中科院 科技论文写作2.ppt

科技论文的选题、写作和评价崔金钟,科技论文的结构Thestructureofscientificpaper,题目Title作者Author作者单位和地址Affiliationandaddress摘要Abstract关键词Keywords引言Introduction材料与方法Materialsandmethods结果Results讨论Discussion致谢Acknowledgments(optional)引文References附录Appendices(optional),TheIMRADarticle:Introduction,Methods,ResultsAndDiscussion,AbstractIntroductionMaterialsandMethodsResultsDiscussion,摘要,摘要是论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述作用：让读者尽快了解论文的主要内容为科技情报人员和计算机检索提供方便内容：目的、方法、结果和结论,引言,目的是向读者交代本研究的来龙去脉，其作用在于唤起读者的注意，使读者对论文先有一个总体的了解。引言包含的内容：研究的理由、目的和背景理论依据、实验基础和研究方法预期的结果及其地位、作用和意义,Introduction,Theintroductiondefinesthesubjectofthereport.Itmustoutlinethescientificpurpose(s)orobjective(s)fortheresearchperformedandgivethereadersufficientbackgroundtounderstandtherestofthereport.Careshouldbetakentolimitthebackgroundtowhateverispertinenttotheexperiment,Introduction,Whywasthisstudyperformed?observationsandliteratureWhatknowledgealreadyexistsaboutthissubject?confirmations,conflicts,andgapsWhatisthespecificpurposeofthestudy?hypothesesandexperimentaldesign,Introduction,ItisthewidthandshapeoftheboxesthatisimportantThestructureisgovernedbytheResultsboxIntroductionbeginsmuchbroader:makingfirmcontactwiththeselectedaudience,atthelogicalcontactpointBetweenstartandendofIntro,backgroundinfo.andpreviousworkarewoventogethertojustifythestudyIntroductionendswiththeaimofthepresentstudy,Introduction:thefivestages,1.Generalstatementsaboutthefieldofresearchtoprovidethereaderwithasettingorcontextfortheproblemtobereportedandclaimitscentrality2.Morespecificstatementsabouttheaspectsoftheproblemalreadystudiedbyotherresearchers,layingafoundationofinformationalreadyknown3.Statementsthatindicatetheneedformoreinvestigationtocreateagaporresearchnicheforthepresentstudy4.Veryspecificstatementsgivingthepurposeorobjectiveoftheauthorsstudy5.Optionalstatement(s)thatgiveavalueorjustificationforcarryingoutthestudy,SpatialDistributionofLitterandMicroarthropodsinaChihuahuanDesertEcosystem,1Inmostdesertsoftheworld,transitionsbetweentopographicelementsareabruptandwatercourseswhicharedrymostofthetimetendtodissipatetheiroccasionalwaterswithinlocalbasins.2Occasionaltorrentialrainfall,characteristicofmostdesertregions,washesloosedebrisintowatercoursesortransportsthismaterial,depositingitinandalongtheshoresofephemerallakes.3Thesephysicalprocessesresultinaredistributionofdeadplantmaterial(litter),affectthedistributionofsoilwaterandcreateaheterogeneousbioticcommunity.4Therefore,beforethedynamicsofdesertecosystemscanbeadequatelyunderstood,thespatialrelationshipsmustbeclarified.,5Therehavebeenfewstudiesoflitterdistributionand/orsoilfaunainanyoftheworldsdeserts(Wallwork,1976).6Wood(1971)surveyedthesoilfaunainanumberofAustralianaridandsemi-aridecosystems.7Wallwork(1972)madesomestudiesofthemicroarthropodfaunaintheCalifornianMojavedesertandEdneyetal.(1974,1975,1976)studiedabundanceanddistributionofsoilmicroarthropodsintheMojavedesertinNevada.8IntheChihuahuandesert,Whitfordetal.(1975,1976,1977)describedthespatialrelationshipsformanygroupsoforganisms,butsoilmicroarthropodsremainunstudied.9Thelackofsuchinformationrepresentsagapinourknowledgeofdesertecosystems.10AspartofourcontinuingprogramofstudiesofthestructureanddynamicsofChihuahuandesertecosystems,wedesignedthestudyreportedheretounderstandtherelation-shipbetweenlitterredistributionandthespatialdistributionandcompositionofthesoilmicroarthropodcommunity.,引言,引言要写得深入浅出，以使大部分本专业的读者都能看懂，即使你的正文或许只有少数专家才能看懂。作者不应表示谦意如实评述，防止吹嘘自己和贬低别人,Introduction,Style:Usetheactivevoiceasmuchaspossible.Someuseoffirstpersonisokay,butdonotoverdoit.Structure:aninvertedtriangle-thebroadestpartatthetoprepresentingthemostgeneralinformationandfocusingdowntothespecificproblemyoustudied,实验材料和方法,目的和作用结果得出的准确性和严谨性；可重复验证材料的表达主要指对材料的来源、性质和数量，以及材料的选取和处理等事项的阐述。方法的表达主要指对实验的仪器、设备，以及实验条件和测试方法等事项的阐述实验过程描述,MethodsandMaterials,Function:Youexplainclearlyhowyoucarriedoutyourstudyinthefollowinggeneralstructure:ThesubjectsusedDescriptionofthesdudysiteTheexperimentaldesignTheprotocolforcollectingdataHowthedatawereanalyzed,MethodsandMaterials,Style:Itreadasifyouwereverballydescribingtheconductoftheexperiment.Youmayusetheactivevoicetoacertainextent,althoughthissectionrequiresmoreuseofthirdperson,passiveconstructionsthanothers.Avoiduseofthefirstpersoninthissection.Remembertousethepasttensethroughout.TheMethodssectionisnotastep-by-step,directive,protocolasyoumightseeinyourlabmanual.,实验结果,包括给出结果，并对结果进行定量或定性的分析。写作要点：以图、表等手段整理实验结果，通过数理统计和误差分析说明结果的可靠性、再现性和普遍性，进行实验结果与理论计算结果的比较，说明结果的适用对象和范围，分析不符合预见的现象和数据，检验理论分析的正确性等。,实验结果,切忌伪造数据；不要随意舍去与自己料想不符或相反的数据；分析逻辑严谨，切忌牵强；不能空泛议论；对实验过程中发现的实验设计、实验方案或执行方法方面的某些不足或错误，也应说明，以供读者借鉴。,实验结果,文字、图、表；线条图、柱状图；如何引图表例1：Germinationratesweresignificantlyhigherafter24hinrunningwaterthanincontrols(Fig.4).例2：干旱处理导致两种植物叶片的相对含水量明显下降（图2）。例3：图3显示经干旱处理的黄柳和垂柳叶片其F在各个水势梯度中基本保持稳定。,实验结果,AvoidsentencesthatgivenoinformationotherthandirectingthereadertotheFigureorTable.例1：Table1showsthesummaryresultsformaleandfemaleheightsatBatesCollege例2：图3显示了不同类型植物盖度下E的动态变化情况，例3：图3显示了不同类型植物盖度下E的动态变化情况，根据图3可见，不同类型植物盖度下E的动态差异较大，不同类型植物盖度下E的动态差异较大（图3），,Results,Theresultssectionshouldsummarize,butnotinterpret,theresultsobtainedFiguresandtablesfrequentlywillhelpthereadertounderstandmoreeasilythanawrittendescription.Obviouslythesamedatashouldnotbepresentedintwodifferentforms,Results,Eachfigureortableshouldfollowthefirstreferencetotheminthetext.AllfiguresandtablesmustbecalledoutorreferredtobeforetheyareexplainedinthetextThegraphsshouldbereferredtoasFiguresDonotpresentrawdata.PrintoutsofEXCELworksheetswithrawdataareNOTacceptabletables!,Results,Allfiguresandtablesshouldhavedescriptivetitlesandshouldincludealegendexplaininganysymbols,abbreviations,orspecialmethodsusedFiguresandtablesshouldbeself-explanatory,Results,TheAnatomyofaTable,Results,TheAnatomyofaFigure,Results,TheAnatomyofaFigure,讨论,这一部分要客观地分析所得到的结果，自然而然地引出你的主要结论内容：1）研究结果说明了什么问题，得出了什么规律性的东西，解决了什么理论或实际问题；2）对前人有关本问题的看法作了哪些检验，哪些与本研究结果一致，哪些不一致，作者做了哪些修正、补充、发展或否定；3）本研究的不足之处或遗留问题；4）研究建议,讨论,概括准确：对论文创新内容的概括应当准确、完整措词严谨：肯定和否定要明确，不能模棱两可，含糊其词。结论与引言相呼应不作自我评价,Discussion,Function:ThefunctionoftheDiscussionistointerpretyourresultsinlightofwhatwasalreadyknownaboutthesubjectoftheinvestigation,andtoexplainournewunderstandingoftheproblemaftertakingyourresultsintoconsideration,Discussion,Doyourresultsprovideanswerstoyourtestablehypotheses?Ifso,howdoyouinterpretyourfindings?Doyourfindingsagreewithwhatothershaveshown?Ifnot,dotheysuggestanalternativeexplanationGivenyourconclusions,whatisournewunderstandingoftheproblemyouinvestigatedandoutlinedintheIntroduction?Ifwarranted,whatwouldbethenextstepinyourstudy？,Discussion,Donotwasteentiresentencesrestatingyourresults；DonotintroducenewresultsintheDiscussion.Usetheactivevoicewheneverpossibleinthissection.Useofthefirstpersonisokay,buttoomuchuseofthefirstpersonmayactuallydistractthereaderfromthemainpoints.,致谢,致谢的对象：凡对本研究直接提供过资金、设备、人力，以及文献资料等支持和帮助的团体和个人。不要对作者中列出的人员致谢不要对编辑、审稿人致谢,Acknowledgments,If,inyourexperiment,youreceivedanysignificanthelpinthinkingup,designing,orcarryingoutthework,orreceivedmaterialsfromsomeonewhodidyouafavorbysupplyingthem,youmustacknowledgetheirassistanceandtheserviceormaterialprovided.,参考文献,为撰写或编辑论著而引用的有关图书资料“顺序编码制”和“著者-出版年制”只著录最必要、最新的文献只著录公开发表的文献采用标准化的著录格式,参考文献,采用顺序编码制时，在引文处，按它们出现的先后用阿拉伯数字连续编码，并将序码置于方括号内，视具体情况把序码作为上角标，或者作为语句的组成部分。“笔者在文献1中，在RichardS.Crandall2和PorponthSichanugrist等人3工作的基础上”在文后参考文献表中，各条文献按在论文中的文献序号顺序排列,References,Thereferenceslistonlythepapersorotherpublicationsthatweredirectlyreferredtoinyourpaper.Referencesshouldbecitedinoneoftwowaysinthetext:(1)Mentiontheauthorsnamesaspartofyoursentencefollowedbytheyearofpublicationinparentheses;(2)Placeauthorsnamesandtheyearofpublicationinparenthesesfollowingideasorresultsfromthestudy.,References,BrownandWilson(1992)performedasetofexperimentsdemonstratingvariabilityinhostspecialization.Aphylogenetictreeoftheyuccamothfamilyindicatestheimportantroleofhost-plantassociationintheevolutionofthisgroup(Brownetal.1994).Thereferencesgivesanalphabeticallisting(byfirstauthorslastname)ofthereferencesthatyouactuallycitedinthebodyofyourpaper.,参考文献,切忌间接引用或引用二次文献；尽量引用本学科的最新文献；尽量引用国际著名刊物上发表的文献；国内作者参考文献存在的问题：参阅文献量少，所以文献引用少；只引用自己的论文；有些文献有意回避或故意不引用。,参考文献,Forarticles:Fox,J.W.1988.Nest-buildingbehaviorofthecatbird,Dumetellacarolinensis.JournalofEcology47（？）:113-17.ForBooks:Bird,W.Z.1990.Ecologicalaspectsoffoxreproduction.Berlin:Guttenbe