2010货代专业英语考试考点.doc

货代英语临门一脚 Unit 1 International Trade1. International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories.国际贸易是跨越国界交换资本、货物和服务。2. International trade is a major source of economic revenue for any nation that is considered a world power.对于任何世界强国而言，国际贸易都是经济收入的主要来源。3. International trade includes economic risks and political risks.国际贸易包含经济风险和政治风险。4.The WTO serves 4 basic functions: (1)to implement, administer, and carry out the WTO Agreement and its annexes;(2)to act as a forum for ongoing multilateral trade negotiations;(3)to serve as a tribunal for resolving disputes, and(4)to review the trade policies and practices of member states. WTO有四种基本功能：第一，贯彻执行其协议和附件；第二，作为国际贸易的论坛；第三，作为解决争议的机构；第四，评估成员国贸易政策和惯例。5. Any international transaction should start with market research.任何国际交易均从市场调研开始。6. Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of production such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across national borders.国内贸易和国际贸易的另外一个不同点在于：诸如资本、劳动力之类的生产要素在国内更易流动。7. The WTO is to cooperate with the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in order to achieve greater coherence in global economic policy making. WTO组织应同国际货币基金组织和世界银行通力合作，以便在全球经济政策制定方面取得更大的默契。Unit 2 Scope of Freight Service1. Originally, a freight forwarder was a commission agent.最初，货代只是佣金代理。2. However, the expansion of international trade and the development of different modes of transport over the years that followed enlarged the scope of his services.然而，近些年国际贸易的增长和不同运输方式的发展扩大了货代的服务范围。3. the consignor, the person sending goods, or the consignee, the person receiving goods, 发货人即发出货物的人；收货人即收到货物的人。Unit 3 Incoterms 20001.The traditional three trade terms are FOB, CFR, and CIF, while FCA, CPT, and CIP are new terms developed on the basis of the traditional ones.传统的三个贸易术语是FOB、CFR和CIF，而FCA、CPT和CIP是从传统的术语中发展起来的。2.FOB(Free On Board):means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the ships rail at the named port of shipment. 指定装运港，交货点和风险划分点以装运港船舷为界限。3.CFR(Cost and Freight):means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the ships rail in the port of shipment. 指定目的港，交货点和风险划分点以装运港船舷为界限。4.CIF（Cost, Insurance and Freight）means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the ships rail at the named port of shipment。However, the seller also has to procure insurance against the buyers risk of loss or damage to the goods during the carriage. 指定目的港，交货点和风险划分点以装运港船舷为界限。卖方为买方运输途中的风险投保。5.FCA(Free Carrier) 指定装运地 If delivery occurs at the sellers premises, the seller is responsible for loading. If delivery occurs at any other place, the seller is not responsible for unloading.(归纳为无论在哪里交货，卖方管装不管卸)。6.CPT（Carriage Paid to）指定目的地 The major difference between CFR and CIF is that CFR can only be used for sea and inland waterway transport, while CPT can be used for any mode of transport including multi-modal transport. If the parties do not intend to deliver the goods across the ships rail, the CPT is preferred. CFR 和CPT最大区别在于：CFR只适合于水上运输，而CPT适合于一切运输包括多式联运。若当事人不意以越过船舷为界，首先CPT。7.CIP(Carriage and Insurance Paid to)指定目的地 However, the seller also has to procure insurance against the buyers risk of loss or damage to the goods during the carriage. 卖方为买方运输途中的风险投保。货代英语临门一脚Unit 4 UCP 6001. The primary objective of the ICC, which was established in 1919,is facilitating the flow of international trade.1919年成立的国际商会的主要目的是推动国际贸易的流通。2. This particular revision has also sought to improve the drafting of the UCP in order to facilitate consistent application and interpretation of the Rules.这次的修正也是为了便于对规则一致的运用和理解。3. The definitions and interpretation Articles(2and3)are a welcome addition.章节2和3是受欢迎的添加章节。4. In broader terms, the aim of ICC is to enhance the reputation of L/C as the settlement means of choice among international traders. 国际商会的目的是提高信用证在国际商家心中作为结算的信誉。5. Part of this aim involves reducing documentary rejections, which surveys indicate may be as high as 70 % of the first presentations. 有调查显示单据被拒的概率高达70%，部分的目标则是减少单据被拒的概率。6. Whilst the intention was not to have a line by line by line revision, in practice there are many changes. 尽管这次修改不是逐行逐行的但还是有变化的。7. The UCP600 is not divided into the same sections as the UCP500,which were lettered A to G. UCP600并不像UCP500那样在结构上分为7部分（A至G）。8. Most difference between the UCP500 and UCP600 are clarifications rather than actual changes.UCP500和UCP600最大的区别在澄清方面而不是在实际变化上。9. Very useful clarification is given in these articles concerning the rights and obligations of Advising, Confirming, Issuing, and Nominated Banks.对于有关通知行、保兑行、开证行和指定银行的权利和义务的章节也进行了澄清。10. For the examination of documents, the banks now have a maximum of 5 banking days following the day of presentation, and no longer the reasonable time not exceeding 7 banking days. 银行现在最多是5个工作日审单不再是以前的7个工作日。11.When read in context with the credit, the document itself and international standard banking practice, need not be identical to（并不要完全一致）,but must not conflict with data （但不能与数据起冲突）in that document, any other stipulated document, or the L/C.Unit 5 Terms of Shipment in the Contracts for the International Sales of Goods1. Terms of shipment include methods of transport , time for shipment, partial shipment and transshipment, port or place of loading and unloading, shipping documents and so on.运输条款包括运输方式、船期、分批装运和转运、装卸港和运输单据等等。2. Time of shipment refers to the time limit for loading the goods on board a vessel at a port of shipment (if shipment is made by sea).船期是指将货装上指定船舶的时间限制。3.According to the UCP600,if the expression_r_r “on or about” or similar expression_r_rs are used, banks will interpret them as a stipulation that shipment is to be made during the period from 5 days before to 5 days after the specified date, both end days included. e.g.: If the L/C stipulates that the shipment date is “on or about July 20, 2008,”, then the goods can be shipped from July 15 to July 25.若船期前有大约字眼，则视为可以上下浮动5天，起讫日包括在内。4.The words “to, until, till, from”, and words of similar expression_r_rs applying to any date or period in the credit referring to shipment will be understood to include the date mentioned. The word “after/before” will be understood to exclude the date mentioned. 此四个词“to, until, till, from”若用于船期前，被理解为包括那天在内。而“after/before”用于船期前，不包括那天在内。5The terms “first half” and “second half” of a month shall be construed respectively as the 1st to the 15th,and the 16th to the last day of such month, all dates inclusive. “first half”指the 1st to the 15th “second half”指the 16th to the last day。 The terms “beginning, middle, or end” of a month shall be construed respectively as the 1st to the 10th,the 11th to the 20th,and the 21st to the last day of such month, all dates inclusive.6. The time of shipment should be stipulated in a clear and flexible way. For example, a stipulation such as “shipment on July 20”is clear, but not flexible. If the seller can not get the goods ready before that, he will break the contract.7. expression_r_rs such as “prompt, immediately, as soon as possible”, and the like should not be used. If they are used, banks will disregard them.8. Sometimes, the L/C simply stipulates an expiration date without a shipment date, which means these two days are the same. For example, if the L/C stipulates that the expiration date is July 31st without a shipment date, then the latest shipment date is also Just 31st.双到期。9. If the Expiration date of the credit and/or the last day of the period of time for presentation of documents stipulated by the credit falls on a day that the bank to which presentation has to be made is closed, the stipulated expiration date and/or the last day of the date of time after the date of shipment for presentation of documents, as the case may be, shall be extended to the first following day on which such bank is open.归纳为交单期和信用证到期日可以顺延。10. The latest date for shipment shall not be extended by reason of the Expiration of the expiration date and/or the period of time after the date of shipment for presentation of documents. If no such latest date for shipment is stipulated in the credit or amendments, banks will not accept transport documents indicating a date of shipment later than the expiration date stipulated in the credit or amendments.归纳为船期无论如何都不可顺延。Unit 6 Documentary Credit1. A letter of credit is one of the international payment methods.信用证是一种付款方式。2. The latest edition is called the UCP600.信用证惯例最新版本是UCP600。3.An L/C is the written promise of a bank to act at the request and on the instructions of the applicant and to undertake payment to the beneficiary in the amount specified in the credit, provided that the beneficiary complies with the terms and conditions of the credit.信用证是一书面承诺：根据申请人的要求和指示去做以及如果受益人遵守了信用证承担信用证下规定数目钱款。4. An applicant (may also be called “opener or accountee” )is the party that applies to a bank for opening a L/C.申请人，买方亦称开证人、付款人。5. An issuing bank refers to the bank that issues a L/C at the request of the applicant.开证行，买方所在地银行。6. An advising bank is usually a bank in the sellers country.通知行，卖方所在地银行。7. A beneficiary (may also be called “seller or exporter”) refers to the party in whose favor an L/C is opened.受益人，卖方。8. There are three basic characteristics in the settlement by an L/C. They are the issuing bank has the primary liability for payment, and L/C is a self-sufficient instrument, it is simply a document transaction.信用证三大特点：银行信用、自足文件和单据交易。8. The relevant parties deal with documents only, rather than with the goods or services.信用证的眼里只有单据。9. Documentary Credits vs. Clean Credits 跟单信用证和光票信用证If shipping documents are required(如果附有运输单据),these credits are called documentary credits. If shipping documents are not required and only drafts are required, they are called clean credits.关键看是否附有运输单据，有，为跟单信用证；无，为光票信用证。货代英语临门一脚Unit 7 The Practice of International Ocean Cargo Transportation1. The international shipping market offers four types of services, namely, conference lines, non-conference lines, non-vessel operating common carriers, and tramp service.四种船运服务：班轮公会、非班轮公会、无船承运人和不定期船运输。2. The main advantages of the conference system to shippers are stability of freight rates and regularity of services. The disadvantages are obvious. Rates are usually high. Rates do not fluctuate according to supply and demand as in tramp service. Rules and procedures are inflexible.班轮的优点：运价稳定和服务常规；缺点：运价高、不波动、规则和程序不灵活。3. In recent years, along most international routes, non-conference lines have posed a challenge to the conference system. This is attributable to the development of containerization and the emergence of many independent carriers.非班轮公会崛起的原因：集装箱运输的发展和独立承运人的出现。4.An NVOCC is a carrier who operates a regular scheduled service. He does not own or operate the vessels by which sea transportation is provided. Although the NVOCC is a carrier in his relationship with the actual shipper, he is a shipper in his relationship with the actual carrier. He renders a useful service by providing groupage or consolidation services.无船承运人的双重身份和集拼服务。5. Tramp service has to fixed itinerary or schedule and is operated on any route according to supply and demand.不定期船即租船运输，不四固定特点。6. A B/L by itself is not a contract of carriage as it is signed only by the carrier. However, it provides evidence of contract of carriage. It serves as a receipt for goods delivered to the carrier and a document of title.提单的三大功能：运输合同证明、货物收据和物权凭证。7. A sea waybill is a replacement for the traditional ocean bill of lading. The waybill is a non-negotiable document made out to a named consignee.海运单不可转让和记名抬头。8. The manifest is prepared by the carriers agent.舱单承运人签发。9. A shipping note is issued by a shipper to a carrier.托运单发货人签发。10. A delivery order is issued by a carrier or his agent.提货单承运人签发。11. A mates receipt is a receipt issued by a carrier.大副收据承运人签发，并且可以换成提单。Unit 8 Chartering Business1. The term charter party is employed to describe contracts relating to the use of vessels owned or controlled by others.租约的定义，即租船合同。2. The three principal methods of chartering a tramp ship are voyage charter, time charter, and bareboat charter.三种租船方式：程租、期租和光船租船。3. Under a voyage charter, a ship is chartered for a one-way voyage between specified ports with a specified cargo at a negotiated rate of freight.程租的定义。4. The relationship between the parties is governed by the voyage charter party.程租租约的作用。5. Under a voyage charter the shipowner retains the operational control of the vessel and is responsible for all the operating expenses such as port charges, bunkers, taxes, and so on.程租，船东负责一切。6. There are several standard forms of voyage charter party used. A typical example is the GENCON form.程租标准租船合同范本为：金康。7. Under a time charter, the crew is employed by the shipowner, who is also responsible for the nautical operation and maintenance of the vessel and supervision of the cargo.期租，船东控制船，承担固定费用；租船人付可变费用。8. The two major forms are NYPE and BALTIME. By far the largest number of time charters are fixed on the basis of the NYPE Charter Party.期租合同范本：土产格式和波尔地膜。其中土产格式用的最广。9. In bareboat chartering, the charterer thus will take over almost all of the shipowners functions.光船租船，承租人控制一切。10. Bareboat chartering is less common than other types of chartering.光船用的少。11. There is only one standard form of bareboat charter party used to any great extent and that is the BARECON form designed by BIMCO.光船租船标准合同范本：贝尔康。Unit 9 Marine Bills of Lading1. Generally, Marine Bills of Lading is a receipt for goods shipped, a document of title to the goods, and evidence of the terms of the contract of affreightment.提单三大功能：运输合同证明、货物收据和物权凭证。2. The holder of a bill of lading is able to obtain delivery of goods at the port of destination and during transit the goods can be sold merely by endorsing the bill of lading.提单可以提货和通过背书手续可以转让提单。3.The terms of a bill of lading contain the terms of contract.提单条款包含了运输条款。4. An order bill of lading is a negotiable document.指示提单可以转让。5. Order bills made out to consignee “or order” can be transferred by endorsement.指示提单可以背书转让。6. Straight bills are not negotiable and cannot be transferred to third parties.记名提单不可以转让。7. Shipped bills state definitely that goods have been loaded.已装船提单表明货物已经装船。8. Direct bills of lading are those covering shipments between direct ports of lading or discharge.直达提单表明是直达刚港口的提单。9. Usually, the words “apparent good order and condition, clean on board” or the like are indicated on a clean B/L.清洁提单上会写明“表面状况良好已装船”。10. A foul bill of lading-unclean bill of lading, dirty bill of lading or claused bill of lading is the opposite of the clean bill of lading.不清洁提单的四种表达。11.Usually,the words “unclean on board” or the like are indicated on the B/L, for example, “insufficient packing”, “missing safety seal” and “one carton short”.不清洁提单上注明的语句。12.A ships port agent, in fact ,may be given the task of drawing up bills of lading.起草提单的人。13.The shipper is the person usually the exporter, who sends the goods. Consignee refers to the person entitled to take delivery of the goods. Carrier is the person or company who has concluded a contract with the shipper for carriage of the goods. Notify Party is the party that the carrier must notify when the goods arrive at the port of destination.提单中的几个当事人：托运人、收货人、承运人、被通知人。14. Relevant comments should be entered in either tally or mates receipts, and thereafter in bills of lading.对货物描绘的批注应写在理货单或大副收据上，然后转写到提单上。15. An easy-to-use online bill of lading generator will save time and provide the documents instantly.电子提单的优势：迅速和省时。16.The electronic delivery of the bill of lading document, which allows a buyer to take title to the goods once they have arrived at port, will speed up the trade finance process.提货快，拿钱快。17.The advantages of electronic delivery of a bill of lading are to reduce the time for the forwarding and presentation of documents. The exporter gets paid more quickly and the importer gets title to the goods sooner. It also eliminates the risk of error and reduces the costs related to manual document preparation.优势多多。Unit 10 Ocean Freight Rates1. Ocean freight rates may be broadly divided into tramp rates and liner freight rates.海运运价分为租船运价和班轮运价。2. Liner freight rates are fixed by shipping conferences and other liner operators. They are related more to the costs of operation that remain comparatively steady over a period of time.班轮运价由班轮公会和班轮承运人制定。与营运成本有关且相对固定。3. Freight forwarders are mainly concerned with liner freight rates.货代关注的主要是班轮运价。4. The total cost of providing the services consist of fixed costs and variable costs. Fixed costs include cost of officers and crew, insurance, repairs and maintenance, stores, administrative costs, interest, and depreciation. Variable costs involve cost of fuel, loading and unloading expenses, and port costs.固定费用和可变费用的内容。5. Commodity Box Rates (CBR)is a lump sum rate for the carriage of a container loaded with a particular commodity. The rate is based on the average utilization of the box. For the carrier, the rate simplifies calculations and reduces administrative costs. Large shippers prefer CBR for particular voyages, but it is not suitable for small shippers.包箱费率。6.Freight All Kinds(FAK) means that all commodities are charged the same rate for the same voyage regardless of their value.均一运价。Unit 11 Marine Cargo Insurance1. Marine cargo insurance is based on the principles if insurable interest, utmost good faith, proximate cause, and indemnity.保险合同的四大原则：保险利益、最大诚信、近因和赔偿原则。2.The general guiding rate of insurance premiums is 1% of the amount insured. The premium rates may vary, for example, from 0.5% to 1.5% or more or less depending on factors such as: type of goods, the country and the distance of destination, value of the goods, mode of transportation, the type of risks covered, container or bulk shipment, and type if packing. The minimum amount insured should be the CIF o