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毕业设计（论文）中期报告 题目：平面槽形凸轮零件的加工工艺设计与数控编程 系 别 机电信息系 专 业 机械设计制造及其自动化 班 级 姓 名 学 号 导 师 2013年 3月 15日1设计（论文）进展状况 拟定零件的数控加工工艺规程，确定加工方案，选择合适的刀具，确定切削用量，确定零件的定位基准和装夹方式，对刀点和换刀点的选择，走刀路线的确定等。1.1 工艺分析 制定制订零件的数控铣削加工工艺时,首先要对零件图进行工艺分析,其只要内容是数控铣削加工的选择.数控铣床的工艺范围比普通铣床宽,但其价格交普通铣床高得多,因此,选择数控铣床加工内容时,应从实际需要的经济两个方面考虑.通常选择下列加工部位为其加工内容: （1）零件上的曲线轮廓,特别是由数学表达式描绘的非圆曲线和列表曲线等曲线轮廓。 （2）已给能安装中顺带铣出来的简单表面.在一次出数学模型的空间曲线. （3）形状复杂,尺寸繁多,划线与检测困难的部位。 （4）用通用铣床加工难以观察,测量和控制进给的内外凹槽。 （5）以尺寸协调的高精度空或面。（6） 采用数控铣削或能成倍提高生产率,大大减轻体力劳动强度的 零件的结构工艺性是指根据加工工艺特点，对零件的设计所产生的要求，也就是说零件可能影响或决定工艺性的好坏。根据铣削加工特点，我们从以下几方面来结构工艺性特点。 （1）零件图样尺寸的正确标注 （2）保证获得要求的加工精度 （3）尽量统一零件轮廓内圆弧的有关尺寸 （4）保证基准统一 （5）分析零件的变形情况 除了上面所说的有关零件的结构工艺性外，有时尚要考虑毛坯的结构工艺性，因为在数控铣削加工零件时，加工过程是自动的，毛坯余量的大小，如何装夹等问题在选择毛坯时就要仔细考虑好，否则，一旦毛坯不适合数控铣削，加工将很难进行下去。根据经验，确定毛坯的余量和装夹应注意一下两点；毛坯加工余量应充足和尽量均匀毛坯主要指锻件，铸件。因锻模时的欠压量与允许的错模量会造成余量的不等；铸造时也会因砂型误差，收缩量及金属液体的流动性差不能充满型腔等造成余量的不等。此外，锻造，铸造后，毛坯的挠曲与挠曲变形量的不同也会造成加工余量的不充分，不稳定。因此除板料外，不论是锻件，铸件还是型材，只要准备采用数控加工，其加工面均应有较充分的余量。 一般适合数控铣削加工零件的大致的加工顺序是： 加工精基准。 粗加工主要表面。 加工次要表面。 精加工主要表面。 检验、入库。1.1.1 零件图及其结构工艺性分析 图1-1 所示为槽形凸轮零件图，该零件是一个外部轮廓经过加工的圆盘，圆盘直径为280mm，这次的任务是在铣床上加工槽与孔及使外部轮廓达到尺寸要求，零件的材料为HT200，切削加工性能较好，其数控铣床加工工艺分析如下。 图1-1 平面槽型凸轮 分析零件的形状、结构及尺寸的特点，确定零件上是否有妨碍刀具运动的部位，是否有会产生加工干涉或加工不到的区域，零件的最大形状尺寸是否超过机床的最大行程，零件的刚性随着加工的进行是否有太大的变化等。 根据图1-1 所示该零件凸轮轮廓由HA、BC、DE、FG 和直线AB、HG 以及过渡圆弧CD、EF 所组成。组成轮廓的各几何元素关系清楚，条件充分，所需要基点坐标容易求得。凸轮内外轮廓面对A 面有垂直度要求。该零件的材料为HT200切削工艺性较好。根据分析，采取以下工艺措施：凸轮内外轮廓面对A 面有垂直度要求，只要提高装夹精度，使A 面与铣刀轴线垂直，即可保证在分析零件图时，除了考虑尺寸数据是否有遗漏或重复、尺寸标注是否模糊不清和尺寸是否封闭等因素外，还应该分析零件图的尺寸标注方法是否便于编程。无论是用绝对、增量、还是混合方式编程，都希望零件结构的形位尺寸从同一基准出发标注尺寸或直接给出坐标尺寸。这种标注方法，不仅便于编程，而且便于尺寸之间的相互协调，并便于保持设计、制造及检验基准与编程原点设置的一致性。不从同一基准出发标注的分散类尺寸，可以考虑通过编程时的坐标系变换的方法，通过工艺尺寸链解算的方法变换为统一基准的工艺尺寸。此外，还有一些封闭尺寸，为了同时保证孔间距的公差，直接按名义尺寸编程是不行的，在编程时必须通过尺寸链的算，对原孔位尺寸进行适当的调整，保证加工后的孔距尺寸符合公差要求。实际生产中有许多与此相类似的情况，编程时一定要引起注意。 检查零件的尺寸加工精度、形位公差及表面粗糙度等在现有加工条件下是否可以得到保证，是否还有更经济的加工方法或方案。由零件图知该零件12 的精度为H7，35 孔的精度为G7，槽的精度为F8，其余没有作出要求均按GB1804-M,查表可知公差取IT14 即可，粗糙度除了12, 35圆孔及槽壁为Ra1.6mm 外槽底面为Ra3.2mm 比较容易加工。在零件上是否存在对刀具形状及尺寸有限制的部位和尺寸要求，如过渡圆角、倒角、槽宽等，这些尺寸是否过于凌乱，是否可以统一。尽量使用最少的刀具进行加工，减少刀具规格、换刀及对刀次数和时间，以缩短总的加工时间。 分析零件上是否有可以利用的工艺基准，对于一般加工精度要求，可以利用零件上现有的一些基准面或基准孔，或者专门在零件上加工出工艺基准。当零件的加工精度要求很高时，必须采用先进的统一基准定位装夹系统才能保证加工要求。 分析零件材料的种类、牌号及热处理要求，了解零件材料的切削加工性能，才能合理选择刀具材料和切削参数。同时要考虑热处理对零件的影响，如热处理变形，并在工艺路线中安排相应的工序消除这种影响。而零件的最终热处理状态也将影响工序的前后顺序。 当零件上的一部分内容已经加工完成，这时应充分了解零件的已加工状态，数控铣削加工的内容与已加工内容之间的关系，尤其是位置尺寸关系，这些内容之间在加工时如何协调，采用什么方式或基准保证加工要求，如对其他企业的外协零件的加工。 分析几何元素的给定条件是否充分，发现问题及时与设计人员协商解决。 根据以上原则且此凸轮零件的结构比较简单，不需要经过多次装夹就可以完成零件的加工。即工序安排如下： 工序一：钻11.6 孔粗铣35孔精镗35孔，铰12孔12孔倒角，粗车-280端面-粗车65端面，精车加工280端面及倒角-精车65端面与倒角及35孔倒角 工序二：一面两孔定位粗铣凸轮表面及外轮廓粗铣凸轮槽内轮廓精铣凸轮槽内轮廓精铣凸轮槽外轮廓-M6-7H钻孔攻螺纹加工 工序三：去毛刺 工序四：检验，入库。1.2 平面凸轮的加工工步顺序 安排平面凸轮的加工工步时除考虑通常的加工工艺要求之外，还应考虑下列因素： 以相同定位、夹紧方式或同一把刀具加工的内容，最好接连进行，以减少刀具更换次数，节省辅助时间。 在一次安装的工序中进行的多个工步，应先安排对工件刚性破坏较小的工步。 工步顺序安排和工序顺序安排是类似的，都遵循由粗到精的原则。先进行切削、粗加工，去除毛坯大部分加工余量，然后安排一些发热小、加工要求不高的加工内容(如钻小孔、攻螺纹等)，最后再精加工。 考虑走刀路线，减少空行程。如决定某一结构的加工顺序时，还应兼顾到邻近的加工结构的加工顺序，考虑相邻加工结构的一些相似的加工工步能否统一起来，用一把刀接连加工，减少换刀次数和空行程移动量。根据以上原则特设定凸轮的加工工步如下：钻11.6 孔粗铣35孔精镗35孔，铰12孔12孔倒角，粗车-280端面-粗车65端面，精车加工280端面及倒角-精车65端面与倒角及35孔倒角一面两孔定位粗铣凸轮表面及外轮廓粗铣凸轮槽内轮廓精铣凸轮槽内轮廓精铣凸轮槽外轮廓-M6-7H钻孔攻螺纹加工1.3 各工序走刀路线的设计1.3.1 钻孔走刀路线 孔的加工路线为：钻11.6 孔粗铣35孔精镗35孔，铰12孔12孔倒角35孔倒角1.3.2 凸轮外轮廓加工走刀路线 凸轮外轮廓的加工路线为：粗车-280端面-粗车65端面，精车加工280端面及倒角-精车65端面与倒角用18 硬质合金立铣刀对两表面进行精加工。1.3.3 凸轮槽内轮廓加工走刀路线 凸轮槽内轮廓加工路线为：先用18高速钢立铣刀对槽进行粗加工用18硬质合金立铣刀进行精加工，1.4 刀具的选择和切削用量的确定 刀具的选择是数控加工工艺中的重要内容之一，不仅影响机床的加工效率，而且直接影响加工质量。编程时，选择刀具通常考虑机床的加工能力、工序内容、工件材料等因素。 与传统加工方法相比，数控加工对刀具的要求，尤其在刚性和寿命方面更为严格。应根据机床的加工能力、工件材料的性能、加工工序、切削用量以及其他相关因素正确选用刀具及刀柄。刀具选择总的原则是：既要求精度高、强度大、刚性好、寿命长，又要求尺寸稳定，安装调整方便。在满足加工要求的前提下，尽量选择较短的刀柄，以提高刀具的刚性。1.5.1 铣削用刀具及其选择 数控加工中，铣削平面零件内外轮廓及铣削平面常用平底立铣刀，该刀具有关参数的经验数据如下： 1) 铣刀半径D R 应小于零件内轮廓面的最小曲率半径Rmin，一般取RD(0.80.9Rmin)。 2) 零件的加工高度H (1/6 1/4)RD，以保证刀具有足够的刚度。 3) 粗加工内轮廓时，铣刀最大直径D 可按下(1-1）计算： 式中 D1 轮廓的最小凹圆角半径； 圆角邻边夹角等分线上的精加工余量； 1精加工余量； 圆角两邻边的最小夹角。1.6.1主轴转速的确定 主轴转速应根据允许的切削速度和工件（或刀具）的直径来选择。其计算公式为； n=1000V/（D）式中； V为切削速度，单位为m/min，由刀具的耐用度决定； n为主轴转速，单位为r/min； D为工件直径或刀具直径，单位为mm；计算的主轴转速n最后要根据机床说明书选取机床有的或较近的转速进给速度的确定1.6.2确定进给速度的原则 （1）当工件的质量要求能够得到保证时，为了提高生产率，可选择较高的进给速度。一般在100-200mm/min范围内选取。 （2）在切断，加工深孔或用高速钢刀具加工时，宜选择较低的进给速度，一般在20-50mm/min 范围内选取。 （3）当加工精度，表面粗糙度要求高时，进给速度应选小些，一般在20-50mm/min 范围内选取。 （4）刀具空行程时，特别是远距离“回零”时，可以选择该机床数控系统给定的最高进给速度1.6.3背吃刀量确定背吃刀量根据机床，工件和刀具的 刚度来确定，在刚度允许的条件下，应尽可能使背吃刀量等于工件的加工余量，这样可以减少走刀次数，提高生产效率。为了保证加工表面质量，可留少量精加工余量，一般留0.2-0.5mm。总之，切削用量的具体数值应根据机床性能，相关的书册并结合实际经验用类比方法确定。总之，使主轴转速，切削深度及进给速度三者能相互适应，以形成最佳切削用量工件的定位与装夹1.7定位基准分析定位基准有粗基准和精基准两种，用未加工过的毛坯表面作为定位基准称为粗基准。除第一道工序采用粗基准外，其余工序都使用精基准。选择定位基准要遵循基准重合原则，即力求设计基准。工艺基准和编程基准统一，这样做可以减少基准不重合产生的误差和数控编程的计计算量，并且能有效的减少装夹次数。1.8装夹 在确定装夹方案时，只需根据已选定的加工表面和定位基准确定工件的定位夹紧方式，并选择合适的夹具，此外，主要考虑一下几点； （1）夹紧机构或其它元件不得影响进给，加工部位要敞开。要求夹持工件后夹具等一些组件不能与刀具运动轨迹发生干涉。 （2）必须保证最小的夹紧变形。工件在加工时，切削力大，需要的夹紧力也大，但又不能把工件夹压变形。因此，必须慎重选择夹具的支撑点，定位点和夹紧点。 （3）装卸方便，辅助时间尽量短。由于加工中心技工效率高，装夹工件的辅助时间对加工效率影响较大，所以要求配套夹具在使用中也要快而方便。 （4）对小型零件或工序时间不长的零件，可以考虑在工作台上同时装夹几件进行加工，以提高效率。 （5）夹具结构应力求简单。由于零件在加工中心上加工大都采用工序集中的原则，加工的部位较多，同时批量较小，零件更换周期短，夹具的标准化，通用化和自动化对加工效率的提高及加工费用的降低有很大影响。因此，对批量小的零件因优先选用组合夹具。对形状简单的单件小批量生产的零件，可选用通用夹具，如三爪卡盘，台钳等。只有对批量较大，且周期性投产，加工精度要求较高的关键工序才设计专用夹具，以保证加工精度和提高装夹效率。 （1）夹具应便于与工作台及工件定位表面间的定位元件连接。加工中心工作台面上一般都有基准T型槽，转台中心有定位圈，台面侧面有基准挡板等定位元件。固定方式一般用T型槽螺钉或工作台面上的紧固螺孔用螺栓或压板压紧。夹具上用于紧固的孔和槽的位置想对应。 2. 填写数控加工工序卡片、数控加工刀具卡片 槽形凸轮的数控加工刀具卡片产品名称或代号零件名称平面凸轮零件序号刀具号刀具加工表面备注规格名称数量刀长/mm1T0120钻头14535孔粗加工2T0211.6钻头13012孔粗加工3T0325镗刀14535孔精加工4T0410镗刀13012孔精加工5T05车刀1粗车280端面65端面6T06车刀1精车加工280端面车65端面与7T0790倒角铣刀135孔倒角1.545，65端面倒角8T0818高速钢立铣刀120粗加工凸轮槽内外轮廓底圆角R0.59T0918硬质合金立铣刀120精加工凸轮槽内外轮廓10T106钻头16孔钻孔攻螺纹编制郑旭审核郑旭2013.3.15共一页第一页 槽形凸轮的数控加工工序卡片单位名称北信学院产品名称或代号零件名称零件图号平面槽型凸轮工序号夹具名称使用设备车间01四爪卡盘Xk5052/4数控中心工步号工步内容刀具号刀具规格/mm主轴转速/r*min进给速/mm*min背吃刀量备注1钻20孔T0120402402钻11.6孔T0211.6402403镗35T0325130200.24铰12孔T0410130200.25粗车280端面65端面T05800406精车280端面65端面T061440207铣倒角T0790402205编制郑旭审核张涛2013.1.15共2页第1页 槽形凸轮的数控加工工序卡片单位名称北信学院产品名称或代号零件名称零件图号平面槽型凸轮工序号夹具名称使用设备车间02螺旋压板Xk5052/4数控中心工步号工步内容刀具号刀具规格/mm主轴转速/r*min进给速/mm*min背吃刀量备注1一面两孔粗铣凸轮槽外轮廓T081811004042粗铣凸轮槽内轮廓T081811004043精铣凸轮槽外轮廓T0918149520144精铣凸轮槽外轮廓T0918149520145钻6孔及攻丝T106编制郑旭审核张涛2013.3.15共2页第2页（3） 设计指定工序的机床夹具，绘制装配总图和零件图。 图1 零件二维图 图2 零件三维图 图4夹具装配图 1开头垫圈 2带螺纹圆柱销 3压紧螺母 4带螺纹削边销 5垫圈 6工件 图2夹具装配三维图2存在问题及解决措施背吃刀量确定在工件表面粗糙度值要求为Ra12.5-25um时，如果圆周铣削的加工余量小于5mm，端铣的加工余量小于6mm，粗铣一次进给就可以到达要求。但在余量比较大，工艺系统刚性较差或机床动力不足的时候，可以分两次进给完成。在工件表面粗糙度值要求为Ra3.2-12.5um 时，可分粗铣和半精铣两步进行。粗铣刀时背吃刀量或侧吃刀量选取同前，粗铣后留0.5-1.0mm 余量，在半精铣时切除。在工件表面粗糙度值要求为Ra0.8-3.2um 时，可分粗铣、半精铣、精铣三步进行。半精铣时背吃刀量或侧吃刀量取1.5-2mm；精铣时圆周铣侧吃刀量取0.3-0.5mm，面铣刀背吃刀量取0.5-1mm。切削用量的选择（高速钢立铣刀，粗铣）工件材料 铸铁 铝 钢刀具 刀 转速 进给速度 转速 进给速度 转速 进给速度直径 槽（mm）数 切削速度 每齿进给量切削速度 每齿进给量切削速度 每齿进给量 8 2 1100 115 5000 500 1000 100 28 0.05 126 0.05 25 0.05 900 110 4100 490 820 82 10 2 28 0.06 129 0.06 26 0.05 12 2 770 105 3450 470 690 84 29 0.07 130 0.07 26 0.06 14 2 660 100 3000 440 600 80 29 0.07 132 0.07 26 0.07 16 2 600 94 2650 420 530 76 30 0.08 133 0.08 27 0.073后期工作安排 9-12周 用CAD/CAM软件进行刀具路径的建立及模拟，自动生成数控加工程序。 13-14周 编写设计说明书 总体修改 指导教师签字： 年 月 日注：1. 正文：宋体小四号字，行距22磅；标题：加粗 宋体四号字2. 中期报告由各系集中归档保存，不装订入册。毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 系 （部）： 机电信息系 专 业： 机械设计制造及其自动化 班 级： 姓 名： 学 号： 外文出处： U. S.A. Michigan university 附 件：1. 原文； 2. 译文 2013年03月附件一：原文Multi-purpose aggregate machine-tool time Timothy and Jacobs, Denis A receives then then, outstanding Philip U.S.A. Michigan universitySummary:The aggregate machine-tool machining center may cause the demand which the processing manufacturing industry adapts changes unceasingly, uses the pool of labor power effectively, and has the competitive power in global scales market.Key word: Make the lathe upRegarding the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools, in the industrial field has many names to describe it, like “the multitasking installment”, “the multi-purpose engine beds”, “the multi-procedure production system” and so on, it may be called the processing domain truly the nova, may reduce the cost, the simplified disposition, and has maintained in the US territory produces. In the past only then used the duty which many machine operations could complete, now may concentrate to an engine bed on processes completes. As a result of market demands unceasing change, the product life cycle is reducing unceasingly, todays market more intense demand multitasking installment concept. Carries out the fine profit management when the entire production environment, compared to having not concentrated the components processing to a machine on completes a finer profit. Some traditions manufacturing industry manufacturer thought that the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools are too complex, very difficult to find the appropriate operators also the difficult problem innovates on the spot on the insufficiency for the metal working basic principle and in the Production workshop related new engine bed use solution aspect training. Intuition type technical control The equipment use “carries off the quantity of heat” the type design, has different material which the lathe bed, the steeliness straight line rolling guide, on the steeliness revolving tool box saddle, the equipment uses, all these combine make an engine bed together. These with the thermal conductivity, the volume expansion are related. All different sizes thing can by the different speed growth. As a result of this reason, needs to make the hot friendly engine bed, with the aim of knowing gives off heat the weak point in where, can compensate through the reasonable engine bed design. The part is the entire journey movement. The engine bed glide produces rubs and transform hotly. The machining produces the hot filings fall to the different place, the refrigerant can mix in the entire process in which. Will present the different temperature province continually on the cutting tool, will therefore also have many things to have the influence to the thermostability. The cutting tool technology turned the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools has had the milling and cutting power “the versatile machine”. According to the material introduced that the most remarkable characteristic is in these engine bed whole has the intuition. The anti-collision preservation technology was already mature, in certain circumstances, even if uses the manual operation pattern, can also avoid the occurrence which collides. Because the control software has the very good intuition, the user operation friendly degree unceasingly is also enhancing. Believe the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools by its survivability world-wide in the more different processing scenes. The off-line programming optimization and the NC automatic control systems formation already made this technology to be easier to accept, when therefore uses the procedure when the engine bed, does not need to spend many time tune-up procedure and confirmed that some part does not have the question. If components need to provide the high and low two revolving tool box saddle simultaneously to carry on the rough machining, in this kind of situation the programming is quite difficult, because it needs two revolving tool box saddles also to feed. The AdMac system may realize tool rests automatic programming which simultaneously feeds to these, and can cause the correct main axle speed, the correct feed rate and so on all parameters to realize the synchronization. Okuma Corporations collision avoidance system design based on actual processing operating mode anti-collision simulation, therefore, if the operator has installed the wrong cutting tool or has established the wrong parameter, the control system will examine and prevents the engine bed to enter the processing condition. Through cooperates with the Siemens, INDEX Corporation may provide the 3D pattern now “the hypothesized engine bed”, has custom-made according to some specific models engine bed. The result indicated that the simulation processes not only the fabricated parts and the actual end product is similar, is the one-to-one copy simply. The intuition type control interface, the simulation as well as other software technique are progressive, the more Production workshops have opened wide the front door to the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools, but if does not have the corresponding knowledge to train and to solve the question creativity, the manufacturer is also very difficult to realize and the full use advanced engine bed flexibility aspect superiority. The work which does to the machine are more, the machine will be more complex, also needs to have the stronger skill person correspondingly to be able to operate it. If machinist past one day operated 3 engine beds, then he has this kind of multi-purpose engine bed now, might produce more components. More importantly, he may draw support from softwares help to cause the production efficiency to be higher, regarding transformation processing components preparation, may also establish the processing craft plan. Because the replacement components need to lower 3 main axles, therefore before replacing the components, the workshop should process as far as possible many components. Regarding the multi-purpose engine beds, the transformation components speed is quick, the production batch of time interval is shorter, the stock is lower, the production efficiency is higher. Can use multi-purpose engine beds some workshops fully, very quick will discover the post function the unification. Now, a workshop may only use an operator, an adjuster and a programming teacher, in the future these 3 work definitely may do by a person. In the traditional post description the machinist will transit becomes one to adjust engineer, if this engineer the familiar components processing programming, that were also more ideal. Regarding such transformation, training has been simple, so long as trains 1 individual line, but is not 3 individuals. Looking from the long views, this will provide to the people the higher post degree of satisfaction. When adjusts engineer to be responsible to process the programming, and pays attention to the components processing personally time the entire process, he completely has become this components control. In addition, but should also makes more effort in the cutting tool choice and the programming aspect, must make any model the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tool to succeed, the workshop needs to provide the skilled machinist, has ability and completes many kinds of operations nimbly. Therefore, crosswise training was at any time in the past more important. Regarded as the milling and the lathe work the different discipline the viewpoint never to return. Regarding the programmers, this belongs to their time. Regarding personnel who will program, will understand the engine bed and controls it, this will be their ability manifestation. The cutting tool will choose most people not to install the passenger vehicle tire to the race car on, but processed the cutting tool to have such situation. The cutting tool should match with the new engine bed, is conceivably redundant on the new engine bed uses the old cutting tool to the production efficiency influence. In order to match the multi-purpose aggregate machine-tools, the new cutting tool and the cutting tool adapter technology was already developed. At present the industrial field is developing the development the processing cutting tool, may complete the turning on the identical tool rest, boring and drills truncates the processing, is only processes the phase to differ from regarding the work piece angle. The processing operates the difference even confuses is unclear. The new processing cutting tool may complete the milling and the turning. Since has moved the technology (engine bed) is this century develops is extremely rapid and one of influence enormous science and technology. The modern automation technology is one kind of completely new productive forces, is one of direct creation public wealth principal means that is playing the enormous promotion effect to humanitys production activity and the material civilization. Therefore, the automated technology receives various countries widely to take seriously with more and more applications. The machinery automation (engine bed), mainly refers to the machine-building industry applies the automated technology, realizes the processing object continuously the automatic production, realizes the optimized effective automatic production process, the increase production investment processing transformation and the flow rate. The machinery automation technologys application and the development, are the machine-building industry technological transformations, the technology advancement principal means and the technological development main direction. Machinery automation technical standards, not only affects the entire machine-building industry the development, and has the very tremendous immediate influence to the national economy various departments technology advancement. Therefore, develops our countrys machine-building industry automation technology, conforms to our country socialism basic principle, conforms to our country modern production law of development. How to develop our countrys machinery automation technology (engine bed), here has the technical policy question, should be realistic, all embark from our countrys concrete national condition, do each foundation work, takes the Chinas road of machinery automation technological development. The domestic and foreign industry history tells us, realizes the machinery automation is from to high-level, from simply to complex, from is preliminarily imperfect the consummation the developing process. After machines operation uses the automatic regulator, the production method only then gradually transits from the mechanization to the mechanism control (tradition) automated, the numerical control automation, the computer control automation. Only then after having established the Automated factory, the production process can overall automate, can make the productivity to enhance comprehensively, achieves automated the high-level ideal stage. The machinery automation technology first starts from the 1920s in the machine manufacture cold finishing production in enormous quantities process to develop the application, after in the 60s, to adapt the market demand and the change, for the enhancement machine-building industry to the market nimble rapid reactions ability, starts to establish the variable automation production system, namely revolves the computer technology the flexible automation. It is in the manufacture system invariable or in the change small situation, the machinery equipment either production management process through the automatic detection, the information processing, the analysis judgment realizes the anticipated operation or some kind of process automatically, and can from make one kind of components to transform automatically to makes another kind of different components. The social practice proved that under this kind of definitions manufacture system automation and the contemporary majority enterprises are not actually accommodating. The contemporary society also not in the science and technology, the material and the personnel aspect prepares to realize this automated condition, insists such to do only meets the wasted effort. This kind of situation is not exceptional regarding the separate production methods machine-building industry, the difficulty can bigger. In the 80s internationally appeared started to use computer integration manufacture system CIMS (Computer Integrated Manufacturing), the flexible automation production pattern also had this kind of situation. The initial period take the information integration as a key point, take the high automaticity as the characteristic, but in realized in the process to encounter the difficulty. In view of the fact that realizes the large amount investment which the computer integration manufacture systems automation overall needs (an overall Automated factory to spend several hundred hundred million US dollars, flexible manufacture system regular price is 600 25,000,000 US dollars), undertakes the huge risk, in addition questions and so on technical difficulty and reliability, the world industrially advanced country started “to run into a wall produces a different product”, transfers pays great attention the information integration the effect, pursues low cost automation LCA (Low Cost Automation) enterprise organizational structure and movement way. The aggregate machine-tool future development more use transmissions and so on variable speed motor and ball bearing guide screw, will simplify structure, the reduction production metre; Uses the numerical control system and the headstock, the jig automatic replacement system, enhances the craft controllability; As well as integrates the flexible manufacture system and so on.附件二：翻译 多功能组合机床时代 蒂莫西雅各布斯，丹尼斯阿斯纳斯，卓然飞利浦 美国密西根大学 摘要：组合机床加工中心可使加工制造业适应不断变化的需求，有效利用劳动力资源，并在全球范围的市场上更具竞争力。关键词：组合机床 对于多功能组合机床，工业领域内有很多称呼来形容它，如 “多任务处理装置”、“多功能机床”、“多程序生产系统”等，它确实可称为加工领域的新星，可降低成本，简化配置，并一直保持在美国本土生产。过去只有使用多机操作才能完成的任务，现在可以集中到一台机床上加工完成。由于市场需求的不断变化，产品的生命周期在不断缩短，今天的市场更加强烈需求多任务处理装置概念。在整个生产环境中推行精益管理时，没有比把零件加工集中到一台机器上完成更精一些传统的制造业厂商认为多功能组合机床过于复杂，很难找到合适的操作人员也就不足为奇了。在一些劳动力市场，要找到能够对多轴组合机床加工中心进行手工编程的人是不太可能的事。但资料显示，解决方案可有两个，一个是现代多功能组合机床的直觉式技术，另一个是针对金属加工基本原理及在生产车间现场有关新机床使用中难题创新解决方面的培训。直觉式技术控制设备采用“带走热量”式设计，有床身、钢制直线滚动导轨、钢制转塔刀架、设备上使用的不同材料，所有这些组合到一起建造成一台机床。这些都与导热系数、体积膨胀相关。所有不同尺寸的东西都会以不同的速度生长。由于这个原因，需要制造热友好机床，以便知道发热的薄弱点在哪里，可以通过合理的机床设计来补偿。元件是全程运动。机床滑动产生摩擦并转化为热。切削加工产生的热屑掉到不同地方，在整个过程中冷却液会混合在其中。在切削刀具上会持续出现很多不同的温度区域，所以也会有很多东西对热稳定性产生影响。切削刀具技术把多功能组合机床变成了具备铣削和切削能力的“全能机器”。据资料介绍，最显著的特点是这些机床整体上更具直觉性。防撞保护技术已经非常成熟，在某些情况下，即使采用手动操作模式，也能避免碰撞的发生。由于控制软件有很好的直觉性，用户操作友好程度也在不断提高。相信多功能组合机床会以其生存能力遍布于更多不同的加工现场。离线编程优化和NC自动控制系统的形成已经使这一技术更容易接受，因此当将程序用在机床上时，不必花很多时间去调整程序和确认某一元件没有问题。如果一个零件需要配备上下两个