牛津英语八年级英语上知识点.doc

8A Unit 1 Friends1. PassageKate is both my best friend and my neighbour. She lives next door. I got to know her ten years ago. Kate is tall and slim. She has square face and a long nose. I like her bright, smiling eyes. They make her look really pretty and kind. She has long hair. Kate is a very clever girl and she likes to help people. She always helps me with my homework. When I feel bored or happy, she talks to me and tells me funny jokes. She always wears a smile on her face and looks happy.2. Word and phrase1)have sth. to drink喝点东西 have sth. to eat吃点东西 例：If you are thirsty, have something to drink.如果你渴了，就喝点什么吧。 Do you want to have something to drink now?你现在想吃点东西吗？2)make sb.+adj. 表示使某人（怎样） make sb. special:使某人特别例：This song makes him really sad.这首歌使他很悲伤He can always make me happy.他总能让我高兴。3）get to do sth. 有机会做某事 例：Betty and I may not get to see each other often but we will always be best friends. 贝蒂和我也学没有机会经常见面，但我们将永远是最好的朋友。 They got to know each other ten years ago.他们十年前认识对方的。4）would like to be=want to be 想成为 例：I would like to be a social worker when I grow up.我长大了相当社会工作者。5）wear a smile on ones face.脸上带着微笑 wear在这里表示“面露，面带”例：He always wear a smile on her face and looks happy.他脸上总是带着微笑，看上去很开心6）what we think我们所想的 what we do我们所做的 what we want我们所要的 例：That what we think too.我们也是这么想的。8）some more:再来一些、更多一些、另外一些 例：Can I have some more food?我能再来一些食物吗？9）talk to sb.和某人交谈 例：Can I talk to you? 我可以和你说句话吗?10）any time 任何时候 例：Any time between seven and nine. 7点到9点任何时间都可以。 Come round any time.什么时候来都可以。11）in deed: 事实上; 实际上; 直正地 例：Thanks very much in deed.真是非常感谢。 She always gives her seat to someone in deed.她总是给给真正需要作为的人让座。12）travel around the world:环游世界 例：She wants to travel around the world when she grows up.她长大以后想环游世界。13）sense of humor.幽默感 例：He has a good sense of humor。他很有幽默感。14）make sb.+adj:使某人 例：He always makes me laugh.他总是惹我笑。15）true friend:忠实的朋友 例：He is a true friend.他是一个忠实的朋友。16）worry sb.使某人烦恼，忧虑；困扰某人 例：When something worries me,I can always go to her。当有事情让我烦恼的时候，我总是能去找她。17）keep a secret:保守秘密 例：I can tell her anything because she can keep a secret.我可以告诉她任何事情，因为它能保守秘密。18）say a bad word about sb:说某人的坏话例：She is kind and never says a bad word about anyone.她很善良并且从来不说人和人的坏话。19）vote for sb.投某人的票 例:Vote for the man you can trust. 选你能信赖的人。20)have problems with:在方面有问题例：Every country may have some problems with funny money. 每个国家都有一些伪钞的问题。21）make friends with sb.和某人交朋友例：I want to make friends with you. 我想和你交朋友。22）be popular with sb.受某人欢迎例：He is very popular with his students. 他很受学生欢迎。23) as+形容词/副词的原级+as 和一样 as+形容词/副词的原级+as possible：尽可能例：The West Lake is as beautiful as a painting. 西湖风景如画 Come as early as possible尽可能早来。3. Grammar形容词、副词的比较级和最高级1、规则变化构成法原级比较级最高级一般单音节词末尾加-er,-est，以不发音的e结尾的单音词和少数以-le结尾的双音节词只加-r,-sttall(高的) great(巨大的)nice(好的) large(大的) able（有能力的)tallergreaternicerlargerablertallestgreatestnicestlargestablest以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词，双写结尾的辅音字母，再加-er，-estbig(大的)hot热的)biggerhotterbiggesthottest以辅音字母+y结尾的双音节词，改y为i,加er,-est easy(容易的)busy(忙的)easierbusiereasiestbusiest少数以-er，-ow结尾的双音节词未尾加-er，-estclever(聪明的)narrow(窄的)cleverernarrowercleverestnarrowest其他双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more,most来构成比较级和最高级。important(重要的)easily(容易地)moreimportantmoreeasilymostimportantmosteasily2、不规则变化原级 比较级 最高级good(好的)/ well(健康的)better bestbad(坏的)/ ill(有病的) worse worstold(老的) older/elder oldest/eldestmuch/many(多的) more mostlittle(少的) less leastfar(远的) farther/further farthest/furthest108A Unit 2 School Life1. PassageIm Nancy and Im 14 years old. Im in the 9th grade at Rocky Mountain（洛矶山）High School in Denver(丹佛). My brothers name is Jim. He is 17 years old. He had driving lessons in school last year. Now, he drives me to school every day. This is great because it takes less time than taking the bus.Twice a week, I play softball(垒球) after school. I love this game and I spend a lot of time practicing. Every Monday, I go to a buddy club, older students talk to new students about school life. I enjoy this a lot. My buddy(搭档) is Julie. She is a senior in 12th grade. She helps me learn all about my new school. She helps me with my homework and listens to my problems too. Julie is my hero（被崇拜的对象）.2. Word and phrase1) as well: 也 例：We study Chinese, Maths, English and Art as well.我们学习中文、数学、英语，还有艺术2) an article by sb. 某人写的文章例：Yesterday I read an article by Lu Xun.昨天我读了一篇鲁迅写的文章。3）someone you admire某个你钦佩的人 someone you like 某个你喜欢的人 例：It means someone you admire very much.它指的是某个你非常钦佩的人。4）have (some time) off:休息（一段时间） have two weeks off:休息两周 例：Chinese students have weeks off in the summertime than British students.夏季，中国学生比英国学生多休息几个星期。5）be on TV：上电视（上电视播放或表演节目） 例：What will be on TV tonight? 今晚电视上播放什么节目？ The twins are going to be on TV next Sunday morning. 那对双胞胎下周日早上要上电视。6）have time for sth.有时间做某事 例：How much time do you have for sports every week? 你每周有多少时间用来做运动？ It finishes at 3 p.m. so we will have lots of time for after-school activities.学校下午三点放学，所以我们有很多时间参加课外活动8）go on a trip 去旅行 例：They went on a trip to Hong Kong last week.他们上周旅行去了趟香港9）the same size as. 与.相同的大小 例：My room is the same size as Millies. 我的房间与米莉的一样大。 the same colour as与同样的颜色 例：Amys coat is the same colour as Sandys.艾米的大衣颜色与桑迪的一样。 the same age as与同样的年龄 例：Kitty is the same age as Simon.基蒂和西蒙年龄一样大。10 ) Whats school like? 上学是什么样的？11）for oneself为某人自己 例：I didnt know how to do things for myself before I came to this school.12) have lessons 上课 例：Boys and girls have lessons together.男孩和女孩在一起上课。13）drive sb. to 开车送某人去例：He drives me to school every day.他每天开车送我上学。14）the same as 和相同 例：My uniform is the same as Simons uniform.be different from和不同 例：My uniform is different from John uniform.3. Grammar形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的用法 - 1“A + be +形容词比较级 + than + B” 意思为“A比B更”。2.两者相比（甲=乙），用“as+原级+as”表示3.两者相比（甲 乙），用“not as(so) +原级+as”或“less than”表示I didnt do my homework so(as) carefully as you. = The picture is less attractive than that one.注意： 在含有连词than的比较级中，前后的比较对象必须是同一范畴，即同类事物之间的比较。 2“比较级 + and + 比较级”或“more and more +原级”表示“越来越”如：It becomes warmer and warmer when spring comes. 春天来了，天气变得越来越暖和了。3在含有or的选择疑问句中，如果有两者供选择，前面的形容词要用比较级形式。如：Who is taller, Tim or Tom? 谁更高，Tim还是Tom?4. “the +比较级, the+比较级”，表示“越越”。 The more money you make, the more you spend.钱你赚得越多，花得越多。5. 表示倍数的比较级用法：. A is times the size /height/length/width of B. A比B尺寸大/高/长/宽.倍如：The new building is three times the height of the old one.这座新楼比那座旧楼高三倍。(新楼是旧楼的四倍高). A is times as big /high/long/wide/large as B. A是B的.倍大/高/长/宽/大如：Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。(亚洲比欧洲大三倍). A is times larger /higher/longer/wider than B. A比B大/高/长/宽 倍如：Our school is twice bigger than yours.我们学校比你们学校大两倍。6. 比较级与最高级的转换：（见7A第8页） 7.修饰比较级和最高级的词1）可修饰比较级的词a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even 2)下列词可修饰最高级：by far, far, much, mostly, almost。 This hat is nearly / almost the biggest. 8A Unit 3 A day out1. PassageIm having a wonderful time here. I went to some very interesting places. Kittys teacher Mr Wu invited me to join their school trip to the World Park. It was a great day but we didnt enjoy it at the beginning.Yesterday morning, Mr Wu and the other students met Kitty and me at the school gate. Then we got on a coach. The trip from Kittys trip to the World Park took about two hours by coach. It was boring. There was a lot of traffic on the city roads but it got better when we were on the highway. However,Kitty and I felt sick for most of the trip.2. Word and phrase1) go past:表示“经过”，past是介词，常与go,walk,drive,run等动词连用。例：He just walked past me a few minutes ago.几分钟前他刚从我身边走过。He ran past the finishing line first.他第一个越过了终点线。2) the White House:白宫 例：I saw the White House today. 今天我看到白宫了。3）at the beginning:开始、起初 另外，in the beginning也表示“开始，起初”它相当于at first. 例：It was a great day but we did not enjoy it at the beginning.那天很愉快，但是开始时我们有些不舒服。at the beginning of sth. 在的开始 We are going to Japan at the beginning of July.我们准备7月初去日本。In the beginning, there was a lot of traffic on the road.开始的时候路上交通很拥挤。4）be made in 在地方制造 例：These toys are made in Shanghai.这些玩具是在上海制造的。5）place of interest 景点 例;T here are models of over a hundred places of interest from all over the world.这里有一百多个世界各地景点的模型。6）show/have great interest in (doing) sth. 对（做）某事感兴趣例：He shows great interest in computer.他对电脑很感兴趣He shows great interest in making his own home page.他对制作自己的网页很感兴趣。8）keep sth. to oneself 不将某事说出去 例：She always keeps her idea to herself.他总是不把自己的想法告诉别人。 keep secrets for sb.为某人保守秘密 例：Thank you so much for keeping the secret for me.非常感谢你为我保守那个秘密。9）be going to:将要、打算 后接动词时要接动词原形 be going to do sth. 例：What are you going to do? 那打算做什么？10）enjoy oneself=have a great time 玩得愉快=have a wonderful time=have a good time例：Enjoy yourself in Kunming. 祝您在昆明旅游愉快! I am having a wonderful time here.我在这里玩得很愉快。11）at the school gate.在校门口 例：Please drop me at the school gate. 请让我在校门口下车。12）feel sick感觉不舒服 例：I feel sick tonight.今晚我觉得不舒服。13）prepare to do sth.准备做某事 prepare sb. for sth./ to do sth. 使某人准备好做某事例：I prepare to sell the car. 我准备把车卖掉。 Prepare yourself for the worst. 你还是做好最坏的打算。14) manage to do sth设法成功做了某事 例：I managed to repair my car yesterday。昨天我成功地修了我的车。I can manage to do everything by myself.我能努力自己做一切事情。15）decide to do sth.决定做某事例：He cant decide what to do.他决定不了要干什么？16）plan to do sth.计划做某事 例：I do not plan to take the job.我不打算担任这项工作。3. Grammarand 和but的用法需注意1. 否定句之后通常用 or代替 and。如：He spoke loudly and clearly. 他说话声音洪亮而且且清晰。He didnt speak loudly or clearly. 他说话声音不大且不清晰。2. 在选择疑问句中，用or 不用and。如：Is it a pen or a pencil?那是钢笔还是铅笔？3. 在both 之后用and，在either之后用or。如：Both you and he are right. 你和他都是对的。Either you or he is right. 不是你对就是他对。8A Unit 4 Wild animals1. PassageThere are only about a thousand giant pandas in the world now. The number is getting smaller and smaller because many of their living areas are becoming farmland. If farmers keep taking the land, giant pandas will have nowhere to live. Also, people hunt them for their fur. If this continues, then there will be no giant pandas in the world. So, what action can the club take? We should write to newspapers and magazines about the giant pandas in China. We should tell them about all these problems, then maybe they will do something to help.2. Word and phrase1) up to 达到、多达、高达 up to now: 到目前为止例：The reading room can hold up to 150 people at the same time.这件阅览室可同时容纳150人之多。2) on ones own:独立地、独自地 与by oneself或alone意思相近 例：Many young people in the USA like living on their own.美国很多年轻人喜欢独自居住Kitty made the poster by her self.基蒂自己制作了这张海报3）find sb./sth.+adj 表示“发现某人/某物”，这是“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”的结构，宾语后面的形容词是宾语补足语，起补充说明宾语的作用。 例：She found the dog dead at the door.她发现狗死在门边。I found the problem easy to solve.我发现问题很容易解决4）the other way:另一个方向 by the way 顺便说一句 in many ways 用多种方法 in this way 用这种方法 lose ones way迷路 例：If I saw a snake in front of me, I will turn the other way.如果我看见前面有条蛇，我会跑开。5）keep doing sth. 继续/坚持做某事（持续） keep on doing sth. 表示动作反复，强调动作与动作之间有间隔，常与表示短暂动作的动词连用。（反复）例：It rained for a week. 雨一直下了一个星期。He kept on standing up in class.他在课堂上一再地站了起来6）for the first time第一次例：They tasted defeat for the first time.他们第一次体验到失败的滋味。8）take away:拿走，把带走例：Please take away the plates.请把盘子收走。Do not take it away!别拿走它！9）be in danger:处于危险中例：You will be in danger if you walk on a railway line.如果你在铁轨上行走，那是很危险的。10）lose ones life:失去某人的生命例：Many animals lose their lives because people buy furs.因为人们买毛皮很多动物失去了生命。11）someone else：其他人 例：If I dont buy them, someone else will buy them.如果我不买他们，其他人会买的。12）at a time:一次例：Female giant pandas have only one or two babies at a time.雌性大熊猫一次只能生一到两个孩子。13) in the daytime. 例：They work in the daytime.他们在白天工作。14）marry：（v.）结婚 married:可作为marry的过去式,也可作为形容词（已婚的）。marriage:（n.）婚姻 She is married.她已经结婚了。 She has been married. get married: 结婚 They have married for 10 years.(错误) 原因：非延续性动词在完成时态中不能和表示一段时间的时间状语连用，“结婚这个动作”不能延续。 They have been married for 10 years.(正确 )原因：已婚的状态可以延续。15) die: （v.）死，消失 dead:( adj.)死的 death:(n.)死，死亡He died last year.(正确)They have died for ten years.（错误）原因：死的动作不能延续They have been dead for ten years.（正确）原因：死的状态可以延续3. Grammarif引导条件状语从句，翻译作“如果”，句型：主语+if+从句 或 if从句，主语1）如果主句用一般将来时，从句就用一般现在时。简称“主将从现”If you eat my food, I wont talk to you.如果你吃了我的食物，我就不和你说话。If it doesnt rain tomorrow，we will go there by bike.如果明天不下雨，我们就骑自行车去那里。 If I get there early，I can see the doctor quickly.如果我早早地到那里，我就可以快点看病。 2）如果主句含有must, may, can 等情态动词，从句也要用一般现在时。 If you drive too fast, you may have an accident. 如果你把车开得太快，你可能会出交通事故。3）如果主句是祈使句，从句同样要用一般现在时。 Dont go and play football （本句为祈使句）if you dont finish your homework. 如果你没完成家庭作业，就不要去踢足球。8A Unit 5 Birdwatchers1. PassageZhalong is a nature reserve in Heilongjiang in northeast China. It is one of the worlds most important wetlands. The area provides food and shelter for wildlife. It is an ideal home for different kinds of plants, fish and birds.Many birds live comfortably in Zhalong Nature Reserve all year round, while some only stay there for a short time. There are many fish in the wetlands, and the birds can easily catch them for food. Zhalong Nature Reserve is an important living area for the rare red-crowned-cranes(丹顶鹤). There are not many red-crowned-cranes in the world. Some of them live in Zhalong.2. Word and phrase1) go birdwatching:去观鸟 go shopping:去购物 go camping:去野营 go climbing:去爬山例：I am going birding watching at the market.我打算去市场观鸟2) provide sth. for sb.=provide sb. with sth.为某人提供某物 provide sth. for sth.=provide sth. with sth.为某物提供某物例：Our school plans to help the students in poor areas by providing them with some stationery. Our school plans to help the students in poor areas by providing some stationery for them.我们学校准备为贫困地区的学生们提供一些文具来帮助他们。3）all year round:全年、常年 all day long:整天、全天 例：The weather here is very comfortable all year round.这里的天气全年都很舒适。 The dog kept barking all day long.这只狗一整天都在叫个不停。4）be interested in sth./doing sth.对感兴趣 例：I hope all my students are interested in English.我希望我所有的学生都对应于感兴趣。 I hope all my students are interested in learning English.我希望我所有的学生都对学英语感兴趣。5）on that day:在那天例：We have roomsonthatday. 那天我们有空房。6）living space:生存空间/生活空间例：More and more birds are in danger because they dont have enough living space.越来越多的鸟处于危险之中因为他们没有足够的生活空间。8）nature reserve:自然保护区例：Zhalong is a nature reserve in Heilongjiang in northeast China.扎龙是中国东北部黑龙江省的一个自然保护区。9）on the farm/on a farm:在农场上 例：My father works on the farm.我的父亲在那个农场上工作。3. Grammar五种句型结构:1) 主语+动词 例：The man is swimming. 主语 动词2）主语+动词+直接宾语 例：He is watching a bird. 主语 动词 直接宾语3）主语+动词+表语 例：Birdwatching is interesting . 主语 动词 表语4）主语+动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 例：She gave the doves some food. 主语 动词 间接宾语 直接宾语5）主语+动词+直接宾语+宾补 例：She calls her parrot Chatty. 主语 动词 直接宾语 宾补 8A Unit 6 Natural disasters1. PassageI was doing some shopping when it started. At first, I felt a slight shaking through my boday. Then I heard o loud no