可重构机床及其实用技术研究外文文献翻译/中英文翻译/外文翻译

                              外文翻译   专        业    机械设计制造及自动化       学  生  姓  名         康     生              班        级        BD 机制 042           学        号        0420110225            指  导  教  师        黄  晓  峰                1 外文资料名称：     Reconfigurable machine      and practical technology research 外文资料出处：       Engineering Structures                   附         件：  1.外文资料翻译译文               2.外文原文                         指导教师评语：                     签名：                                                           年     月     日    2 可重构机床及其实用技术研究  加文赖特  斯坦福大学  康生   译  摘要 : 介绍了可重构机床的基本特征 ,分析了可重构机床区别于传统机床的模块化设计的方法与特点 ,通过可重构机床加工零件族工艺过程的描述 ,展示了可重构机床发展的先进性与必要性。展示了可重构机床面向客户设计 ,结构模块化重组的全新理念。  关键词 : 可重构机床 ； 零件族 ； 模块标准化 ； 加工工艺整合  1  可重构机床的工艺特点  可重构机床由机床模块集成 ,机床模块的设计应方便于重新配置加工一族零件 ,适应新的、不可 预测的产品加工工艺需求的变化。它对特定范围的操作 ,可按客户的需求设计 ,因此可以快速经济地满足新产品加工工艺的转换需求。可重构机床与一般模块化产品相比 ,具备以下特点 : (1) 重构性可重构性  一般模块化机械产品的着眼点 ,都是在产品的出厂功能上 ,模块化的概念和实施 ,只局限在制造企业内部。用户往往意识不到产品结构的模块化 ,因为产品在用户手中一般不会改变使用功能 ,即使组合机床也是这样。但是可重构机床的功能在用户手中却是经常变换的 ,用户要经常对产品的功能、结构和布局进行重组 ,以适应市场需求的变化 ,这也是可重构机床区别 于其他模块化产品的主要方面。  (2) 冗余问题  用户在使用一般的模块化产品时 ,不需要储备大量的备用模块 ； 但对于可重构机床 ,为了满足可重构需要 ,各个用户都需要储备比较多的功能模块 ,占用大量的资金与场地。这种冗余现象也是可重构机床面临的主要问题。  (3) 模块的标准化  一般模块化产品不需要国家级的或行业级的标准化设计与制造 ,因为产品的功能是制造厂家的特色 ；另一方面 ,用户在使用过程中 ,还没有可重构的实际需求。因此 ,某一厂家生产的产品 ,往往会排斥其他厂家的模块。可重构机床则正好相反 ,它可实施的理论基础就是国家或行 业级别的标准化 ,只有这样 ,才能实现用户采用不同厂家的零部件模块 ,组合成具有不同功能和性能的机床 ,随机满足同一族零件加工的不同工艺要求。这一点与组合机床很相似。  (4) 模块的专业化生产  一般模块化产品的概念 ,只局限于制造企业内部 ,不同企业的产品模块之间可以没有互换性 ,因此无法组织专业化生产。组合机床的出现 ,使通 3 用零部件的专业化生产得到了发展 ,这种专业化生产既可扩大生产规模 ,又可以提高产品质量 ,降低成本。可重构机床继承了组合机床的这一优点 ,可有效扩大机床行业的专业化生产规模。   2  可重构机床零件族加工工艺 过程描述  可重构机床是为了某一特定族零件加工的、不可预测的变化而设计的。因此 ,对一族零件的加工工艺过程创建柔性化描述 ,并输出机床所需完成的加工任务 ,是设计 P配置可重构机床的基础前提。这种柔性化描述方法有别于传统的、对单一零件的加工工艺过程的描述 ,所建立的加工工艺过程描述系统具有可重构性 ,因而能够快速地、柔性地响应客户需求的变化 ,缩短机床的设计周期 ,并实现可重构机床加工任务分析和模块设计 P选择的集成。为了响应产品个性化需求和产品设计、工艺的变化 ,这种描述方法应该能够作动态的修改、升级和集成。因此 ,应用面向对象 技术来描述一族零件的加工工艺过程是合适、有效的。  (1) 面向对象的描述  零件加工工艺过程面向对象的描述 ,是以零件族的制造分层组织为核心 ,将制造特征和制造知识集成在统一的面向对象结构中 ,包括对零件族每个制造特征和加工操作的识别 ,以及对这些加工操作整合 ,使得机床资源的利用率最大化。面向对象技术中的抽象、封装、继承和多态性特征 ,提供了描述和处理制造特征的新方法 ；通过对象的关联 ,描述对象之间的相互依赖 ,相互作用关系 ；信息控制可通过继承和消息传递 2 种方式来实现。零件族加工工艺过程面向对象描述系统中 ,包括 3 个主要 模块 :制造特征描述器 ,用于描述一族零件的制造特征信息 ,包括几何形状信息、制造公差信息、加工工艺信息等 ；加工过程选择器 ,根据制造特征与加工操作之间的关系 ,对零件族每个制造特征 ,选择适当的加工方法 ,确定一个或一系列加工操作 ,并选择切削刀具 ,确定切削速度、进给率、金属切除率等加工操作参数 ,以及对每一个制造特征生成刀具路径文件 ,包括刀具初始位置、工件定位位置和相应每个操作的工具位置 (加工操作规划 ) ；加工操作整合器包括 :加工操作合并与加工操作整合。最终系统输出机床所需完成的加工任务 (运动功能模板 ) 。建立零件族加工 工艺过程描述系统 ,可以根据客户需要通过不同制造特征的组合、增删 ,重新确定特征之间的关系 ,并定义族中的不同零件 ；根据知识库中制造特征与加工操作的关系建立工艺模块 ,不同工艺模块的组合组成不同零件的 4 加工操作规划。当零件的设计或工艺技术变化时 ,只需更改、增删相关层的对象和集成新的相关层 ,而不影响其他层对象 ,从而使加工工艺过程描述系统具有可重构性。  (2) 加工操作的整合  加工操作的整合是对一族零件进行加工工艺过程描述中 ,对零件族所有制造特征(来自零件族中不同零件 ) 所需要的加工操作 ,根据主轴、进给和定位运动关系进行 分组 ,组成制造特征族的过程 ,每一个制造特征族对应机床的一个模块 (机械和控制 ) 。这个过程是经济 (低成本 ) 的设计可重构机床的关键 ；因为它使机床在满足零件加工功能需求的同时 ,使用尽可能少的机床模块 ,使机床资源的利用率和加工效率最大化 ,而且机床的转换成本最低。在这里需要考虑加工操作整合的粒度 ；粒度太大 ,功能综合程度过高 ,影响机床拼装时的柔性 ,机床精度提高了 ,但转换成本也随之提高。粒度太小 ,机床模块的层次和级别低 ,机床模块相对简单 ,机床稳定性、精度会降低 ,但转换成本相对降低了。加工操作整合过程包括 2 个方面的内容 : 合并相似的加工操作 ； 合并不同的加工操作。不管是相似还是不同的加工操作 ,合并之后都称为制造特征族 ,在加工工艺过程面向对象建模中 ,都被抽象为一个对象。由相似加工操作组成的制造特征族 ,是一系列来自零件族中不同零件的相似加工操作群 ；而由不同加工操作组成的制造特征族 ,是一系列根据工件相对刀具的运动特性 ,由零件族的不同加工操作组成的多功能加工操作群 (如车削操作与钻削操作的合并 ) ,这些相似加工操作群和多功能加工操作群 ,都将在同一台机床上完成 ,其目的是为了最大化地利用机床资源或提高加工效率。  3  加工工艺过程 描述与可重构机床设计的集成  可重构机床的设计是客户化的 ,这种客户化与组合机床设计截然不同。可重构机床除了需要考虑品种转换和加工效率的问题 ,更注重的是成本、快速应变和软 P硬件的快速升级能力。成本体现在精确的按客户需求的生产能力和所需功能配置机床 ,而且机床生产能力和功能可以降低成本转换成本 ；快速应变和软 P硬件快速升级能力体现在可重构机床的硬 P软件模块化、开放式 ,能够实现即插即用。因此 ,可重构机床设计与加工工艺过程描述必须集成 ,因为由加工工艺过程描述系统输出的加工任务 (运动功能模板 ) 可以直接映射为可重构机床的拓 扑结构 ,这样根据机床的功能、结构图就可以快速地选择机床模块。为了达到这种集成设计目的 ,加工工艺过程描述系统、机床模块描述系统和机床控制软件描述系统 ,都应采用统一的、面向对象的建模方法。这样 ,当零件的制造特征发生变化时 ,可以通过重构加工操作工艺模块和重构控制软件模块 ,并 5 将其映射为机床模块和控制模块 ,最后输出满足需求的机床配置。  4  结语  可重构机床提供了适应目前制造环境变化的切实可行的方法 ,可重构机床整个生命周期的操作需求在规定范围内变化 ,每个特定周期的可重构机床按当前操作需求的客户化配置 ,因此 ,机床性能好 ；当用户操作需求改变时 ,能够有成本效益的转换 ,因此 ,可重构机床没有资源和功能的浪费。可重构机床还可以有成本效益的集成新技术 ,使机床功能扩展。可重构机床理念 ,利用可重构的软 P硬件解决了目前机床存在的 2 种情况 :一方面由于缺乏柔性而造成报废和需求不足造成能力过剩 ；另一方面由于柔性的不确定性导致功能闲置和需求大时机床效率不够的棘手问题。因此 ,可重构机床是一种客户化的新一代机床。    6 Reconfigurable machine and practical technology research Gavin Wright Stanford University April 2003 Abstract: This paper introduces the basic reconfigurable machine features of the machine is different from traditional reconfigurable modular machine design methods and features can be reconstructed through parts machining process ethnic description, and displayed the reconfigurable machine development of the advanced nature and necessity. Reconfigurable machine demonstrated client-oriented design, structural reorganization of the new modular concept. Key words: reconfigurable machine； part family； module standardization； processing integration 1.Reconfigurable Machine Tool Technology Features  Reconfigurable machine by machine module integration, machine module should be designed to facilitate the re-allocation of parts processing owners adapt to the new and unpredictable product processing needs change. Its specific scope of the operation, the needs of customers can design, it can be quickly and economically to meet new products processing of conversion needs. Reconfigurable machine compared with the general modular products, with the following characteristics:  7 (1)In the use ofReconfigurability    Generally the focus of modular mechanical products, manufactured products are functional, the modular concept and implementation, limited internal manufacturing enterprises. Users are often not aware of the modular product structure, because products in the hands of ordinary users will not change the functions, the machine even if the composition of this is the case. However, the functions of reconfigurable machine in the hands of users is constantly changing, often the product to users of the function, structure and layout of restructuring to adapt to the changes of market demand, which is different from other machine tool reconfigurable modular products main aspects. (2)Redundant problem    in the use of Generalmodular products, does not require a large number of reserve backup module； But for reconfigurable machine, in order to meet the reconstruction needs of the various users of the need to reserve more functional modules, which requires huge amounts of capital and venues. This phenomenon is also redundant reconfigurable the main problems facing the machine.  (3)Standardization of modules   General modular products do not need national or industry-standardized design and manufacturing, because the product is the function of the characteristics of the manufacturer； On the other hand, users can process, not the actual demand can be reconstructed. Therefore, manufacturers of a product, manufacturers tend to exclude other modules. Reconfigurable machine is just the opposite, it can be implemented  8 is the theoretical foundation of the country or industry level standardized, so that users can be achieved using different parts manufacturers module, which combined with different features and performance of the machine, random meet with the owners Parts of the different processing requirements. This machine is very similar to the combination. (4)Modules specialized production   General modular product concept, only manufacturing enterprise, the products of different enterprises can no interchangeability between modules, and therefore can not organize a specialized production. Combination Machine have enabled GM parts specialized production and the development of this specialized production can expand the scale of production, but also improve the quality of products and reduce costs. Reconfigurable machine inherited advantages of this combination machine, the machine tool industry can effectively expand the professionalism of the production scale. 2.Reconfigurable processing machine parts Family Process Description Reconfigurable machine to a particular ethnic parts processing, unpredictable changes in the design. Therefore, the owners parts machining process to create flexible description, and the output of the machine required to complete processing tasks, is designed P can be configured based on the premise of Reconstruction machine. This flexible method for describing different from the traditional, single parts machining process description, established by the machining process can be described with reconstruction of  9 the system, which can quickly, flexible and responsive to customer needs change, shortening Machine design cycle and achieve reconfigurable machining tasks analysis and design module of the integrated P-selectin. In response to the demand for personalized products and product design, process changes, which should be able to describe methods for dynamic changes, upgrades and integration. Therefore, the application of object-oriented technology to describe the owners parts machining process is appropriate and effective. (1) A description of the object-oriented Machining Process object-oriented description of the manufacturing is part family hierarchical organization as the core, will create features and manufacturing knowledge integration in a unified object-oriented structure, including parts of the ethnic characteristics of each manufacturing and processing operations identification, as well as integration of these machining operations, makes machine tools to maximize the utilization of resources. Object-oriented technology in the abstract, encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism characteristics, and provides a description of handling characteristics of the new manufacturing method of the object of the association, described the interdependence between objects, interaction between information control can be adopted Inheritance and messaging are two ways to achieve. Part Family Process object-oriented processing system described, including three main modules: Manufacturing feature description,  10 used to describe the characteristics of family parts manufacturing information, including geometry information, manufacturing tolerance information, such as information processing； selection process , according to the manufacturer and processing characteristics of the relationship between the operation of the parts manufacturing characteristics of each group, the selection of appropriate processing methods to identify one or a series of machining operations, and select cutting tool to identify cutting speed, feed rate, metal removal processing rate of operating parameters, as well as a manufacturing characteristics of each tool path generated documents, including knives initial position, and the corresponding position of the workpiece positioning operation of each tool position (machining operations planning)； machining operations Integrator include: mergers and processing operation machining operations integration. Final completion of the required system output machine processing tasks (motor function template). The establishment of Part Family Process describes the processing system may be based on the needs of customers through a combination of features from different manufacturers, additions or deletions to define the relationship between the characteristics and definition of the different ethnic components； According to create knowledge base and the processing characteristics of the operation of the establishment of relations Process Module, a combination of different modules of different parts of the machining operations planning. When parts of the design or technology changes, the only changes, additions  11 and deletions of related objects and integration of new relevant layer, layer without affecting other objects so that the processing system has described the process of reconfiguration. (2) The integration of machining operations. Machining operations on the integration of family parts machining process description, part family all manufacturing features (from the tribe of different parts spare parts) needed machining operations, according to the spindle, feed and positioning campaign relations sub-group Family characteristics of a manufacturing process, every ethnic counterparts machine manufacturing feature a module (mechanical and control). This process is economic (cost) the design of reconfigurable machine key because it makes machine parts to meet the functional requirements of the processing, use as little as possible machine modules, machine utilization and processing resources to maximize efficiency, and the transformation of the lowest cost machine. Here the need to consider the size integrated processing operation； size too big, too high integration of functions, the impact of the flexible assembly machine, machine accuracy is improved, but the conversion cost increases. Size too small, machine modules and the level of low-level, relatively simple machine modules, machine stability, accuracy will be reduced, but relatively lower conversion costs. Machining operations integration process includes two aspects:  merger similar to the processing operation；  merging different machining operations. Whether  12 similar or different machining operations after the merger is called manufacturing feature race, in the processing process of object-oriented modeling, has been described as an object. Similar machining operations from the manufacturing component characteristics, and is a series of parts from different parts of the tribe similar machining operations group, and different processing operations from the manufacturing component characteristics, and is a tool in accordance with the workpiece relative of the campaign by parts Family composed of different machining operations-processing operation group (such as turning the operation and the merger of drilling operations), these groups and similar machining operations-processing operation group, will be completed on the same machine, its purpose is to maximize the use of machine resources or improve processing efficiency. 3 .Machining process description and reconfigurable machine tool design integration Reconfigurable machine is designed to be customized, such customers with the combination of different machine tool design. Reconfigurable machine apart from the need to consider the efficiency of conversion and processing issues, pay more attention to the cost, quick response and fast-P hardware upgrade capability. Accurately reflected in the cost of on-demand capacity, and configuration functions for machine tools, and machine tool production capacity and functionality can reduce costs conversion costs； Quick Reaction P hardware and soft capacity reflected in the rapid escalation  13 of reconfigurable hardware P Machine Tool software modules , open, to achieve plug-and-play. Therefore, the reconfigurable processing machine tool design and integration process to be described as the process described by the processing system output processing tasks (motor function template) can be directly mapped into reconfigurable machine topology, in accordanc