些关系都可以由力学关系式通过计算而得以解决。 由于和土木工程中任何其他工种的施工方法与费用相比较，土方挖运的施工方法与费用的变化都要快得多，因此对于有事业心的人来说，土方工程是一个可以大有作为的领域。在1935年，目前采用的利用轮胎式机械设备进行土方挖运的方法大多数还没有出现。那是大部分土方是采用窄轨铁路运输，在这目前来说是很少采用的。当时主要的开挖方式是使用正铲、反铲、拉铲或抓斗等挖土机，尽管这些机械目前仍然在广泛应用，但是它们只不过是目前所采用的许多方法中的一小部分。因此，一个工程师为了使自己在土方挖运设备方面的知识跟得上时代的发展，他应当花费一些时间去研究现代的机械。一般说来，有关挖土机、装载机和运输机械的唯一可靠而又最新的资料可以从制造厂商处获得。土方工程或土方挖运工程指的是把地表面过高处的土壤挖去（挖方），并把它倾卸到地表面过低的其他地方（填方）。为了降低土方工程费用，填方量应该等于挖方量，而且挖方地点应该尽可能靠近土方量相等的填方地点，以减少运输量和填方的二次搬运。土方设计这项工作落到了从事道路设计的工程师的身上，因为土方工程的设计比其他任何工作更能决定工程造价是否低廉。根据现有的地图和标高，道路工程师应在设计绘图室中的工作也并不是徒劳的。它将帮助他在最短的时间内获得最好的方案。