注射塑模具类外文文献翻译、模具的发展中英文翻译、外文翻译

Die history 1 Die position in industrial production Mold is a high-volume products with the shape tool, is the main process of industrial production equipment.  With mold components, with high efficiency, good quality, low cost, saving energy and raw materials and a series of advantages, with the mold workpieces possess high accuracy, high complexity, high consistency, high productivity and low consumption ,  other manufacturing methods can not match.  Have already become an important means of industrial production and technological development. The basis of the modern industrial economy.  The development of modern industrial and technological level depends largely on the level of industrial development die, so die industry to national economic and social development will play an increasing role.  March 1989 the State Council promulgated "on the current industrial policy decision points" in the mold as the machinery industry transformation sequence of the first, production and capital construction of the second sequence (after the large-scale power generation equipment and the corresponding power transmission equipment), establish tooling industry in an important position in the national economy.  Since 1997, they have to mold and its processing technology and equipment included in the "current national focus on encouraging the development of industries, products and technologies catalog" and "to encourage foreign investment industry directory."  Approved by the State Council, from 1997 to 2000, more than 80 professional mold factory owned 70% VAT refund of preferential policies to support mold industry.  All these have fully demonstrated the development of the State Council and state departments tooling industry attention and support.  Mold around the world about the current annual output of 60 billion U.S. dollars, Japan, the United States and other industrialized countries die of industrial output value of more than machine tool industry, beginning in 1997, China's industrial output value has exceeded the mold machine tool industry output. 2 China's mold industry and its development trend Die & Mould Industry Status  Due to historical reasons for the formation of closed, "big and complete" enterprise features, most enterprises in China are equipped with mold workshop, in factory matching status since the late 70s have a mold the concept of industrialization and specialization of production.  Production efficiency is not high, poor economic returns.  Mold production industry is small and scattered, cross-industry, capital-intensive, professional, commercial and technical management level are relatively low.  According to incomplete statistics, there are now specialized in manufacturing mold, the product supporting mold factory workshop (factory) near 17 000, about 600 000 employees, annual output value reached 20 billion yuan mold.  However, the existing capacity of the mold and die industry can only meet the demand of 60%, still can not meet the needs of national economic development.  At present, the domestic needs of large, sophisticated, complex and long life of the mold also rely mainly on imports.  According to customs statistics, in 1997 630 million U.S. dollars worth of imports mold, not including the import of mold together with the equipment； in 1997 only 78 million U.S. dollars export mold.  At present the technological level of China Die & Mould Industry and manufacturing capacity, China's national economy in the weak links and bottlenecks constraining sustainable economic development. 2.1  Research on the Structure of industrial products mold  In accordance with the division of China Mould Industry Association, China mold is divided into 10 basic categories, which, stamping die and plastic molding two categories accounted for the main part.  Calculated by output, present, China accounts for about 50% die stamping, plastic molding die about 20%, Wire Drawing Die (Tool) about 10% of the world's advanced industrial countries and regions, the proportion of plastic forming die die general of the total output value 40%.  Most of our stamping die mold for the simple, single-process mode and meet the molds, precision die, precision multi-position progressive die is also one of the few, die less than 100 million times the average life of the mold reached 100 million times the maximum life of more than accuracy 3 5um, more than 50 progressive station, and the international life of the die 600 million times the highest average life of the die 50 million times compared to the mid 80s at the international advanced level.  China's plastic molding mold design, production technology started relatively late, the overall level of low.  Currently a single cavity, a simple mold cavity 70%, and still dominant. A sophisticated multi-cavity mold plastic injection mold, plastic injection mold has been able to multi-color preliminary design and manufacturing.  Mould is about 80 million times the average life span is about, the main difference is the large deformation of mold components, excess burr side of a large, poor surface quality, erosion and corrosion serious mold cavity, the mold cavity exhaust poor and vulnerable such as, injection mold 5um accuracy has reached below the highest life expectancy has exceeded 20 million times, the number has more than 100 chamber cavity, reaching the mid 80s to early 90s the international advanced level. 2.2 mold Present Status of Technology  Technical level of China's mold industry currently uneven, with wide disparities.  Generally speaking, with the developed industrial countries, Hong Kong and Taiwan advanced level, there is a large gap.    The use of CAD / CAM / CAE / CAPP and other technical design and manufacture molds, both wide application, or technical level, there is a big gap between both.  In the application of CAD technology design molds, only about 10% of the mold used in the design of CAD, aside from drawing board still has a long way to go； in the application of CAE design and analysis of mold calculation, it was just started, most of the game is still in trial stages and animation； in the application of CAM technology manufacturing molds, first, the lack of advanced manufacturing equipment, and second, the existing process equipment (including the last 10 years the introduction of advanced equipment) or computer standard (IBM PC and compatibles, HP workstations, etc.) different, or because of differences in bytes, processing speed differences, differences in resistance to electromagnetic interference, networking is low, only about 5% of the mold manufacturing equipment of recent work in this task； in the application process planning CAPP technology, basically a blank state, based on the need for a lot of standardization work； in the mold common technology, such as mold rapid prototyping technology, polishing, electroforming technologies, surface treatment technology aspects of CAD / CAM technology in China has just started.  Computer-aided technology, software development, is still at low level, the accumulation of knowledge and experience required.  Most of our mold factory, mold processing equipment shop old, long in the length of civilian service, accuracy, low efficiency, still use the ordinary forging, turning, milling, planing, drilling, grinding and processing equipment, mold, heat treatment is still in use salt bath, box-type furnace, operating with the experience of workers, poorly equipped, high energy consumption.  Renewal of equipment is slow, technological innovation, technological progress is not much intensity.  Although in recent years introduced many advanced mold processing equipment, but are too scattered, or not complete, only about 25% utilization, equipment, some of the advanced functions are not given full play.  Lack of technology of high-quality mold design, manufacturing technology and skilled workers, especially the lack of knowledge and breadth, knowledge structure, high levels of compound talents.  China's mold industry and technical personnel, only 8% of employees 12%, and the technical personnel and skilled workers and lower the overall skill level.  Before 1980, practitioners of technical personnel and skilled workers, the aging of knowledge, knowledge structure can not meet the current needs； and staff employed after 80 years, expertise, experience lack of hands-on ability, not ease, do not want to learn technology.  In recent years, the brain drain caused by personnel not only decrease the quantity and quality levels, and personnel structure of the emergence of new faults, lean, make mold design, manufacturing difficult to raise the technical level. 2.3 mold industry supporting materials, standard parts of present condition  Over the past 10 years, especially the "Eighth Five-Year", the State organization of the ministries have repeatedly Material Research Institute, universities and steel enterprises, research and development of special series of die steel, molds and other mold-specific carbide special tools, auxiliary materials, and some promotion.  However, due to the quality is not stable enough, the lack of the necessary test conditions and test data, specifications and varieties less, large molds and special mold steel and specifications are required for the gap.  In the steel supply, settlement amount and sporadic users of mass-produced steel supply and demand contradiction, yet to be effectively addressed.  In addition, in recent years have foreign steel mold set up sales outlets in China, but poor channels, technical services support the weak and prices are high, foreign exchange settlement system and other factors, promote the use of much current.  Mold supporting materials and special techniques in recent years despite the popularization and application, but failed to mature production technology, most still also in the exploratory stage tests, such as die coating technology, surface treatment technology mold, mold guide lubrication technology Die sensing technology and lubrication technology, mold to stress technology, mold and other anti-fatigue and anti-corrosion technology productivity has not yet fully formed, towards commercialization.  Some key, important technologies also lack the protection of intellectual property.  China's mold standard parts production, the formation of the early 80s only small-scale production, standardization and standard mold parts using the coverage of about 20%, from the market can be assigned to, is just about 30 varieties, and limited to small and medium size.  Standard punch, hot runner components and other supplies just the beginning, mold and parts production and supply channels for poor, poor accuracy and quality. 3 Die trend 3.1 mold CAD / CAE / CAM being integrated, three-dimensional, intelligent and network direction (1) mold software features integrated  Die software features of integrated software modules required relatively complete, while the function module using the same data model, in order to achieve Syndicated news management and sharing of information to support the mold design, manufacture, assembly, inspection, testing and production management of the entire process to achieve optimal benefits.  Series such as the UK Delcam's software will include a surface / solid geometric modeling, engineering drawing complex geometry, advanced rendering industrial design, plastic mold design expert system, complex physical CAM, artistic design and sculpture automatic programming system, reverse engineering and complex systems physical line measurement systems.  A higher degree of integration of the software includes: Pro / ENGINEER, UG and CATIA, etc.  Shanghai Jiaotong University, China with finite element analysis of metal plastic forming systems and Die CAD / CAM systems； Beijing Beihang Haier Software Ltd. CAXA Series software； Jilin Gold Grid Engineering Research Center of the stamping die mold CAD / CAE / CAM systems . (2) mold design, analysis and manufacture of three-dimensional  Two-dimensional mold of traditional structural design can no longer meet modern technical requirements of production and integration.  Mold design, analysis, manufacturing three-dimensional technology, paperless software required to mold a new generation of three-dimensional, intuitive sense to design the mold, using three-dimensional digital model can be easily used in the product structure of CAE analysis, tooling manufacturability evaluation and CNC machining, forming process simulation and information management and sharing.  Such as Pro / ENGINEER, UG and CATIA software such as with parametric, feature-based, all relevant characteristics, so that mold concurrent engineering possible.  In addition, Cimatran company Moldexpert, Delcam's Ps-mold and Hitachi Shipbuilding of Space-E/mold are professional injection mold 3D design software, interactive 3D cavity, core design, mold base design configuration and typical structure .  Australian company Moldflow realistic three-dimensional flow simulation software MoldflowAdvisers been widely praised by users and applications.  China Huazhong University of Science have developed similar software HSC3D4.5F and Zhengzhou University, Z-mold software.  For manufacturing, knowledge-based intelligent software function is a measure of die important sign of advanced and practical one.  Such as injection molding experts Cimatron's software can automatically generate parting direction based parting line and parting surface, generate products corresponding to the core and cavity, implementation of all relevant parts mold, and for automatically generated BOM Form NC drilling process, and can intelligently process parameter setting, calibration and other processing results. (3) mold software applications, networking trend  With the mold in the enterprise competition, cooperation, production and management, globalization, internationalization, and the rapid development of computer hardware and software technology, the Internet has made in the mold industry, virtual design, agile manufacturing technology both necessary and possible.  The United States in its "21st Century Manufacturing Enterprise Strategy" that the auto industry by 2006 to achieve agile manufacturing / virtual engineering solutions to automotive development cycle shortened from 40 months to 4 months. 3.2 mold testing, processing equipment to the precise, efficient, and multi-direction (1) mold testing equipment more sophisticated, efficient  Sophisticated, complex, large-scale mold development, testing equipment have become increasingly demanding.  Precision Mould precision now reached 2 3m, more domestic manufacturers have to use Italy, the United States, Japan and other countries in the high-precision coordinate measuring machine, and with digital scanning.  Such as Dongfeng Motor Mould Factory not only has the capacity 3250mm 3250mm Italian coordinate measuring machine, also has a digital photography optical scanner, the first in the domestic use of digital photography, optical scanning as a means of spatial three-dimensional access to information, enabling the establishment from the measurement of physical model output of engineering drawings the whole process of mold making, reverse engineering a successful technology development and applications.  This equipment include: second-generation British Renishaw high-speed scanners (CYCLON SERIES2) can be realized and contact laser probe complementary probe, laser scanner accuracy of 0.05mm, scanning probe contact accuracy of 0.02 mm.  Another German company GOM ATOS portable scanners, Japan Roland's PIX-30, PIX-4 desktop scanner and the United Kingdom Taylor Hopson's TALYSCAN150 multi-sensor, respectively Three-dimensional scanner with high speed, low-cost and functional composite and so on. (2) CNC EDM  Japan Sodick linear motor servo drive using the company's AQ325L, AQ550LLS-WEDM have driven fast response, transmission and high positioning accuracy, the advantages of small thermal deformation. Switzerland Chanmier company NCEDM with P-E3 adaptive control, PCE energy control and automatic programming expert systems.  Others also used the powder mixed EDM machining technology, micro-finishing pulse power and fuzzy control (FC) technologies. (3) high-speed milling machine (HSM)  Milling is an important means of cavity mold.  The low-temperature high-speed milling with the workpiece, cutting force is small, smooth processing, processing quality, processing efficiency (for the general milling process 5 to 10 times) and can process hard materials (<60HRC) and many other advantages.  Thus in the mold processing more and more attention.  Ruishikelang company UCP710-type five-axis machining center, machine tool positioning accuracy up to 8m, home-made closed-loop vector control spindle with a maximum speed 42000r/min.  Italy RAMBAUDI's high-speed milling, the processing range of up to 2500mm 5000mm 1800mm, speed up 20500r/min, cutting feed speed of 20m/min.  HSM generally used large, medium-sized mold, such as motor cover mold, die casting mold, large plastic surface machining, the surface precision up to 0.01mm. 3.3 mold materials and surface treatment technology developed rapidly  Industry to the level of mold, material application is the key.  Due to improper selection and use of materials, causing premature die failure, which accounts for more than 45% failure die.  In the mold material, commonly used cold work tool steel with CrWMn, Cr12, Cr12MoV and W6Mo5Cr4V2, flame hardened steel (such as Japan, AUX2, SX105V (7CrSiMnMoV), etc.； used a new type of hot work die steel American H13, Sweden QRO80M, QRO90SUPREME, etc.； used a pre-hardened plastic mold steel  (such as the U.S. P20), age-hardening steel (such as the U.S. P21, Japan NAK55, etc.), heat treatment hardened steel (such as the United States, D2, Japan, PD613, PD555, Sweden wins the White 136, etc.), powder die steel (such as Japan KAD18 and KAS440), etc.； panel drawing die used HT300, QT60-2, Mo-Cr, Mo-V cast iron, large-scale mold with HT250. more regular use of Precision Die Hard Steel Results YG20 and other alloys and carbide. in the mold surface treatment, the main trends are: the infiltration of a single element to the multi-element penetration, complex permeability (such as TD method) development； by the general diffusion to the CVD, PVD, PCVD, ion penetration , the direction of ion implantation, etc.； can use the coating are: TiC, TiN, TiCN, TiAlN, CrN, Cr7C3, W2C, etc., while heat from the air treatment means to the development of vacuum heat treatment. In addition, the current strengthening of the laser, glow plasma Nitriding and electroplating (plating) enhanced anti-corrosion technologies are also more and more attention. 3.4 mold industry new techniques, new ideas and new models have been gradually recognized  In the forming process, the main function of composite stamping die, superplastic forming, plastic precision molding technology, plastic mold gas-assisted injection technology and hot runner technology, high-pressure injection molding technology.  On the other hand, with the continuous development of advanced manufacturing technology and raise the level of mold industry as a whole, in the mold industry, there are some new design, production, management ideas and models.  Concrete are: to adapt to the characteristics of mold-piece production flexible manufacturing technologies； to create the best management and effective teamwork, lean production； to enhance rapid response capabilities of Concurrent Engineering, Virtual Manufacturing and global agile manufacturing, manufacturing of new production networks philosophy； extensive use of standard parts common parts of the division of work mode of production； meet the environmental requirements of sustainable development and green design and manufacturing. Summary  The 21st century, in the new situation of economic globalization, with capital, technology and labor market re-integration of equipment manufacturing in China after joining the WTO will become the world's equipment manufacturing base.  In the modern manufacturing industry, no matter which industry, engineering equipment, are increasingly used to provide the products from the mold industry.  In order to meet the user's high-precision mold manufacturing, short delivery time, the urgent demand low-cost, mold industry is extensive application of modern advanced manufacturing technology to speed up the mold industry, technological progress, to meet the basic sectors of the mold process equipment urgent needs. 模具的发展   1 模具在工业生产中的地位   模具是大批量生产同形产品的工具，是工业生产的主要工 艺装备。  采用模具生产零部件，具有生产效率高、质量好、成本低、节约能源和原材料等一系列优点， 用模具生产制件所具备的高精度、高复杂程度、高一致性、高生产率和低消耗，是其他加工制造方法所不能比拟的。 已成为当代工业生产的重要手段和工艺发展方向。现代经济的基础工业。现代工业品的发展和技术水平的提高，很大程度上取决于模具工业的发展水平，因此模具工业对国民经济和社会发展将起越来越大的作用。 1989 年 3 月国务院颁布的关于当前产业政策要点的决定中，把模具列为机械工业技术改造序列的第一位、生产和基本建设序列的第二位 (仅次 于大型发电设备及相应的输变电设备 )，确立模具工业在国民经济中的重要地位。 1997 年以来，又相继把模具及其加工技术和设备列入了当前国家重点鼓励发展的产业、产品和技术目录和鼓励外商投资产业目录。经国务院批准，从 1997年到 2000年，对 80多家国有专业模具厂实行增值税返还70%的优惠政策，以扶植模具工业的发展。所有这些，都充分体现了国务院和国家有关部门对发展模具工业的重视和支持。目前全世界模具年产值约为 600亿美元，日、美等工业发达国家的模具工业产值已超过机床工业，从 1997 年开始，我国模具工业产值也超 过了机床工业产值。   2 我国模具工业现状及发展趋势   由于历史原因形成的封闭式、 “大而全 ”的企业特征，我国大部分企业均设有模具车间，处于本厂的配套地位，自 70 年代末才有了模具工业化和生产专业化这个概念。生产效率不高，经济效益较差。模具行业的生产小而散乱，跨行业、投资密集，专业化、商品化和技术管理水平都比较低。  据不完全统计，全国现有模具专业生产厂、产品厂配套的模具车间（分厂）近 17000家，约 60万从业人员，年模具总产值达 200亿元人民币。但是，我国模具工业现有能力只能满足需求量的 60左右，还不能适应国民 经济发展的需要。目前，国内需要的大型、精密、复杂和长寿命的模具还主要依靠进口。据海关统计， 1997年进口模具价值 6.3亿美元，这还不包括随设备一起进口的模具；1997年出口模具仅为 7800万美元。目前我国模具工业的技术水平和制造能力，是我国国民经济建设中的薄弱环节和制约经济持续发展的瓶颈。  2.1 模具工业产品结构的现状       按照中国模具工业协会的划分，我国模具基本分为 10 大类，其中，冲压模和塑料成型模两大类占主要部分。按产值计算，目前我国冲压模占 50左右，塑料成形模约占 20，拉丝模（工具）约占 10，而世界上发达工业国家和地区的塑料成形模比例一般占全部模具产值的 40以上。       我国冲压模大多为简单模、单工序模和符合模等，精冲模，精密多工位级进模还为数不多，模具平均寿命不足 100万次，模具最高寿命达到 1亿次以上，精度达到 3 5um，有 50个以上的级进工位，与国际上最高模具寿命 6亿次，平均模具寿命 5000万次相比，处于 80年代中期国际先进水平。       我国的塑料成形模具设计，制作技术起步较晚，整体水平还较低。目前单型腔，简单型腔的模具达 70以上，仍占主导地位。一模多腔精密复杂的塑料注射模 ，多色塑料注射模已经能初步设计和制造。模具平均寿命约为 80万次左右，主要差距是模具零件变形大、溢边毛刺大、表面质量差、模具型腔冲蚀和腐蚀严重、模具排气不畅和型腔易损等，注射模精度已达到 5um 以下，最高寿命已突破 2000万次，型腔数量已超过 100腔，达到了 80年代中期至 90年代初期的国际先进水平。  2.2 模具工业技术结构现状       我国模具工业目前技术水平参差不齐，悬殊较大。从总体上来讲，与发达工业国家及港台地区先进水平相比，还有较大的差距。     在采用 CAD/CAM/CAE/CAPP 等技术设计与制造 模具方面，无论是应用的广泛性，还是技术水平上都存在很大的差距。在应用 CAD技术设计模具方面，仅有约 10%的模具在设计中采用了 CAD，距抛开绘图板还有漫长的一段路要走；在应用 CAE 进行模具方案设计和分析计算方面，也才刚刚起步，大多还处于试用和动画游戏阶段；在应用 CAM技术制造模具方面，一是缺乏先进适用的制造装备，二是现有的工艺设备（包括近 10 多年来引进的先进设备）或因计算机制式（ IBM微机及其兼容机、 HP 工作站等）不同，或因字节差异、运算速度差异、抗电磁干扰能力差异等，联网率较低，只有 5%左右的模具制造设备近 年来才开展这项工作；在应用 CAPP技术进行工艺规划方面，基本上处于空白状态，需要进行大量的标准化基础工作；在模具共性工艺技术，如模具快速成型技术、抛光技术、电铸成型技术、表面处理技术等方面的 CAD/CAM 技术应用在我国才刚起步。计算机辅助技术的软件开发，尚处于较低水平，需要知识和经验的积累。我国大部分模具厂、车间的模具加工设备陈旧，在役期长、精度差、效率低，至今仍在使用普通的锻、车、铣、刨、钻、磨设备加工模具，热处理加工仍在使用盐浴、箱式炉，操作凭工人的经验，设备简陋，能耗高。设备更新速度缓慢，技术改造，技 术进步力度不大。虽然近年来也引进了不少先进的模具加工设备，但过于分散，或不配套，利用率一般仅有 25%左右，设备的一些先进功能也未能得到充分发挥。  缺乏技术素质较高的模具设计、制造工艺技术人员和技术工人，尤其缺乏知识面宽、知识结构层次高的复合型人才。中国模具行业中的技术人员，只占从业人员的 8%12%左右，且技术人员和技术工人的总体技术水平也较低。 1980 年以前从业的技术人员和技术工人知识老化，知识结构不能适应现在的需要；而80 年代以后从业的人员，专业知识、经验匮乏，动手能力差，不安心，不愿学技术。近年来人才 外流不仅造成人才数量与素质水平下降，而且人才结构也出现了新的断层，青黄不接，使得模具设计、制造的技术水平难以提高。  2.3 模具工业配套材料，标准件结构现状       近 10 多年来，特别是 “八五 ”以来，国家有关部委已多次组织有关材料研究所、大专院校和钢铁企业，研究和开发模具专用系列钢种、模具专用硬质合金及其他模具加工的专用工具、辅助材料等，并有所推广。但因材料的质量不够稳定，缺乏必要的试验条件和试验数据，规格品种较少，大型模具和特种模具所需的钢材及规格还有缺口。在钢材供应上，解决用户的零星用量与钢厂的批量生 产的供需矛盾，尚未得到有效的解决。另外，国外模具钢材近年来相继在国内建立了销售网点，但因渠道不畅、技术服务支撑薄弱及价格偏高、外汇结算制度等因素的影响，目前推广应用不多。       模具加工的辅助材料和专用技术近年来虽有所推广应用，但未形成成熟的生产技术，大多仍还处于试验摸索阶段，如模具表面涂层技术、模具表面热处理技术、模具导向副润滑技术、模具型腔传感技术及润滑技术、模具去应力技术、模具抗疲劳及防腐技术等尚未完全形成生产力，走向商品化。一些关键、重要的技术也还缺少知识产权的保护。       我国的模具标准件 生产， 80 年代初才形成小规模生产，模具标准化程度及标准件的使用覆盖面约占 20%，从市场上能配到的也只有约 30个品种，且仅限于中小规格。标准凸凹模、热流道元件等刚刚开始供应，模架及零件生产供应渠道不畅，精度和质量也较差。   3 模具的发展趋势   3.1 模具 CAD/CAE/CAM 正向集成化、三维化、智能化和网络化方向发展     （ 1）模具软件功能集成化       模具软件功能的集成化要求软件的功能模块比较齐全，同时各功能模块采用同一数据模型，以实现信息的综合管理与共享，从而支持模具设计、制造、装配、检验、测试 及生产管理的全过程，达到实现最佳效益的目的。如英国 Delcam公司的系列化软件就包括了曲面 /实体几何造型、复杂形体工程制图、工业设计高级渲染、塑料模设计专家系统、复杂形体 CAM、艺术造型及雕刻自动编程系统、逆向工程系统及复杂形体在线测量系统等。集成化程度较高的软件还包括：Pro/ENGINEER、 UG和 CATIA等。国内有上海交通大学金属塑性成型有限元分析系统和冲裁模 CAD/CAM系统；北京北航海尔软件有限公司的 CAXA系列软件；吉林金网格模具工程研究中心的冲压模 CAD/CAE/CAM系统等。     （ 2） 模具设计、分析及制造的三维化       传统的二维模具结构设计已越来越不适应现代化生产和集成化技术要求。模具设计、分析、制造的三维化、无纸化要求新一代模具软件以立体的、直观的感觉来设计模具，所采用的三维数字化模型能方便地用于产品结构的 CAE 分析、模具可制造性评价和数控加工、成形过程模拟及信息的管理与共享。如Pro/ENGINEER、 UG和 CATIA等软件具备参数化、基于特征、全相关等特点，从而使模具并