我国机械制造业管理信息化特点及发展趋势外文文献翻译@中英文翻译@外文翻译

外文原文： 1. forewords The manufacturing industry specially is the mechanical manufacturing industry is the national economy pillar industry, the modern manufacturing industry is changing peoples production method, the life style, the management management pattern and even societys organizational structure and the culture. As a result of the Chinese latent giant market and the rich labor force resources, the world manufacturing industry is shifting to China, China is becoming the world the manufacture great nation. Our country and so on certain products output has occupied the first in the world in the electrical appliances. But in independent aspect and so on intellectual property rights innovation design, advanced manufacture craft and equipment and modern management still had the very big disparity, therefore we make the powerful nation. Does this article only at present manage the question on the machine manufacture enterprise which exists, how using the information technology enhancement management level, the management information characteristic and the technological development tendency does some research, formulates when the information plan for the machine manufacture enterprise refers. 2. machine manufactures enterprise at present manages has the problem The Chinese mechanical manufacturing industry passed through for several dozens years diligently already to have the suitable scale, accumulated the massive technologies and the experience. But along with the world economics integration formation, as a result of the Chinese latent giant market and the rich labor force resources, the overseas technology, the fund, the product massively wells up into China, the Chinese enterprise faced with the unprecedented domestic and foreign keen competition aspect. The competition request enterprise product renewal quick, the product quality high, the price low, the delivery is prompt, serves. These market competitions weapons and business management pattern, management, management method, organizational structure, service flow close correlation. However Chinese enterprise and peoples ideology because receives 30-40 year planned economy the influence, the above competition weapon and the developed country compare the existence very big disparity. (1) productive plan control pattern backwardness not yet implements ERP the machine manufacture enterprise nearly 100% to use the wrap plan the way. Namely proposes the earlier period and the production by the product longest production cycle as the constitution product each kind of material purchase proposes the earlier period. Excessively exaggerating proposes the earlier period is creates the stock and the goods in process stockpiles high, the floating capital takes the big basic reason. The productive plan and purchases the plan to come apart, the components complete set level error, cannot punctually deliver. Or with high stockpiles guarantees the date of delivery. Plans MRP from the modern management material demand, punctually produces JIT, the supplier manages storehouse VMI, the synchronized production is far from. (2) the enterprise strain capacity difference today market is fast changing, demand diversification. Assembles MTO according to the order form, makes MTO according to the order form, designs MTD according to the order form, large-scale has custom-made MC. Variety specification many, the production, the purchase exceptionally is complex. From the customer - sale - design - production - purchase - finance - cost, needs a complete supply chain management, can dynamic fast respond the customer demand, adapts the ever changing market and the customer has custom-made request. (3) cost finding, the cost control difference artificial cost accounting generally only cannot calculate the product cost, is unable to calculate the spare part cost. The cost expense shares very thickly, the massive costs data acquisition is artificially gathers together, the data accuracy is very bad, causes cost finding plate out of true. Generally does not carry on the standard cost the computation, also very little carries on the cost analysis, therefore cost control difference. (4) the information disperses, is inferior to when, does not share the manufacture immovable property, for, sells, the person, the wealth, the thing is an organic whole, between them has the massive exchange of information. When artificially manages the information to disperse, to lack the consummation the foundation data, the information disperses, is inferior to, does not share, the tremendous influence management decision-making scientific nature. (5) the branch level -like organizations and agencies but are not face the service flow the flat organization, the general service flow is unreasonable, the service flow management and the control is not standard, is at will big. (6) lacks standardized, standardized, the institution, the formula management, the management fit and unfit quality is different from person to person. Although has formulated a series of procedures document through ISO9000, the execution effect may because of the enterprise and the superintendent but different. (7) manages the tool to be backward, the majority of enterprises still were in the manual disperser management or the microcomputer single item management stage. Some enterprises have also established the entire factory computer network, but applied was still dispersible, has not realized information sharing and the resources optimized disposition. (8) modern management new thought, new method, new technical application difference. For example: Agilely makes AM, hypothesized makes VM, punctually produces JIT, the customer relations manages CRM, supplies the chain to manage SCM, commercial intelligence BI, electronic commerce EC, the enterprise resources plans ERP and so on. 3. raises the mechanical system industry management level with the information technology The above at present manages the question which exists seriously to affect the business management level, the management efficiency and enterprises competitive ability. Uses modernized the management thought, the method and the computer network communication, realizes the machine manufacture enterprises management innovation, the system innovation and the technical innovation is suspends in front of each enterprise the urgent duty. Therefore inside and outside the establishment joint factory computer network communications system, the choice advanced, is mature, the suitable business management demand enterprise resources plansERP, the customer relations managesCRM, supplies the chain to manageSCM, commercial intelligenceBI, software systemand so onelectronic commerce EC, through management consultation and service flow reorganization, optimized design enterprises organizations and agencies, management pattern, service flow, application above software system, realization business management information. Overcomes the question which in at present business management exists, raises the business management level, the management efficiency and enterprises competitive ability, is the enterprise the inevitably choice which makes facing the knowledge economy and the whole world economic integration. The system construction goal is: (1) completes to cover the entire company the computer network management information system. This system causes the enterprise the production management realization class, the fund class, the information flow and the work flows is highly unified and the parallel operation, and throughIntranet,in the Internet realization enterprise, exterior full information exchange and the enterprise and the outside relation, forms the effective agile supply and demand chain system. (2) uses the advanced productive plan control method. Breaks the wrap plan the way, proposes the earlier period and the production according to each kind of material purchase raises the earlier period establishment material demand plan. Establishes effectively, is nimble the productive plan management system which by the host productive plan, the material demand plan and the workshop work plan three levels of plans is composed, maximum limit reduces the product production cycle, the purchase cycle, the punctual delivery, the fast response customer demand, maximum limit reduces the stock and the cost, raises the post-sale service level. Has the condition the enterprise to carry out punctually producesJIT, the supplier manages storehouseVMI, the synchronized production and so on the advanced management. (3) realizes the entire company foundation data (for example material data, product structure data, product design craft data, productivity data and so on) unifies the production, the unification maintains and unifies the management, for uses after authorized each related department, truly achieves several, data sharing, avoids the redundancy. Furtherstraightens outthe enterprise through the ERP system establishment and the implementation the executive program, achieves the management the institution, the standardization and the scientific style. (4) in view of at present each control section in the information division situation, establishes take the customer as the central dynamic information feedback and the monitoring system, realizes signs, the design, the production, the purchase, the cost accounting end product to each duty from the contract delivers goods the entire process dynamic track, causes each duty to be in under the effective monitoring. (5) strengthens the financial control and the perfect cost accounting function. Truly establishes two levels of cost accounting system, uses the advanced cost accounting method, a more accurate core figures out the spare part cost and the product cost, is the sales quoted price and the financial calculation provides the reliable basis. Carries on the cost analysis, discovers reduces the cost the factor, effectively reduces the cost. (6) uses the computer to strengthen the quality data the statistical analysis. The full use quality examination data, the use many kinds of analysis method, carries on the thorough statistics and the analysis. Powerfully supervises and raises the quality level. (7) through the computer realization enterprises information management, liberates the general administrative personnel from the tedious manual labor, enable them to have the opportunity to study the management theory and the enhancement management skill, from essentially raises the business management personnels management level. 4. Chinese mechanical manufacturing industry management characteristic The mechanical manufacturing industry has the general character with other manufacturing industries management also to have the individuality； Mechanical manufacturing industry itself along with production type, production batch, production organization way different its management existence difference； Chinas manufacturing industry and the developed country compare, because the enterprise culture, the law, the system different also have its particularity. Under performs on these characteristics to elaborate: (1) the mechanical manufacturing industry is the typical separate manufacturing industry, its management software basis enterprises production type, the production batch, the production organization way is different, needs the different solution. The next chart lists the production type division: These manufacture types characteristics: The separate manufacture - different material passes through the non- continual migration, through the different way, produces the different material and the product. If automobile, engine bed, airplane, computer, electrical appliances and so on. The flow industry - material after the mix, the separation, takes shape or the chemical reaction, the material mostly continuously through the same way, produces the valuable product. It divides into the continuous production, the volume production and the mix makes several kind of types. Requests the formula management, the wastage, the payment proportional to production in the management, the many kinds of measuring unit, the identical goods many quality rank, the batch number track, guarantees characteristic and so on nature time, generally uses specialized flow industry software. The piecework - product according to the order form design, according to the customer demand production, the product is very complex. The product production cycle all very is generally long. Sometimes a contract many times delivers according to the part. If three big power plants (big electrical machinery, steam turbine, boiler) heavy duty machinery, shipbuilding and so on. The production organization according to the craft division, the equipment is general. In the production management besides applies the multi- varieties small volume production the entire wrap method, must increase the network plan (project management), essential resources arrangement. HereCRMcertainly is unimportant. The multi- varieties small volume production - product is standard or selects and matches. The demand may be the forecast, or according to order form production, according to order form assembly. The production organization according to a craft characteristic minute workshop, the construction section, the teams and groups, like casts, hammers, the riveting, welds, the vehicle, the mill, digs, rubs, the assembly and so on. The productive plan characteristic is typicalMRPIIadds the disposition control. They also needCRM,SCMand so on. The mass production - product is the standard or minority selects and matches. The demand mainly depends on the forecast, also considers the order form. The production equipment is take the material (components, part) as the object composes a strip running water production line. The productive plan characteristic is traditionalMRPIIandthe JITmix manufacture, center the long-term plan and the volume production components use the material demand to planMRP, the execution plan useJIT, looked the board (electron looks at board), plan and so on recoil stock, bar code material track.CRM, the electronic commerce very is important. Large-scale has custom-made - satisfies the multi- varieties small volume production the different customer individuality demand and the mass production enhances the productivity, reduces the cost the superiority to unify. The production organization was still an assembly line, but the product disposition is many and varied. It needs to unify synthesis application and so on the MRP,JIT,dispositioncontrol in the productive plan control aspect. Is the first two kind of mixes manufacture pattern. Therefore, the enterprise produces the type to be different, when choosesERPsoftw are must seek according to these different management characteristics meets the enterprise need software. You are yearly produce10ten thousand automobiles the production factories, in software do not haveJITI to look is inappropriate. You are a heavy machine shop, in his product does not have the project management, Guan Zhujian the quality follow-up, I looked is not good. Moreover, the different business management with emphasis also 不尽相同 , some enterprises sell extremely complex, but produces simply. Some purchases and the production manufacture are extremely complex, but a year only has several contracts, the sales management is certainly unimportant. Therefore, certainly wants dialectical Shi Zhi, to act appropriately to the situation. (2) as a result of the East and West culture difference, causes us to have reto carefully examine the western ERPsystemin Chinas application question. West take law as center of gravity management pattern, therefore the westernERPsystem is acts according to take the law as the heavy enterprise culture, governments policy law, the rules and regulations, the tax policy, the design development； Compared with the heavy time progress, the heavy plan, guaranteed the date of delivery is a goal, to the intervalometer dividees into the master line, to the standard changes into the foundation, emphasized the correct material will deliver the correct place in the correct time according to the correct quantity. The software function and the logic tally in the country governments policy law, the rules and regulations, the tax policy. The people strictly observe the contract, the heavy plan, defends the discipline. Must say that,ERPhas solved the developed country manufacture enterprises integrated management problem well. East take sentiment as special characteristic management philosophy, this kind of management because stresses to persons function and the value realization, actually neglects the system effect and the rule management, thus displays relates the aspect rational spirit at the emphasis human affairs to display fully, but in the emphasis duty and the regular aspect, the rational spirit displays is not full. Therefore, the laws and regulations system is lax, the human affairs relate excessively much, the rational spirit are insufficient, is precisely the Chinese type management flaw and the deficiency. It in the management performance, is comparatively considers the consequence. So-called the host the spirit, the denial is the superintendent or by the superintendent, all pays great attention to the oneself behavior the standard of value, they pledged again, light contract； Heavy dispatch, light plan； Heavy emotion, light system； Is at will strong, being punctual difference. Therefore westernERPmust pay great attention to in Chinas application to persons values management. Therefore the establishment responsibility right unifies, comprehensively carries on the enterprise achievements management is extremely essential. (3)the ERPthis modern manufacturing industry management tool, it has its social attribute and the natural attribute two aspects. Speaking of its natural attribute, Chinese and foreign enterprise not wide difference. They all pursue maximum limit reduce the production manufacture cycle, reduces the cost, reduces the stock, punctual delivery, fast response customer demand. Thereforethe ERPuniversal principle is the Chinese and foreign suitable. But speaking of its social attribute, business management national policy law, rules and regulations, tax policy, market environment influence. ThereforeERPcertainly must consider the national condition. For example,inERP financial software, it must conform to accountant which the Chinese Ministry of Finance promulgates the criterion and accountant the computerization request. Also must process the triangle debt in the present stage； Rubs the account by thing Yi Wu processing； Retains the plan price in the cost accounting gradually to switch through, the difference shares method； Also has the finance to be supposed to collect debts, but also must record the sale to be supposed to collect debts； Dual man-hour of fixed quantity and so on. (4) the Chinese mechanical manufacturing industry management is most complex. Mechanical manufacturing industry because material variety specification many, produces not continuously, production manufacture process complex, therefore the mechanical manufacturing industry management is more complex than other manufacturing industries. Moreover, the Chinese mechanical manufacturing industry and the overseas developed country compared still was large and complete, small and the entire production organization pattern, the specialized division of labor has not liked overseas such to be thin, the Chinese enterprise interior management relatively overseas had to be complex, therefore the Chinese mechanical manufacturing industry management was most complex. 5.weapons weapons manufacturing industry management information development tendency Along with whole world economic integration advancement speeding up, the new management pattern and the management unceasingly emerge, the computer and the network communication high speed development, specially the Internet seeps to world each quoin. Plans the ERP system as the machine manufacture business management informationimportant tool -enterpriseresources, is having the profound change and the development. Under we from the management thought, the system performance and the software development platform three aspects narrate its development tendency. (1) manages the thought the development 1.under the network system support, the newERPsystem will lead this kind of kind of boundary to the world: The consumer or the customer through the internet in the electronic market understanding product performance, the price, issue the order form through the electronic commerce for the production merchant； The producer issuesthe materialpurchase and the production manufacture instruction through the ERP system, completes the material purchase, payment through the electronic commerce； After the production manufacture, finally on time delivers the commodity the user, on-line completes the transaction and the settlement. It causes the supplier, the producer, to retail business, the customer, through supplies the chain close integration, material uninterrupted flowing, achieved the reduced stock, maximum limit reduces the cost of operation, the fast response customer demand, sharpens the enterprise market competition ability and the economic efficiency. Therefore will supply the chain to manageSCM, electronic commerceECwill be essential. 2.because the market competition intensifies, the manufacturer had as the centerchangestake the customer asthe centerthe managementstrategy from the pasttake the product . The customer relations managesCRMit to provide the omni-directional customer angle of view for the enterprise, entrusts with the enterprise to be more perfect and the customer exchange ability, is one maximized customer income rate method. It in the full understanding customer special demand foundation, carries ona pair onethe individuality service, enhances the customer to enterprises degree of satisfaction and the loyalty, causes the enterprise to have the competitive advantage. Its goal lies in establishes a system, causes the enterprise in the customer service, the market competition, the sale and the support aspect forms each other coordination the brand-new relations.CRMnot only is the technology, also is one kind of new management philosophy and the mechanism. 3.supports agile manufactures and hypothesized manufacture. The agile manufacture is enable the enterprise to have the remarkable auto-adapted ability, occupies the competition dominant position in the changeable environment the overall strategy. Its realization technical method includes in the management management category: Punctually producesJIT, excellent producesLP, parallel projectCE, the service flow makes BPRagain, hypothesized makesVMand so on. Through the fast modelling tool and the reference model storehouse, speed up the process which the service flow makes again. Uses based on the browser/service system structure and the soft component technology, through the standard hypothesized special-purpose networkVPNtechnology, definitely may construct the hypothesized manufacture the environment, supports the hypothesized enterprise and the hypothesized manufacture management demand. 4.enterprises achievements manageEPM(Enterprise Performance Management).The EPMbasis enterprises strategic target and the management goal, establish each department the goal, and layer upon layer decomposes these goals into each staffs goal, gathersitsexecution situation through the ERP system, and carries on the comparison with the assignment goal, determines staffs reward and the reward. And to the entire company, the department and staffs achievements carries on the analysis.EPMincluding plan, management and analysis entire process. Establishes the perfect drive mechanism, facilitates the corporate goal the realization, enhances the enterprise the achievements. 5.ERPmust walk the specialized path. In view of the fact that the different profession has a bigger difference in the management detail, needs to aim at the different profession characteristic, the operation mechanism, establishes the corresponding service flow, builds the corresponding organizational structure and the design corresponding software overhead construction realizes. Cannot count on is suitable all professions with an general solution, specially when involves to the production, sales, the purchase and the cost such enterprise service detail, must have a dedicated Yu profession the plan to be able the effective addressing different application environment information question. Moreover the specializedERPsoftware product its development cycle short, turns to a new generation quickly, the implementation is easy, the cost is low and so on the characteristic. (2) system performance request 1.in order to adapt the organizational structure and the service flow which unceasingly changes,the ERPsystem needs to develop the commercial process management (Business Process Management) and the work flows the management, supports the service flow reorganization and the enterprise dynamic modelling. In view of enterprises different demand, the realization merit prefers to cut out, the system may dispose, the flow may again construct, the process may manage. 2.in order to cause the general suppliers, the customer, the partner, the general staffs to enter the application system,the ERPsystem must provide to in foreign may the integration and the flexibility. Wants andCIMS, OA,the multi-layered storehouse,the bar code to in ERP system, system close integration and so on data mining. Foreign with supplier, customer, partner isomerism system integration, fully realizes information sharing； The support migration work and wireless turns on. 3.supports groups corporate business. Supports the multi- companies, the multi- organization, cross region commercial operation pattern. (3) software development platform request In order to realize the above management function and the system performance request below,the ERPsoftware development platform must use the technology:1. based on browser/server multilayered system structure. In order to cause the user at any place, any time service data to become possibly, greatly develops the customer scope, expands the customer to the entireInternetnetwork in, usesJ2EEorNETdevelops the platform, the realization customer end browser level,the Weblevel, the service logic level and the database level multilayered system structure is extremely essential. In order to realize between the module to exchange, mutually to operate, manages the component building with the cross environment deployment and the management, all needs the middleware the strut. 2.enablethe ERPsystem to have the good probability, may the integration, be mutually operational, must use conforms to the industry standard development language, the development kit, the correspondence agreement and the database system. Causes the application software truly to achieve is independent to the operating system (NT,UNIX,Linux), is independent to the database (ORACLE,SQL SERVER,Sybase,DB2) also is naturally independent to the hardware platform. 3.realizations systems have been possible to dispose, the flow may again construct, the software development must use the soft component technology. 4.supports the distributional application system. The new generation of management software system is ultra large-scale, also may according to need to cut 裁成 the middle and small scale application system. It no longer will be concentrates in the identical local area network winds on the server the system, therefore will support the distributional application and the distributional database is the future manages software a characteristic. In summary, the machine manufacture enterprise is the management extremely complex enterprise, at present manages has many problems, is extremely disadvantageous to the intense market competition environment. Using the information technology realization management innovation, the system innovation and the technical innovation, raise the management level is undeniable. The article narrated the machine manufacture business management information characteristic, from the management thought,the ERPsystem performance request and the software development platform three aspects discussed the technological development tendency. Developssoftwareand the machine manufacture enterprise for the ERP software supplier formulates time the information plan refers. Integration of machinery network Our country mechanical manufacturing industry management information characteristic and a development tendency article by the polymerization halllw.JuHeTcollection and collation, the copyright belongs to the author all,the reprint please give the source 我国机械制造业管理信息化特点及发展趋势 北京机械工业自动化研究所首席顾问 蒋明炜 1前言 制造业特别是机械制造业是国民经济的支柱产业，现代制造业正在改变着人们的生产方式、生活方式、经营管理模式乃至社会的组织结构和文化。由于中国潜在的巨大市场和丰富的 劳动力资源，世界的制造业正在向中国转移，中国正在成为世界的制造大国。我国在家电等若干产品的产量已居世界第一位。但是在自主知识产权的创新设计、先进制造工艺和装备及现代化管理等方面仍然存在很大差距，所以我们还不是制造强国。本文仅就机械制造企业目前管理中存在的问题、如何利用信息技术提高管理水平、管理信息化的特点和技术发展趋势作一些研究，供机械制造企业制定信息化方案时参考。 2机械制造企业目前管理中存在问题 中国机械制造业经过几十年的努力已经具有相当的规模，积累了大量的技术和经验。但是随着世界经济一体化的形成 ，由于中国潜在的巨大市场和丰富的劳动力资源，国外的技术、资金、产品大量涌入中国，中国企业面临前所未有的国内外激烈的竞争局面。竞争要求企业产品更新换代快、产品质量高、价格低、交货及时、服务好。这些市场竞争的武器与企业管理的模式、管理方法、管理手段、组织结构、业务流程密切相关。然而中国企业及人们的思想意识由于受到 30-40 年计划经济的影响，上述竞争武器与发达国家相比存在很大差距。 （ 1）生产计划控制的模式落后 尚未实施 ERP 的机械制造企业几乎 100%采用台套计划的方式。即以产品最长生产周期作为构成产品各种物 料的采购提前期和生产提前期。过分夸大的提前期是造成库存和在制品储备高，流动资金占用大的根本原因。生产计划与采购计划脱节，零件成套水平差，不能准时交货。或者用高储备来保交货期。距离现代管理方法物料需求计划 MRP、准时生产 JIT、供应商管库房 VMI、同步生产相差甚远。 （ 2）企业应变能力差 今天的市场瞬息万变，需求多样化。按订单装配 MTO，按订单制造 MTO，按订单设计 MTD，大规模定制MC。品种规格繁多，生产、采购异常复杂。从客户 销售 设计 生产 采购 财务 成本，需要一个完整的供应链管理，才能动态快速地 响应客户需求，适应千变万化市场和客户定制化的要求。 （ 3）成本计算不准确，成本控制差 人工成本核算一般只能计算产品成本，无法计算零部件成本。成本费用分摊很粗，大量成本数据采集是人工归集的，数据准确性很差，使得成本计算不准确。一般不进行标准成本的计算，也很少进行成本分析，因此成本控制差。 （ 4）信息分散、不及时、不准确、不共享 制造业产、供、销、人、财、物是一个有机的整体，他们之间存在大量信息交换。然而人工管理信息分散、缺乏完善的基础数据，信息分散、不及时、不准确、不共享、大大影响管理决策的科学性。 （ 5）科层式的组织机构而不是面向业务流程的扁平化的组织，一般业务流程不合理，业务流程的管理和控制不规范，随意性大。 （ 6）缺乏标准化、规范化、制度化、程式化的管理，管理的优劣因人而异。尽管通过 ISO9000 制定了一系列的程序文件，执行的效果可因企业和管理者而异。 （ 7）管理工具落后，大部分企业仍处于手工分散管理或微机单项管理的阶段。有的企业也建立了全厂的计算机网络，但应用仍是分散的，没有实现信息的共享和资源的优化配置。 （ 8）现代化管理的新思想、新方法、新技术的应用差。例如：敏捷制造 AM、虚拟制造 VM、准时生产 JIT、客户关系管理 CRM、供应链管理 SCM、商业智能 BI、电子商务 EC、企业资源计划 ERP 等。 3用信息技术提高机械制业管理水平 上述目前管理中存在的问题严重地影响着企业管理水平、管理效率和企业的竞争能力。采用现代化的管理思想、方法和计算机网络通信技术，实现机械制造企业的管理创新、制度创新和技术创新是摆在每个企业面前刻不容缓任务。所以建立联接厂内外的计算机网络通信系统，选择先进、成熟、适合企业管理需求的企业资源计划 ERP、客户关系管理 CRM、供应链管理 SCM、商业智能 BI、电子商务 EC 等 软件系统，通过管理咨询和业务流程重组，优化设计企业的组织机构、管理模式、业务流程，应用上述软件系统，实现企业管理的信息化。以克服目前企业管理中存在的问题，提高企业管理水平、管理效率和企业的竞争能力，是企业面对知识经济和全球经济一体化做出的必然选择。系统建设的目标是： （ 1）建成一个覆盖全公司的计算机网络化的管理信息系统。该系统使企业的生产经营实现物流、资金流、信息流和工作流的高度统一与并行运作，并通过 Intranet、 Internet 实现企业内、外部充分的信息交流及企业与外界的联系，形成有效的敏捷供需链 系统。 （ 2） 采用先进的生产计划控制方法。打破台套计划的方式，按各种物料的采购提前期和生产提前期编制物料需求计划。建立一个有效、灵活的由主生产计划、物料需求计划和车间作业计划的三级计划所组成的生产计划管理体系，最大限度的缩短产品生产周期、采购周期、准时交货，快速响应客户需求，最大限度的降低库存和成本，提高售后服务水平。有条件的企业推行准时生产 JIT、供应商管库房 VMI、同步生产等先进管理方法。 （ 3）实现全公司基础数据（如物料数据、产品结构数据、产品设计工艺数据、生产能力数据等）统一生成、统一维护和统 一管理，供经授权的各相关部门使用，真正做到数出一家、数据共享，避免冗余。通过 ERP系统的建立和实施进一步理顺企业的管理程序，做到管理的制度化、规范化和科学化。 （ 4）针对目前各管理部门中信息分割的情况，建立以客户为中心的动态信息反馈和监控体系，实现对每项任务从合同签订、设计、生产、采购、成本核算到成品发货全过程的动态跟踪，使每项任务处于有效的监控之下。 （ 5）加强财务管理和健全成本核算功能。真正建立起二级成本核算体系，采用先进的成本核算方法，较为准确地核算出零部件成本和产品成本，为销售报价和财务核算提供 可靠依据。进行成本分析，找出降低成本的因素，有效降低成本。 （ 6）使用计算机加强质量数据的统计分析。充分利用质量检测数据，利用多种分析方法，进行深入的统计和分析。有力地监督和提高质量水平。 （ 7）通过计算机实现企业的信息化管理，将广大管理人员从繁琐的手工劳动中解放出来，使他们有机会学习管理理论和提高管理技能，从本质上提高企业管理人员的管理水平。 4中国机械制造业管理的特点 机械制造业与其它制造业的管理具有共性也有个性；机械制造业本身随着生产类型，生产批量，生产组织方式不同其管理方法存在差异；中国的 制造业与发达国家相比，由于企业文化、法律、制度的不同也有其特殊性。下面就这些特点加以论述： （ 1）机械制造业是典型的离散制造业，其管理软件根据企业的生产类型，生产批量，生产组织方式不同，需要不同的解决方案。下图列出生产类型的划分： 这些制造类型的特征： 离散制造 不同的物料经过非连续的移动，通过不同路径，生产出不同的物料和产品。如汽车、机床、飞机、计算机、家电等。 流程工业 物料经过混合、分离、成型或者化学反应，物料大多连续地通过相同路径，生产出有价值的产品。它又分为连续生产、批量生产和混合制造 几种类型。在管理上要求配方管理、副产品、联产品、多种计量单位，同一物品多个质量等级、批号跟踪、保质期等特点，一般用专业流程工业软件。 单件生产 产品按订单设计、按客户需求生产，产品很复杂。产品生产周期一般都很长。有时一个合同按部件多次交货。如三大动力厂（大电机、汽轮机、锅炉）重型机械、造船等。生产组织按工艺划分，设备是通用的。生产管理中除应用多品种小批量生产的整套方法外，需增加网络计划（项目管理），关键资源排序。这里 CRM 就并不重要。 多品种小批量生产 产品是标准的或选配的。需求可以是预测，或按订单 生产，按订单装配。生产组织按工艺特征分车间、工段、班组，如铸、锻、铆、焊、车、铣、刨、磨、装配等。生产计划的特征是典型的 MRPII 加配置控制。他们也需要 CRM， SCM 等。 大批量生产 产品是标准或少数选配。需求主要靠预测，也考虑订单。生产设备是以物料（零件、部件）为对象组成一条条流水生产线。生产计划的特征是将传统 MRPII 与 JIT 混合制造，中长期计划和批量生产的零件采用物料需求计划 MRP，执行计划采用 JIT、看板（电子看板）、反冲库存、条码物料跟踪等计划。CRM，电子商务就很重要。 大规模定制 将多 品种小批量生产以满足不同客户个性需求和大批量生产提高生产率，降低成本的优势相结合。生产组织仍是流水线，但产品配置是多种多样。在生产计划控制方面它需要结合 MRP、 JIT、配置控制等综合应用。是前两种的混合制造模式。 所以，企业生产类型不同，