名人演讲：国会大厦告别演讲.doc

名人演讲：国会大厦告别演讲 道格拉斯麦克阿瑟(DouglasMacArthur)美国陆军五星上将出生于阿肯色州小石城的军人世家1899年中学毕业后考入西点军校1903年以名列第一的优异成绩毕业到工程兵部队任职并赴菲律宾执勤麦克阿瑟有过50年的军事实践经验被美国国民称之为“一代老兵”而其自身的又曾是“美国最年轻的准将、西点军校最年轻的校长、美国陆军历史上最年轻的陆军参谋长”凭借精妙的军事谋略和敢战敢胜的胆略麦克阿瑟堪称美国战争史上的奇才 提起这句话：“老兵永远不死只会慢慢凋零”（Oldsoldiersneverdie,theyjustfadeaway）就不由得想起那个叼着玉米棒子烟斗的麦克阿瑟和他在1951年4月19日被解职后在国会大厦发表的题为老兵不死著名演讲 我即将结束五十二年的军旅生涯我从军是在本世纪开始之前而这是我童年的希望与梦想的实现自从我在西点军校的教练场上宣誓以来这个世界已经过多次变化而我的希望与梦想早已消逝但我仍记着当时最流行的一首军歌词极为自豪地宣示“老兵永远不死只会慢慢凋零” Iamclosingmy52yearsofmilitaryservice.WhenIjoinedtheArmy,evenbeforetheturnofthecentury,itwasthefulfillmentofallofmyboyishhopesanddreams.TheworldhasturnedovermanytimessinceItooktheoathontheplainatWestPoint,andthehopesanddreamshavelongsincevanished,butIstillremembertherefrainofoneofthemostpopularbarrackballadsofthatdaywhichproclaimedmostproudlythatoldsoldiersneverdie;theyjustfadeaway. 就像这首歌中的老兵一位想尽一已之责的老兵而上帝也赐予光辉使他能看清这一项责任而我现在结束了军旅生涯而逐渐凋谢 Andliketheoldsoldierofthatballad,Inowclosemymilitarycareerandjustfadeaway,anoldsoldierwhotriedtodohisdutyasGodgavehimthelighttoseethatduty. 演讲全文：MacArthur:FarewellAddresstoCongress Mr.President,Mr.Speaker,andDistinguishedMembersoftheCongress: IstandonthisrostrumwithasenseofdeephumilityandgreatpridehumilityintheweightofthosegreatAmericanarchitectsofourhistorywhohavestoodherebeforeme;prideinthereflectionthatthishomeoflegislativedebaterepresentshumanlibertyinthepurestformyetdevised.Herearecenteredthehopesandaspirationsandfaithoftheentirehumanrace.Idonotstandhereasadvocateforanypartisancause,fortheissuesarefundamentalandreachquitebeyondtherealmofpartisanconsideration.Theymustberesolvedonthehighestplaneofnationalinterestifourcourseistoprovesoundandourfutureprotected.Itrust,therefore,thatyouwilldomethejusticeofreceivingthatwhichIhavetosayassolelyexpressingtheconsideredviewpointofafellowAmerican. Iaddressyouwithneitherrancornorbitternessinthefadingtwilightoflife,withbutonepurposeinmind:toservemycountry.Theissuesareglobalandsointerlockedthattoconsidertheproblemsofonesector,oblivioustothoseofanother,isbuttocourtdisasterforthewhole.WhileAsiaismonlyreferredtoastheGatewaytoEurope,itisnolesstruethatEuropeistheGatewaytoAsia,andthebroadinfluenceoftheonecannotfailtohaveitsimpactupontheother.Therearethosewhoclaimourstrengthisinadequatetoprotectonbothfronts,thatwecannotdivideoureffort.Icanthinkofnogreaterexpressionofdefeatism.Ifapotentialenemycandividehisstrengthontwofronts,itisforustocounterhiseffort.TheCommunistthreatisaglobalone.Itssuccessfuladvanceinonesectorthreatensthedestructionofeveryothersector.YoucannotappeaseorotherwisesurrendertomunisminAsiawithoutsimultaneouslyunderminingoureffortstohaltitsadvanceinEurope. Beyondpointingoutthesegeneraltruisms,IshallconfinemydiscussiontothegeneralareasofAsia.Beforeonemayobjectivelyassessthesituationnowexistingthere,hemustprehendsomethingofAsiaspastandtherevolutionarychangeswhichhavemarkedhercourseuptothepresent.Longexploitedbythesocalledcolonialpowers,withlittleopportunitytoachieveanydegreeofsocialjustice,individualdignity,orahigherstandardoflifesuchasguidedourownnobleadministrationinthePhilippines,thepeoplesofAsiafoundtheiropportunityinthewarjustpasttothrowofftheshacklesofcolonialismandnowseethedawnofnewopportunity,aheretoforeunfeltdignity,andtheselfrespectofpoliticalfreedom. Musteringhalfoftheearthspopulation,and60percentofitsnaturalresourcesthesepeoplesarerapidlyconsolidatinganewforce,bothmoralandmaterial,withwhichtoraisethelivingstandardanderectadaptationsofthedesignofmodernprogresstotheirowndistinctculturalenvironments.Whetheroneadherestotheconceptofcolonizationornot,thisisthedirectionofAsianprogressanditmaynotbestopped.Itisacorollarytotheshiftoftheworldeconomicfrontiersasthewholeepicenterofworldaffairsrotatesbacktowardtheareawhenceitstarted. Inthissituation,itbeesvitalthatourowncountryorientitspoliciesinconsonancewiththisbasicevolutionaryconditionratherthanpursueacourseblindtotherealitythatthecolonialeraisnowpastandtheAsianpeoplescovettherighttoshapetheirownfreedestiny.Whattheyseeknowisfriendlyguidance,understanding,andsupportnotimperiousdirectionthedignityofequalityandnottheshameofsubjugation.Theirprewarstandardoflife,pitifullylow,isinfinitelylowernowinthedevastationleftinwarswake.WorldideologiesplaylittlepartinAsianthinkingandarelittleunderstood.Whatthepeoplesstriveforistheopportunityforalittlemorefoodintheirstomachs,alittlebetterclothingontheirbacks,alittlefirmerroofovertheirheads,andtherealizationofthenormalnationalisturgeforpoliticalfreedom.Thesepoliticalsocialconditionshavebutanindirectbearinguponourownnationalsecurity,butdoformabackdroptocontemporaryplanningwhichmustbethoughtfullyconsideredifwearetoavoidthepitfallsofunrealism. OfmoredirectandimmediatelybearinguponournationalsecurityarethechangeswroughtinthestrategicpotentialofthePacificOceaninthecourseofthepastwar.PriortheretothewesternstrategicfrontieroftheUnitedStateslayontheliterallineoftheAmericas,withanexposedislandsalientextendingoutthroughHawaii,Midway,andGuamtothePhilippines.Thatsalientprovednotanoutpostofstrengthbutanavenueofweaknessalongwhichtheenemycouldanddidattack. ThePacificwasapotentialareaofadvanceforanypredatoryforceintentuponstrikingattheborderinglandareas.AllthiswaschangedbyourPacificvictory.OurstrategicfrontierthenshiftedtoembracetheentirePacificOcean,whichbecameavastmoattoprotectusaslongasweheldit.Indeed,itactsasaprotectiveshieldforalloftheAmericasandallfreelandsofthePacificOceanarea.WecontrolittotheshoresofAsiabyachainofislandsextendinginanarcfromtheAleutianstotheMariannasheldbyusandourfreeallies.FromthisislandchainwecandominatewithseaandairpowereveryAsiaticportfromVladivostoktoSingaporewithseaandairpowereveryport,asIsaid,fromVladivostoktoSingaporeandpreventanyhostilemovementintothePacific. AnypredatoryattackfromAsiamustbeanamphibiouseffort.*Noamphibiousforcecanbesuccessfulwithoutcontrolofthesealanesandtheairoverthoselanesinitsavenueofadvance.Withnavalandairsupremacyandmodestgroundelementstodefendbases,anymajorattackfromcontinentalAsiatowardusorourfriendsinthePacificwouldbedoomedtofailure. Undersuchconditions,thePacificnolongerrepresentsmenacingavenuesofapproachforaprospectiveinvader.Itassumes,instead,thefriendlyaspectofapeacefullake.Ourlineofdefenseisanaturaloneandcanbemaintainedwithaminimumofmilitaryeffortandexpense.Itenvisionsnoattackagainstanyone,nordoesitprovidethebastionsessentialforoffensiveoperations,butproperlymaintained,wouldbeaninvincibledefenseagainstaggression.TheholdingofthisliteraldefenselineinthewesternPacificisentirelydependentuponholdingallsegmentsthereof;foranymajorbreachofthatlinebyanunfriendlypowerwouldrendervulnerabletodeterminedattackeveryothermajorsegment. ThisisamilitaryestimateastowhichIhaveyettofindamilitaryleaderwhowilltakeexception.Forthatreason,Ihavestronglyremendedinthepast,asamatterofmilitaryurgency,thatundernocircumstancesmustFormosafallunderCommunistcontrol.SuchaneventualitywouldatoncethreatenthefreedomofthePhilippinesandthelossofJapanandmightwellforceourwesternfrontierbacktothecoastofCalifornia,OregonandWashington. TounderstandthechangeswhichnowappearupontheChinesemainland,onemustunderstandthechangesinChinesecharacterandcultureoverthepast50years.China,upto50yearsago,waspletelynonhomogenous,beingpartmentedintogroupsdividedagainsteachother.Thewarmakingtendencywasalmostnonexistent,astheystillfollowedthetenetsoftheConfucianidealofpacifistculture.Attheturnofthecentury,undertheregimeofChangTsoLin,effortstowardgreaterhomogeneityproducedthestartofanationalisturge.ThiswasfurtherandmoresuccessfullydevelopedundertheleadershipofChiangKaiShek,buthasbeenbroughttoitsgreatestfruitionunderthepresentregimetothepointthatithasnowtakenonthecharacterofaunitednationalismofincreasinglydominant,aggressivetendencies. Throughthesepast50yearstheChinesepeoplehavethusbeemilitarizedintheirconceptsandintheirideals.Theynowconstituteexcellentsoldiers,withpetentstaffsandmanders.ThishasproducedanewanddominantpowerinAsia,which,foritsownpurposes,isalliedwithSovietRussiabutwhichinitsownconceptsandmethodshasbeeaggressivelyimperialistic,withalustforexpansionandincreasedpowernormaltothistypeofimperialism. ThereislittleoftheideologicalconcepteitheronewayoranotherintheChinesemakeup.Thestandardoflivingissolowandthecapitalaccumulationhasbeensothoroughlydissipatedbywarthatthemassesaredesperateandeagertofollowanyleadershipwhichseemstopromisethealleviationoflocalstringencies. IhavefromthebeginningbelievedthattheChineseCommunistssupportoftheNorthKoreanswasthedominantone.Theirinterestsare,atpresent,parallelwiththoseoftheSoviet.ButIbelievethattheaggressivenessrecentlydisplayednotonlyinKoreabutalsoinIndoChinaandTibetandpointingpotentiallytowardtheSouthreflectspredominantlythesamelustfortheexpansionofpowerwhichhasanimatedeverywouldbeconquerorsincethebeginningoftime. TheJapanesepeople,sincethewar,haveundergonethegreatestreformationrecordedinmodernhistory.Withamendablewill,eagernesstolearn,andmarkedcapacitytounderstand,theyhave,fromtheashesleftinwarswake,erectedinJapananedificededicatedtothesupremacyofindividuallibertyandpersonaldignity;andintheensuingprocesstherehasbeencreatedatrulyrepresentativegovernmentmittedtotheadvanceofpoliticalmorality,freedomofeconomicenterprise,andsocialjustice. Politically,economically,andsociallyJapanisnowabreastofmanyfreenationsoftheearthandwillnotagainfailtheuniversaltrust.ThatitmaybecountedupontowieldaprofoundlybeneficialinfluenceoverthecourseofeventsinAsiaisattestedbythemagnificentmannerinwhichtheJapanesepeoplehavemettherecentchallengeofwar,unrest,andconfusionsurroundingthemfromtheoutsideandcheckedmunismwithintheirownfrontierswithouttheslightestslackeningintheirforwardprogress.IsentallfourofouroccupationdivisionstotheKoreanbattlefrontwithouttheslightestqualmsastotheeffectoftheresultingpowervacuumuponJapan.Theresultsfullyjustifiedmyfaith.Iknowofnonationmoreserene,orderly,andindustrious,norinwhichhigherhopescanbeentertainedforfutureconstructiveserviceintheadvanceofthehumanrace. Ofourformerward,thePhilippines,wecanlookforwardinconfidencethattheexistingunrestwillbecorrectedandastrongandhealthynationwillgrowinthelongeraftermathofwarsterribledestructiveness.Wemustbepatientandunderstandingandneverfailthemasinourhourofneed,theydidnotfailus.AChristiannation,thePhilippinesstandasamightybulwarkofChristianityintheFarEast,anditscapacityforhighmoralleadershipinAsiaisunlimited. OnFormosa,thegovernmentoftheRepublicofChinahashadtheopportunitytorefutebyactionmuchofthemaliciousgossipwhichsounderminedthestrengthofitsleadershipontheChinesemainland.TheFormosanpeoplearereceivingajustandenlightenedadministrationwithmajorityrepresentationontheorgansofgovernment,andpolitically,economically,andsociallytheyappeartobeadvancingalongsoundandconstructivelines. Withthisbriefinsightintothesurroundingareas,InowturntotheKoreanconflict.WhileIwasnotconsultedpriortothePresidentsdecisiontointerveneinsupportoftheRepublicofKorea,thatdecisionfromamilitarystandpoint,provedasoundone,aswehurledbacktheinvaderanddecimatedhisforces.Ourvictorywasplete,andourobjectiveswithinreach,whenRedChinaintervenedwithnumericallysuperiorgroundforces. Thiscreatedanewwarandanentirelynewsituation,asituationnotcontemplatedwhenourforcesweremittedagainsttheNorthKoreaninvaders;asituationwhichcalledfornewdecisionsinthediplomaticspheretopermittherealisticadjustmentofmilitarystrategy. Suchdecisionshavenotbeenforthing. WhilenomaninhisrightmindwouldadvocatesendingourgroundforcesintocontinentalChina,andsuchwasnevergivenathought,thenewsituationdidurgentlydemandadrasticrevisionofstrategicplanningifourpoliticalaimwastodefeatthisnewenemyaswehaddefeatedtheold. Apartfromthemilitaryneed,asIsawIt,toneutralizethesanctuaryprotectiongiventheenemynorthoftheYalu,Ifeltthatmilitarynecessityintheconductofthewarmadenecessary:firsttheintensificationofoureconomicblockadeagainstChina;twotheimpositionofanavalblockadeagainsttheChinacoast;threeremovalofrestrictionsonairreconnaissanceofChinascoastalareasandofManchuria;fourremovalofrestrictionsontheforcesoftheRepublicofChinaonFormosa,withlogisticalsupporttocontributetotheireffectiveoperationsagainstthemonenemy. Forentertainingtheseviews,allprofessionallydesignedtosupportourforcesmittedtoKoreaandbringhostilitiestoanendwiththeleastpossibledelayandatasavingofcountlessAmericanandalliedlives,Ihavebeenseverelycriticizedinlaycircles,principallyabroad,despitemyunderstandingthatfromamilitarystandpointtheaboveviewshavebeenfullysharedinthepastbypracticallyeverymilitaryleaderconcernedwiththeKoreancampaign,includingourownJointChiefsofStaff. Icalledforreinforcementsbutwasinformedthatreinforcementswerenotavailable.ImadeclearthatifnotpermittedtodestroytheenemybuiltupbasesnorthoftheYalu,ifnotpermittedtoutilizethefriendlyChineseForceofsome600,000menonFormosa,ifnotpermittedtoblockadetheChinacoasttopreventtheChineseRedsfromgettingsuccorfromwithout,andifthereweretobenohopeofmajorreinforcements,thepositionofthemandfromthemilitarystandpointforbadevictory. WecouldholdinKoreabyconstantmaneuverandinanapproximateareawhereoursupplylineadvantageswereinbalancewiththesupplylinedisadvantagesoftheenemy,butwecouldhopeatbestforonlyanindecisivecampaignwithitsterribleandconstantattritionuponourforcesiftheenemyutilizeditsfullmilitarypotential.Ihaveconstantlycalledforthenewpoliticaldecisionsessentialtoasolution. Effortshavebeenmadetodistortmyposition.Ithasbeensaid,ineffect,thatIwasawarmonger.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.Iknowwarasfewothermennowlivingknowit,andnothingtomeismorerevolting.Ihavelongadvocateditspleteabolition,asitsverydestructivenessonbothfriendandfoehasrenderedituselessasameansofsettlinginternationaldisputes.Indeed,ontheseconddayofSeptember,nineteenhundredandfortyfive,justfollowingthesurrenderoftheJapanesenationontheBattleshipMissouri,Iformallycautionedasfollows: Mensincethebeginningoftimehave soughtpeace.Variousmethodsthroughthe ageshavebeenattemptedtodevisean internationalprocesstopreventorsettle disputesbetweennations.Fromthevery startworkablemethodswerefoundinso farasindividualcitizenswereconcerned, butthemechanicsofaninstrumentalityof largerinternationalscopehavenever beensuccessful.Militaryalliances, balancesofpower,LeaguesofNations, allinturnfailed,leavingtheonlypathto bebywayofthecrucibleofwar.The utterdestructivenessofwarnowblocks outthisalternative.Wehavehadourlast chance.Ifwewillnotdevisesome greaterandmoreequitablesystem, Armageddonwillbeatourdoor.The problembasicallyistheologicaland involvesaspiritualrecrudescenceand improvementofhumancharacterthatwill synchronizewithouralmostmatchless advancesinscience,art,literature,andall materialandculturaldevelopmentsof thepast2000years.Itmustbeofthespirit ifwearetosavetheflesh. Butoncewarisforceduponus,thereisnootheralternativethantoapplyeveryavailablemeanstobringittoaswiftend. Warsveryobjectisvictory,notprolongedindecision. Inwarthereisnosubstituteforvictory. Therearesomewho,forvaryingreasons,wouldappeaseRedChina.Theyareblindtohistorysclearlesson,forhistoryteacheswithunmistakableemphasisthatappeasementbutbegetsnewandbloodierwar.Itpointstonosingleinstancewherethisendhasjustifiedthatmeans,whereappeasementhasledtomorethanashampeace.Likeblackmail,itlaysthebasisfornewandsuccessivelygreaterdemandsuntil,asinblackmail,violencebeestheonlyotheralternative. Why,mysoldiersaskedofme,surrendermilitaryadvantagestoanenemyinthefield?Icouldnotanswer. Somemaysay:toavoidspreadoftheconflictintoanalloutwarwithChina;others,toavoidSovietintervention.N