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关键词：: 复式耕整机设计农业机械 cad图纸

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复式耕整机设计

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摘要

为了解决传统整地机所不能完成的多项作业的问题，在研究分析传统整地机的基础上，研制出可与大马力拖拉机配套的新型复式耕整机。复式耕整机是一种多功能的土壤耕作机械，与大功率拖拉机配套作业时，首先对根茬进行粉碎还田，然后对垄顶位置进行深松，其后进行镇压等多项作业，从而可以打破犁底层，提高土壤透气、透水性能，提高土壤抵抗自然灾害能力，一次耕整地作业使田面达到待播状态，机具应用领域广泛。

关键词：复式耕整机；灭茬；深松；

Abstract

In order to solve a number of operations of traditional tillage machine can finish the problem, based on analysis of traditional tillage machine, developed a new type of compound can be matched with a large horsepower tractor tillage machine. Combined tillage machine is a multifunctional tillage machine, and operation supporting large power tractor, first on the stubble crushing returning, and then deep loosening of the ridge top position, followed by repression and many other operations, which can break the plow pan, improve soil permeability, water permeability, improve soil resistance natural disaster ability once the tillage and soil preparation, the surface reach to broadcast state, equipment widely used.

Keywords: multiple tillage machine; stubble; subsoiling;

摘要I

AbstractII

目录III

前言V

1开发复式耕整机的目的和意义1

2国内外复式耕整机的发展动态、存在问题及发展方向2

3总体方案的确定及主要参数的选择4

3.1总体结构设计4

3.2主要技术参数5

4主要结构部件设计6

4.1圆盘耙组件6

4.1.1圆盘耙片的结构形式7

4.1.2圆盘耙片的主要参数8

4.2深松部件10

4.2.1铲柄受力分析及校核12

4.2.2土壤比阻的确定13

4.2.3深松铲水平力和垂直力的测定13

4.2.4铲柄的校核14

4.3镇压碎土部件15

4.3.1镇压辊宽度的确定16

4.3.2镇压辊直径的确定17

4.4其他部件的设计18

4.4.1支撑轮的设计18

4.4.2机架的设计18

5结论19

参考文献20

致谢21

附录22

　　　复式耕整机是一种由多功能的土壤耕作机械。它的耕作部件为灭茬部件，圆盘耙的切土、碎土能力强，一次耕作能够达到一般犁耙作业几次的碎土效果，耕后地表平整、松软，能满足精耕细作要求，且缩短工序间隔，有利于抢农时抗旱保墒，减少拖拉机进地次数，减轻对土壤压实，减少能源消耗，降低作业成本，减少机具投资，提高机具利用率，加之近年来国内还田技术和免耕少耕技术的推广应用，复式耕整机得到了迅猛发展，已成为拖拉机的主要配套机具之一。

　　　到目前为止，复式耕整机产品在理论上可以配套58.8－73.5kw的拖拉机，但实际上因受传动系统强度及结构尺寸、机架结构强度的限制，配套合理范围仅达有所减小；耕深亦局限在旱耕12－16cm。20世纪90年代以来，为适应市场需要，有些企业试图开发大型耕整机，但因水平有限，仅采用原有产品外延放大和堆砌材料的方法，没有着重结构的改进和参数的优化，因而走了弯路。因此，现有复式耕整机产品在品种上尚有大型和深耕型的空缺。随着水稻集约化、规模化生产的发展，水田耕整用宽幅高速型复式耕整机成为发展方向。水田土壤含水率高，抗剪切、抗压强度特别低，附着力、外摩擦力也接近为零，切土部件与土壤之间存在润滑水膜。因此，大块水田使用大型拖拉机旋耕机组水耕时，为充分发挥其功率，实现高效率、高效益，需要工作幅宽3m以上的宽幅旋耕机。但宽幅又受到道路行驶和入库停机不便的制约。解决途径有二：一是采用宽度伸缩或折叠式结构；二是采用适中的幅宽，提高作业速度，从现有的2－5km/h提高到4－8km/h。为满足以上要求，需要改进复式耕整机结构和参数，研制宽幅高速耕整机及灭茬、深松、镇压和深施化肥的复式作业机械。

大功率拖拉机以其强劲的功率，可以配套大型农机具，配套机具范围广，机动灵活强；性能可靠，低故障率；与履带拖拉机比较，具有油耗低、工作效率高的特点；标准化的耕整地作业质量，为培肥土壤创造了良好的基本条件，在农业生产机械化中扮演重要角色。预计到 2012 年，黑龙江省将新增大功率拖拉机 1 万台，保有量达到 2.73 万台。为大功率拖拉机研制配套的宽幅大型联合整地机，可以充分发挥大功率拖拉机的作业效率。因此，为了确保粮食生产安全，发挥大功率拖拉机的作用，尽快研发与大功率拖拉机配套的宽幅大型耕整地机具，提高农业机械化耕整地的作业效率迫在眉睫。

1开发复式耕整机的目的和意义

　　　土壤耕作是种植业生产过程中的重要一环，对于农作物增产具有重要作用。因此，土壤耕作机械的发展一直受到人们的关注。由于土壤耕作是一项能耗很大的作业，传统的旋耕、灭茬等是由好几种机型来完成的,多次耕作会对土壤造成破坏，不利于水土保持，消耗较大。这样既增加了作业成本又增加了农民的负担。长期以来，人们一直在探讨新的工作制度，松土和局部松土，不耕和少耕。在这种形势下，研究一种一次作业可完成灭茬、深松、镇压作业的新型联合作业机, 实现用一种机型解决深松、灭茬等几种机型的通用问题, 对于减轻农民购买机具的投资负担, 便于使用与维修, 提高机具利用率, 都具有极其重要的意。于是复式耕整机械诞生了。这种机械之所以引人注目，一是强化土壤耕作过程，可以满足不同条件下的不同土壤类型；二是一次耕作可以联合作业；三是有动力驱动，质量好；四是作业时几乎不需要牵引功率，减少了功率的消耗。目前广泛使用的，应用前景最好的就是复式耕整机。耕机切土、碎土能力强，一次耕作能够达到一般犁耙作业几次的碎土效果，耕后地表平整、松软，能满足精耕细作要求，且缩短工序间隔，有利于抢农时抗旱保墒，减少拖拉机进地次数，减轻对土壤压实，减少能源消耗，降低作业成本，减少机具投资，提高机具利用率，加之近年来国内还田技术和免耕少耕技术的推广应用，复式耕整机得到了迅猛发展，已成为拖拉机的主要配套机具之一。

复式耕整机用于未耕或已耕地上的耕整作业，一次进地可完成深松、灭茬、镇压等多项作业。其中深松作业要求深松的范围一般在250mm-350mm之间。具有蓄水保墒、改善土壤结构、优化土壤成分、提高作物产量,实现耕地的可持续利用的作用。旋耕灭茬部分全幅旋耕作业一般用于平作地，耕深要求一般为 100-160mm。其次对于复式耕整机的开发主要以在满足农业要求的前提下尽可能的选取简单轻便的结构，在原有的结构上要有创新和改进。

2国内外复式耕整机的发展动态、存在问题及发展方向

　　　目前，水平轴旋耕部件与地轮转向一致的耕整机，在国内外在实际生产中得到广泛的应用，并且旋耕工作部件结构相当完善。复式耕整机的保有量也增加的很快，为了适应当前的生产规模，为不同机型拖拉机配套，生产了作业幅：为1.25m-2．8m多种型号的复式耕整机。如南昌旋耕机厂的IGN系列多种型号复式耕整机，连云港旋耕机集团公司生产的IGE2—210型复式耕整机，1C-N-250S型复式耕整机等。在黑龙江省农业生产中，使用的机型还有1GHL一280型松旋起垄机、1GSZ-210／280型组合式旋耕多用机、1GZJ一210型旋耕灭茬联合整地机、1GLT-4型松旋灭茬起垄通用机等。

　　　对于北方旱田垄作地区气温低，春秋整地时间短，多采用单一灭茬或旋耕和灭茬旋耕联合整地为主，机具的耕作幅宽一般在 1.4～2.1 m，配套拖拉机多以中小功率拖拉机为主。随着我国的经济状况的不断提高，支农的力度不断加大，农村拖拉机的整体水平也由中小型向大型转变，进口拖拉机也进行了大量引进，拖拉机的整体水平得到了显著提高，但是与之配套的大型机具还很缺少，急需加大力度研制和开发。宽幅灭茬、旋耕联合整地机就是专为 88.2kW 以上的大型拖拉机配套使用的，因此，从近几年国产的旋耕机配套推广应用情况来看，存在一些问题：（1）、拖拉机动力输出轴容易损坏：（2）、十字万向传动轴使用寿命短：（3）、旋耕作业性能不稳定和容易缠草的问题；（4）、缺少与大功率拖拉机配套的复式耕整机；（5）、作业性能满足不了当今的农艺要求；这些问题的解决有待于进行更深入的研究。

　　　机具通过实际生产应用，其作业效率明显优于其它小型联合整地机，提高工作效率在 20%以上，为农业生产赢得农时。深松装置可以打破多年来因用小型机具整地形成的犁地层，改良土壤、增强土壤活力，提高土壤抵抗自然灾害的能力。拖拉机一次进地就可以使田面达到待播状态，节约作业环节，减少成本投入，节约能源消耗随着农业机械化程度的增强，工作效率和效益的提高，现有的复式耕整机的弊端日益突出，已满足不了农艺要求和生产规模扩大的需要。故对复式耕整机的研究有了进一步的深化，出现如下几个方向的发展趋势：（1）、向宽幅，高速型复式耕整机发展；（2）、向联合作业机组方向发展；（3）、向多功能机方向发展；（4）、向可持续发展战略型发展；（5）、大型复式耕整机需求量有所增加。由牵引架和主机架组成主机框架，用于整机各部件的联接。圆盘耙架与牵引架铰接，用液压油缸调整耙架的上下位置，圆盘耙组件安装于圆盘耙架上，利用液压油缸调整耙架实现圆盘耙组件的入土深度，以满足不同耕深的农艺要求。地轮组件安装于主机架上，两个液压油缸用于升降地轮，完成整机的升起和降落，运输时整机升起，作业时利用地轮陷深，实现整机各工作部件的工作深度要求。深松部件安装于主机架上，完成深松作业。镇压轮采用牵引的形式与主机架铰接，用于镇压和碎土。镇压强度用安装于镇压顺梁上的弹簧调节。是将三角形牵引架、X形圆盘耙架、深松机架、和门形镇压器梁架按工艺程序要求进行合理组配, 实现各种工作部件的最佳配置, 同时既可以根据不同的土壤条件进行整机耕深液压调节, 又可以进行不同工作部件　　　根据机具的总体结构配置需要，并保证各组件之间保持足够间隔距离和各工作部件前后距离，保证机具的通过性能。因此，本机设计了框架式和三角形机架结构。

　　　1) 牵引架的设计。牵引架承担整机前进方向的力量，因此要求牵引架有足够强度和刚度。本机采用200×100×6、150×100×6(210型)的矩形管、摇臂、牵引板焊合而成的三角形机架结构。

　　　2) 深松铲机架的设计。深松铲机架联接深松铲，并承担着联接后面各个组件，因此要求此架有足够的强度和刚度。本机采用150×100×6的矩形管与18mm 钢板焊合而成的框架式结构。　　　该机具与大功率拖拉机配套作业时，首先对根茬进行粉碎还田，然后对垄顶位置进行深松，其后进行镇压等多项作业，一次耕整地作业使田面达到待播状态。该机具应用领域广泛, 适宜在东北三省旱田垄作地区的耕整地作业。深松装置可以打破多年来因使用小型机具整地形成的犁地层，改良土壤、增强土壤活力，提高土壤抵抗自然灾害的能力。拖拉机一次进地就可以使田面达到待播状态，节约作业环节，减少成本投入，节约能源消耗。

　　　该机具为大功率拖拉机提供了一种新型的配套机具，机具适宜在各种地块作业，提高耕整地作业效率，缩短作业周期，用较少的作业时间，使田面达到待播状态。减少了机车对土壤的压实程度，提高作业质量，减少了生产成本的投入，具有明显的综合技术经济效益。

参考文献

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[6]叶新跃，对我国复式耕整机机研究现状及发展方向的探讨[J]. 山东农机, 1995.7（5）：12—13.

[7] Ping-Kun Chang,Yaw-Nan Peng. Influence of mixing techniques on propertiesof high performance concrete. [J] Cement and Concrete Research. 2001

[8]王伯平，互换性与测量技术基础[M]. 北京：机械工业出版社，2008,23-56.

[9]Zhu Y, Zhang S, Rong y. Experimental Study on Stiffness of T-Slot Based Modular Fixure[M]. Transaction of NAM-RI/SME, Volumn X XI,1993.

[10]涂建平, 秸杆还田机刀片优化排列软件的开发研究[J]. 江西农业大学学报(自然科学版), 2002, 24(4): 556-558.

[11]贾洪雷,东北垄作蓄水保墒耕作体系与配套机具[J]. 农业机械学报, 2006, 36(7): 32-37.

[12]贾洪雷, 陈忠亮, 刘昭辰, 孙裕晶, 王长生. 耕整联合作业工艺及配套机具的研究[J]. 农业机械学报, 2001, 32(5): 40-43.

[13]桑正中.，农业机械学(上册)[M]. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 1987，114-136.

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内容简介：: 附录 The research status and development trend of subsoiling machinery in ChinaAbstract：The subsoiling machinery is one kind of effective machines and tools for nature cultivation of conservation tillage on dry land. Its development is having direct impact to our countrys development very much.For this purpose， by analyses the development Situation of subsoiling machinery， it has carried out classification on subsoiling machinery of our country， summed up various virtue and shortcoming，and has brought forward several suggestion to our country development of subsoiling machinery in the future.Key words：subsoilingmachinery；conserration tillage；development trend Based on tilling the soil deep loosening technology is summed up an adaptation to drought homework conservation tillage method. Deep loosening cultivation can promote soil physical improvement, since the restoration of soil fertility, improve for a long time due to the weight gain due to the large fertilizer production. So deep loosening technology has been widely applied in wheat, cotton, sugar cane, tobacco, crops such as corn, soybean production test and practice. The essence of mechanical deep loosening technology is: through mechanical tillage, loose and not flip soil, breaking plough bottom, compared to adjust the soil solid, liquid, gas, improving the structure of the top layer of soil, reduce soil erosion and improve soil water storage ability. Western developed countries has been made in the 1930 s and deep tillage research, and has started to use this technology, achieved good effect. Due to many years of practical experience as well as the rapid development of science and technology, the United States, Western Europe and other countries for deep pine machinery research has been quite perfect, and form a series, and according to the different needs of the development and production of a variety of deep loosening machine. The digging ways mainly include the extrusion and vibration digging dirt comes in two forms. Abroad at present, the existing power tractor matching with deep loosening machine mainly, its characteristic is deep loosening deep, operation speed, good quality and suitable for deep loosening in an all-round way. Its main have mechanical the deep loose plough and the vibrating deep loose machine two. Mechanical deep plough sort is more, among them, the representative has two: John Deere 900 v scarifier and west Germanys hanging deep loosening machine produced by our company. Hanging deep loosening machine deep loosening shovel handle face for arc, of which the parts similar to straight lines, blade, pointed to the shovel handle inside the distance is longer than Deere deep loosening shovel. The shovel handle this structure makes it has better cutting performance, no hanging grass phenomenon. Vibrating deep loosening function to solve the work resistance of the deep loose plough is big, the problem of large energy consumption. Its working principle is the tractor power output shaft to drive the eccentric vibrator make the plough produces vibration, reduce the traction resistance, thus improve the power efficiency. At the same time, along with the deep pine technology constantly improve, the development of deep loosening machine, also in order to adapt to the requirement of joint operations, on the basis of the deep loosening machine, overseas has developed a variety of deep loose joint rig. For deep loosening technology research, started late in our country. In the early 1960 s began to realize the importance of deep loosening technology, and has carried on the corresponding research. In design and manufacture of deep loosening shovel has many colleges and universities, research institutes and farms and other units to do a lot of research work, created the actual deep loosening shovel, and through the experiment and actual production applications, good results have been achieved. A single deep breath a sigh of single machine function, it is mainly on the soil deep loosening operations, its structure is simple, articulated way is given priority to with three-point suspension. Again, according to the scope of the deep loose a single deep breath a sigh of machine can be divided into local deep loosening and all-round deep loosening machine two kinds of models. Local deep loosening machine according to the way of working can be divided into two categories, type mechanical and vibration. Mechanical is deep loosening machine driven directly by tractor traction machines, extrusion, cutting and breaking up the soil was carried out on the soil. Its specific forms are various, such as: chisel type, winged type, rod type deep loosening machine, airfoil rod tooth deep loosening machine, single column with vane, hanging light turn the deep loose plough, tilting the bidirectional shallow deep loose plough, etc. , it had a tail deep loosening shovel can effectively increase the soil disturbance range, reduce resistance, increase the tillage depth and improve the quality of the deep loosening. The vibrating deep pine machine is using vibration method, soil tillage machine produce the vibration of a certain frequency, make the soil loose, achieve the purpose of reducing resistance, has been many researchers to study and prove this method. Developed by heilongjiang province water conservancy science research institute of multi-functional vibrator soil change opportunity, this machine adopts self-excited reciprocating inertial vibration source, created a precedent of mechanical vibrating tillage soil preparation operation in our country, deep loosening vibration than other types of deep loosening save energy over 20%. All-round deep loosening machine is a kind of brand-new of deep pine for farmland Industry machine, it is suitable for dry land wheat or rice two areas. All-round deep loosening soil coefficient is big, has a good effect on cultivating. There are three common: China agricultural university, the development and production of V shape all-round deep loosening machine, production in heilongjiang province L shape all-round deep loosening machine cut tooth and all-round deep loosening. China agricultural university to develop all-round deep loosening machine, use V type deep loose parts, cut off from soil out of the V shaped cross section twenty-nine-inch rows from trapezoid framework, and then falling on the surface, make soil subjected to shear, bending, stretching and get efficient breaking up. Heilongjiang province production 1 sq - 340 comprehensive deep loosening machines working parts like L shape, its working principle is similar to V. Chisel type all-round deep loosening is improvement of small and medium-sized all-round deep loosening machine, the omni-directional depth it loose with the traditional chisel plough be combined in one machine, one-way operation can achieve a comprehensive energy saving effect of the deep loose, loose the whole joint. Deep loose joint rig is done in deep loosening and fertilization, planting, cultivating, ridging, stubble, spraying pesticide or herbicide, etc. More than two kinds of operation equipments. Around, according to the actual production, on the basis of the deep loosening added other functions, to develop all kinds of deep loose joint rig. Some this kind of machine can reach before sowing time into soil preparation requirement, so that it can reduce labor consumption, reduce pressure to times, save time, improve the utilization rate of power tractor, thus reducing operating costs. Common models include: deep pine fertilizer applicator, 1 FFSL - shallow over deep loose type 5 flip plow, corn no-till seeding fertilizer deep loose joint rig, SGTN - 180, type 200 biaxial stubble rotary tillage ridging joint machine, deep loosening soil preparation machine, frame type deep loose joint rig rotary tillage, deep ploughing joint rig, 3 gz - 6 type hanging LBZ combined seeder and 2-5 - a type of ridge sowing seeds under the machine, and henan agricultural university institute of electrical and mechanical engineering to develop SQS - type 2 deep loosening, ridging, applying fertilizer, the rig and the yunnan agricultural university and qujing city tobacco companies develop 1 GQQSN - 200 rotary tillage, deep loosening ridging joint rig, etc. Deep loosening machine chisel type of deep loosening and pole tooth deep loosening machine structure is simple, the price is low, but the pulverizing effect is bad, digging range is limited, only 0.2 0.2, the consumed power is larger. Airfoil pole tooth deep loosening machine absorbed the pole tooth deep loosening and all-round deep loosening machine advantage of the two, four, five plough plough column assembly landed, installed on the airfoil stem deep loosening shovel teeth, working depth more than 35 cm, deep loosening coefficient of 0.437, compared with previous machine, the function and efficiency improved obviously. The vibrating deep pine machine pulverizing effect is better, depth of digging deep, can be up to 50 60 cm, less power consumption. But the structure is more complex, some parts of material demand is higher, the cost relative to other deep loosening machine is much higher. Single column type, suspension type shallow turn over the deep loose plough is hanging furrow plough, with wings chisel type deep loosening shovel plough body instead of the original huasheng type, relatively simple structure, wide applicability, a job can complete turn of shallow and deep loosening soil. Tilting two-way light turn over the deep loose plough with wings carved deep loosening shovel and shallow parts combination, combined with a deep sigh of shallow turn hydraulic flip, a one-time deep subsoil, light stubble etc many homework, working efficiency is high, the broken soil ability strong, but the adaptation of a narrow, only suitable for dry farming areas of northern China stubble, hemp crop and pasture improvement of deep shallow over homework. All-round deep loosening machine has large range of digging, deep tillage depth, coefficient of high working efficiency, digging big wait for a characteristic, but with the high-power tractor kit, and this kind of machine operation when higher requirements on the surface. Deep loose joint rig variety is less, cant satisfy the need of agricultural production. Many areas according to the requirements of the regional agricultural technology, even though converted some of the deep loose joint rig, but generally have large energy consumption, low efficiency and high operation cost, not easy popularization and application. With the development of dryland farming soil conservaton agricultural new technology in our country, must be to develop new type of deep loosening and joint operation deep loosening soil preparation machine. Tillage soil conservaton technology is a five-year period and 2010 years ago, one of the main measures of rainfed agriculture in our country, deep loosening machine is the realization of agronomic measures of main machinery and equipment. At present, the domestic molding combined soil preparation machine, are mainly small and medium-sized, structure form are all horizontal. Along with the expansion of large power tractor also needs a large number of new high efficiency combined soil preparation machine to match. Our country is an agricultural big country, now many places still to use it in rural is a small mechanical, not only the production efficiency is low, also delay the season. So large efficient joint research and development of soil preparation machine is necessary, and has a broad market space. So we must to improve the existing agricultural machines from multiple aspects. For technical innovation. Change the deep loosening shovel working face structure parameters and working mode, adopting appropriate deep loose parts, reasonable decorate the relative position between the deep loosening shovel, make machine to save energy consumption, to reduce working resistance. At present, the measures to reduce the cultivation resistance deep loosening machine mainly has two kinds: one is to change machine working face parameter, the second is with the method of vibration. According to overseas for deep loosening shovel handle working surface of the test show that the shovel handle work surface is parabola, the minimum needed traction, the grave performance is best. Circular arc second, straight blade is the largest. Plough blade thickness, operating quality and operating effect of different types of soil are also different. Method of vibration of the drag reduction, make the plough shovel and spade pointed produces a certain vibration frequency, loose soil, so as to achieve the goal of reduced tillage resistance. In recent years the development of bionic drag reduction technology for deep loose parts of drag reduction technology research put forward a new way of thinking. In addition, we should focus on the latest research results, digesting and absorbing the advanced technology for drag reduction, and improve the existing agricultural machinery. Raise the level of products manufacturing process. Soil tillage machine work load big, the seasonally strong, high reliability requirements of machine work. , therefore, we should improve the level of product manufacturing process, improve and guarantee the quality of the machine and the working parts, ensure machine work reliability, and better meet market demand. Machines for agriculture standardization, standardized management, strengthen the promotion of the machine. For existing domestic joint rig deep pine machinery and comprehensive investigation, and according to soil conditions around, agricultural technical requirements, to develop a deep loosening machine technical classification, manufacturing standards and acceptance criteria. At present, deep loosening mechanical varieties of many, but more is developed according to the regions agricultural production condition, has certain limitation, does not have the management requirement of standardization and seriation, brought some difficulties to promotion, hindered the development of agriculture in our country. Accelerating the development of high-power tractor promotion efforts, multi-use of the deep loose joint rig. Joint rig is the development direction of Chinas agricultural machinery industry. Over the next few years, we should sum up the experiences of deep loose joint rig use, according to the requirements in different parts of the agricultural technology, seriation, standardization of developed to adapt to the different parts of the deep loose joint rig. Change according to different season different working parts at the same time, the real achieve multi-usage, improve the utilization rate of large power tractor. General less deep loose joint operation of machinery, agricultural technical requirements adapted according to the region in many parts of some deep loose joint rig but poor versatility should be developed according to the requirements in different parts of the agricultural technology is used in different parts of the series of standardized mechanical deep loose joint operations according to the different working parts of different seasons change achieve multi-usage.In order to strengthen the management of agricultural machinery information, reasonable allocate machine, increasing NongJiHu income. To rational allocation of regional agricultural machinery, agricultural machinery avoid idle time is too long, affect agricultural machinery utilization, thus indirectly improving NongJiHu income. At the same time, the area of agricultural machinery are temporarily lack of farm machinery deployment guide, implement the inter-district homework, increase NongJiHu income.我国深松机械的研究现状和发展趋势摘要：深松机械是旱地保护性耕作的一种有效机具，它的发展直接影响着我国的农业发展。为此，对深松机械的发展情况进行了分析，对我国深松机械进行了分类，总结了我国各种深松机械的优缺点，并针对我国深松机械未来的发展提出了进行技术创新和提高产品制造工艺水平等建议。关键词：深松机械；保护性耕作；发展趋势土壤深松技术是在翻耕基础上总结出来的一种适应干旱地作业的保护性耕作法。深松耕作能促进土壤物理改良，有利于土壤肥力的自恢复，改善长期以来由于施用大量化肥造成的增肥不增产现象。因此深松技术已被广泛应用于小麦、棉花、甘蔗、烟草、玉米、大豆等农作物的生产试验和实践中。机械深松技术的实质是：通过机械耕作，疏松而不翻转土层，打破犁底层，达到调节土壤固、液、气三相比、改善耕层土壤结构、减轻土壤侵蚀和提高土壤蓄水抗旱能力。西方发达国家己经在上世纪30 年代就作了深松耕作法的研究，并且己经开始使用这项技术，取得了很好的效果。由于多年的实践经验以及科技的迅速发展，美国、西欧等国家对于深松机具的研究己经相当完善，并形成系列，并且已经根据不同的需要研制和生产了多种深松机具。其松土方式主要有挤压松土和振动松土两种形式。目前，国外现有深松机具主要与大功率拖拉机相配套，其特点是深松深度大、作业速度快、质量好、适用于全面深松。其种类主要有机械式深松犁和振动式深松机两种。机械式深松犁种类较多，其中，有代表性的有两个：约翰迪尔公司生产的900V 型松土机和西德劳公司生产的悬挂式深松机。悬挂式深松机深松铲柄的工作面为弧形，其中间部位近似于直线，铲尖到铲柄内侧面的距离比迪尔深松铲长。该铲柄的这种结构使其具有较好的切削性能，无挂草现象。振动式深松机能解决深松犁工作阻力大、能源消耗大的问题。其工作原理都是由拖拉机动力输出轴驱动偏心振子使犁产生振动，降低牵引阻力，从而提高功率利用率。同时，随着深松技术的不断完善，深松机具的不断发展，也为了适应联合作业的要求，在深松机的基础上，国外己经研制出了多种深松联合作业机。对于深松技术的研究，我国起步稍晚。从上世纪60 年代初才开始认识到深松技术的重要性，并进行了相应的研究。在深松铲的设计和制造生产方面已经有很多高校、研究院所以及农场等单位做了大量的研究工作，制造出了实际的深松铲，并且通过实验和实际生产应用，取得了较好的效果。单一深松机功能单一，它主要是对土壤进行深松作业，其结构都比较简单，挂接方式以三点悬挂式为主。根据深松范围，单一深松机又可以分为局部深松机和全方位深松机两种机型。局部深松机根据工作方式可分为机械式和振动式两类。机械式深松机是通过拖拉机的直接牵引带动机具前进，对土壤进行挤压、切割而松碎土壤。其具体形式很多种，如：凿式、凿型带翼式、杆齿式深松机、翼型杆齿深松机、单柱带翼式、悬挂式浅翻深松犁、翻转式双向浅翻深松犁等。其中，具有尾翼的深松铲能有效地增加土壤扰动范围，减少阻力、增加耕深和提高深松质量。振动式深松机则是采用振动方式，使土壤耕作机具产生一定频率的振动，使土壤疏松，达到减少阻力的目的，这种方法已被许多研究者研究和证明。其中，由黑龙江省水利科学研究院研制的多功能振动式土壤改良机，该机采用自激往复式惯性振动源，开创了我国耕整地机械振动式作业的先河，振动深松比其它类型深松作业节省能源20%以上。全方位深松机是一种全新的农田深松作业机具，它适用于旱作或稻麦两作地区。全方位深松动土系数大，有很好的松土效果。常见的有3 种：中国农业大学研制生产的“V”形全方位深松机，黑龙江省生产的“L”形全方位深松机和凿齿式全方位深松。中国农业大学研制的全方位深松机，采用“V”型深松部件，从土层中切离出“V”型截面的垄条从梯形框架中流出，而后下落铺放在田面，使土壤受剪切、弯曲、拉伸作用而得到高效的松碎。黑龙江省生产的1SQ-340型全方位深松机的工作部件形状象“L”，其工作原理与“V”相似。凿齿式全方位深松是对中小型全方位深松机的改进，它把全方位深松与传统的凿形犁耕作结合于一机，单程作业便能达到全面深松、松整联合的节能效果。深松联合作业机是在深松的同时完成施肥、播种、中耕（起垄）、灭茬、喷洒农药或除草剂等两种以上的作业机具。各地根据当地的生产实际，在深松的基础上增加其它功能，研制出各种各样的深松联合作业机。这类机器有些一次进地就可达到播种前整地的要求，这样就可以降低劳动消耗、减少压地次数、节约时间、提高大功率拖拉机的利用率，从而降低作业成本。常见的机型有：深松施肥机、1FFSL-5 型浅翻深松翻转犁、玉米免耕播

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