自动跟踪太阳智能型太阳能系统设计[机电-PLC]【三菱】[含CAD高清图纸和文档全套]
收藏
资源目录
压缩包内文档预览：(预览前20页/共57页)
编号：30030387
类型：共享资源
大小：6.47MB
格式：ZIP
上传时间：2019-12-09
上传人：好资料QQ****51605
认证信息
个人认证
孙**（实名认证）
江苏
IP属地：江苏
45
积分
- 关 键 词：
-
机电-PLC
三菱
含CAD高清图纸和文档全套
自动
跟踪
太阳
智能型
太阳能
系统
设计
机电
PLC
CAD
图纸
文档
全套
- 资源描述：
-
【温馨提示】 dwg后缀的文件为CAD图，可编辑，无水印，高清图，，压缩包内文档可直接点开预览，需要原稿请自助充值下载，请见压缩包内的文件，所见才能所得，下载可得到【资源目录】下的所有文件哦--有疑问可咨询QQ:1304139763 或 414951605
- 内容简介：
-
附录1 Solar TrackerDavid Crowe, Jeff McCormick, Joel Mitchell,Thomas Stratton, Jeff SchwaneDecember 15, 2005Duke University Smart HousePratt School of EngineeringAbstractThe Solar Tracker team was formed in the fall of 2005 from five students in an ME design team, and a Smart House liaison. We continued the work of a previous solar tracker group. The task was to design a prototype tracking device to align solar panels optimally to the sun as it moves over the course of the day. The implementation of such a system dramatically increases the efficiency of solar panels used to power the Smart House. This report examines the process of designing and constructing the prototype, the experiences and problems encountered, and suggestions for continuing the project. 1.IntroductionSolar tracking is the process of varying the angle of solar panels and collectors to take advantage of the full amount of the suns energy. This is done by rotating panels to be perpendicular to the suns angle of incidence. Initial tests in industry suggest that this process can increase the efficiency of a solar power system by up to 50%. Given those gains, it is an attractive way to enhance an existing solar power system. The goal is to build a rig that will accomplish the solar tracking and realize the maximum increase in efficiency. The ultimate goal is that the project will be cost effective that is, the gains received by increased efficiency will more than offset the one time cost of developing the rig over time. In addition to the functional goals, the Smart House set forth the other following goals for our project: it must not draw external power (self-sustaining), it must be aesthetically pleasing, and it must be weatherproof.The design of our solar tracker consists of three components: the frame, the sensor, and the drive system. Each was carefully reviewed and tested, instituting changes and improvements along the design process. The frame for the tracker is an aluminum prismatic frame supplied by the previous solar tracking group. It utilizes an A-frame design with the rotating axle in the middle. Attached to the bottom of this square channel axle is the platform which will house the main solar collecting panels. The frame itself is at an angle to direct the panels toward the sun (along with the inclination of the roof). Its rotation tracks the sun from east to west during the day. The sensor design for the system uses two small solar panels that lie on the same plane as the collecting panels. These sensor panels have mirrors vertically attached between them so that, unless the mirror faces do not receive any sun, they are shading one of the panels, while the other is receiving full sunlight. Our sensor relies on this difference in light, which results in a large impedance difference across the panels, to drive the motor in the proper direction until again, the mirrors are not seeing any sunlight, at which point both solar panels on the sensor receive equal sunlight and no power difference is seen. After evaluation of the previous direct drive system for the tracker, we designed a belt system that would be easier to maintain in the case of a failure. On one end of the frame is a motor that has the drive pulley attached to its output shaft. The motor rotates the drive belt which then rotates the pulley on the axle. This system is simple and easily disassembled. It is easy tointerchange motors as needed for further testing and also allows for optimization of the final gear ratio for response of the tracker.As with any design process there were several setbacks to our progress. The first and foremost was inclement weather which denied us of valuable testing time. Despite the setbacks, we believe this design and prototype to be a very valuable proof-of-principle. During our testing we have eliminated many of the repetitive problems with the motor and wiring so that future work on the project will go more smoothly. We also have achieved our goal of tracking the sun in a hands-off demo. We were able to have the tracker rotate under its own power to the angle of the sun and stop without any assistance. This was the main goal set forth to us by the Smart House so we believe our sensed motion prototype for solar tracking will be the foundation as they move forward in the future development and implementation of this technology to the house. 2. Defining the ProblemThe project was to complete the “REV 2” design phase of the solar tracker to be used on the Smart House. While the team was comprised of members from the ME160 senior design course, the customer for this project was to be the Smart House organization. Jeff Schwane, a representative from the Smart House, was our liaison and communicated to our group the direction Smart House leadership wished us to proceed. At our first meeting with Jeff and Tom Rose, the following needs were identified: 1. Track the sun during the day2. Use no external power source3. Weather proof4. Cost effective power gain5. Must look good6. Solar panel versatile i.e. can fit different types of panelsWith these needs in hand, we constructed a Quality Function Deployment chart. This chart can be found in Appendix A. The QFD showed the major areas of concern might have been: number of panels/size of panels, internal power requirements, motor torque required. At our first meeting we were also able to set up our goals for the semester. Having a working prototype capable of tracking the sun was to be the main goal for the end of the semester, but we soon found that in order to accomplish this, we would be forced to omit portions of the design criteria in hopes they would be worked out later. This would result in the optimization of platform space on the roof to be irrelevant, with our goal being to have one platform track. It also led to the assumption that our base would not need to be tested for stability or required to be fastened to the roof. With an idea of where we were to begin, from scratch with the possibility of using the frame from the “REV 1” design, and an idea of where we were to finish, with a moving prototype, we constructed the Gantt chart that can be found in Appendix B. Our group planned to meet with Jeff once a week to make sure we were on track with the needs of the Smart House. Jeff would also meet with Tom Rose, the director of Smart House, at least once a week in order to keep everyone on the same page. With our goals in mind we embarked on the process of idea generation. 3. Concepts and Research3.1 Tracking TypeOur group used a brainstorming approach to concept generation. We thought of ideas for different solar tracking devices, which proved difficult at times due to the existing frame and concept presented to us by Smart House. Other concepts were generated through research of pre-existing solar tracking devices. Originally our concept generation was geared towards creating a completely new solar tracker outside of the constraints of the previous structure given to us by Smart House. This initial brainstorming generated many concepts. The first one was a uni-axial tracking system that would track the sun east to west across the sky during the course of a day and return at the end of the day. This concept presented the advantage of simplicity and presented us with the option to use materials from the previous structure (which was also intended to be a uni-axial tracker) in construction. Another more complex concept was to track the sun bi-axially which would involve tracking the sun both east to west and throughout the seasons. The advantage of this concept was a more efficient harvesting of solar energy. The third concept was to only track throughout the seasons. This would provide small efficiency gains but nowhere near the gain provided by tracking east to west. The different structures we came up with to accomplish tracking motion included a rotating center axle with attached panels, hydraulic or motorized lifts which would move the main panel in the direction of the sun, and a robotic arm which would turn to face the sun. The clear efficiency gains coupled with the simplicity of design of the uni-axial tracking system and the existence of usable parts (i.e. motor and axle) for the rotating center axle structure, led us to the choice of the East to West tracking, rotating center axle concept. 3.2 StructureOnce the method of motion was chosen, it was necessary to generate concepts for the structural support of the axle. Support could be provided by the triangular prismatic structure which was attempted by the previous Smart House solar tracker group or through the use of columns which would support the axis on either side. While the prismatic structure presented the advantage of mobility and an existing frame, the columns would have provided us with ease of construction, simple geometric considerations, and ease of prospective mounting on the roof. Due to the heightened intensity of time considerations, the previous financial commitment to the prismatic structure by Smart House, and our limited budget, the presence of the pre-existing frame proved to be the most important factor in deciding on a structure. Due to these factors we decided to work within the frame which was provided to us from the previous Solar Tracker group. 3.2 Tracking MotionOnce the structural support was finalized we needed to decide on a means to actualize this motion. We decided between sensed motion, which would sense the suns position and move to follow it, and continuous clock type motion, which would track the sun based on its pre-determined position in the sky. We chose the concept of continuous motion based on its perceived accuracy and the existence of known timing technology. During the evaluation stage, however, we realized that continuous motion would prove difficult. One reason was the inability to draw constant voltage and current from the solar panels necessary to sustain consistent motion, resulting in the necessity for sensing the rotation position to compensate. Continuous motion also required nearly constant power throughout the day, which would require a mechanism to store power. Aside from these considerations, the implementation of a timing circuit and location sensing device seemed daunting. After consulting Dr. Rhett George, we decided on a device using two panels and shading for sensed motion.4. Analysis and Embodiment4.1 Structure GeometryThe geometry of the frame was created in order to allow the solar panels to absorb light efficiently. This was done by allowing rotation in the east-west direction for tracking the sun daily and a 36 inclination (Durhams latitude) towards the south. Because this frame was designed to be placed on a roof with a slope of 25, the actual incline of the frame was made to be 11.The geometry of the existing platform structure was modified. This was done in order to incorporate the results from the Clear Day Model supplied to us by Dr. Knight. This model led to the conclusion that the platform should track to up to 60 in both directions of horizontal. Thus, the angle range of the frame had to be increased. The sides of the frame were brought in to increase the allowable angle of rotation, and they were brought in proportionally to maintain the inclination angle of 11. Also, crosspieces were moved to the inside of the frame to allow greater rotation of the platform before it came into contact with the support structure.The panels used for sensing and powering rotation were placed on the plane of the platform. Mirrors were placed perpendicular to and in between the panels to shade one and amplify the other in order to produce a difference to power the motor. The sensing panels were placed outside the platform area to maintain the largest area possible for collecting panels. A third sensing panel was mounted nearly vertical and facing east to aid rotation back towards the sun in the morning. This panel was attached to the frame under the platform, so that during most of the day, its shaded with minimal effects on sensed rotation.Minimizing the torques on the motor was a main concern in order to minimize the motor power needed. The platform designed for the placement of the collecting solar panels was placed under the rotational shaft so that the panels would be aligned with it the rotational axis. Since the main panels comprise the majority of the weight putting these in the plane of the rotational axis reduces torque on the shaft. The sensing panels were placed symmetrically about the axis of rotation in order to prevent additional torque on the motor. The third panel was attached to the frame instead of the platform or rotational shaft so as to also avoid any torque. 4.2 MaterialsMaterials selection for most of the frame was simple because it had already been constructed. The mirrors used for the amplification and shading of the sensing panels were also already purchased and available for use. Additional parts for attachment of the panels and mirrors to the frame were taken from the scrap pieces available in the machine shop. In our selection of sensing panels, size and power needed to be balanced effectively. The panels were to be as small as possible in order to add minimal stress and weight to the frame but also needed to be powerful enough to power the rotation of the platform. Therefore, the most powerful of the intermediate sized panels available were selected. The panels purchased also appeared to be the most reliable of our options.4.3 Drive MechanismAfter designing a prototype and testing it, the motor purchased and used by the previous solar tracker group was slipping. It was removed, and the installation of a gear system with another simple motor was suggested and attempted. Professor Knight supplied some gears as well as some belts and pulleys. One end of the shaft was lathed so that one of the pulleys could be set on it, and spacers were bought so that a 6V motor we had available could power another pulley. These pulleys were to be connected by a belt. This motor demonstrated insufficient strength to turn the rotational shaft. The original motor, once detached, was taken apart and examined. Itappeared to be working again so a new pulley was purchased to fit it and was attached in the place of the 6V motor. 5. Detailed Design5.1 FrameThe frame was designed from one inch square aluminum tubing, and a five foot long, two inch square tube for the axle. It is constructed with a rigid base and triangular prismatic frame with side supporting bars that provide stability. The end of the axle is attached to a system of pulleys which are driven by the motor. It is easily transported by removing the sides of the base and folding the structure.5.2 SensorOur sensing panels are bolted to the bottom of the main solar panel frame and braced underneath with half inch L-brackets. The mirrors are attached to the inside of the sensing panels and braced by L-brackets as well. The whole structure attaches easily to the main panel frame which is attached to the main axle using four 2-inch U-bolts. A third panel is bolted to the structure to return the main panels direction towards the horizon of sunrise. 5.3 How the Sensor WorksOur sensor creates movement of the motor by shading one of the panels and amplifying the other when the system is not directly facing the sun. The two sensing panels are mounted parallel to the main panels symmetrically about the center axle with two mirrors in between them. The shading on one of the panels creates high impedance, while the amplified panel powers the motor. This happens until the panels receive the same amount of sunlight and balance each other out (i.e. when the sensing panels and main panels are facing the sun.). We initially attempted using a series configuration to take advantage of the voltage difference when one of the panels was shaded (Appendix C). This difference, however, was not large enough to drive the motor. We subsequently attempted a parallel configuration which would take advantage of the impedance of the shaded panel (Appendix C) and provide the current needed to drive the motor. Once the sensing mechanism has rotated from sunrise to sunset, the third panel, which is usually shaded, uses sunlight from the sunrise of the next day to power the motor to return the panels towards the direction of the sun. 6. Prototype TestingInitial testing was done using just the sensing component and a 6V motor. The panels were tilted by hand to create shading and amplification. A series configuration of the sensing panels was initially tested and proved ineffective. Data acquisition showed a maximum of a 2V difference across the motor, which was insufficient to power it. Upon testing the panels individually, it was discovered that the open voltage across each individual panel would only vary between 21.5V and 19.5V when fully amplified and fully shaded, respectively. The current running through each panel, however, was seen to fluctuate between nearly 0 amps when shaded, up to 0.65 amps when fully amplified. Therefore, in order to take advantage of the increase in impedance of the solar panels due to shading, we chose to put our sensing panels in parallel with each other and the motor. Tests with this configuration turned the motor in one direction, stopped when the sensing panels were nearly perpendicular to the sun, and reversed direction as the panels rotated past perpendicular. We found the angle range necessary to stop the motor to be very small. It was also observed that the panels rotated to slightly past perpendicular when they ceased motion. This error may be due to a difference in the innate resistance in each individual sensing panel. When tested it was found that one panel had a resistance of 52 k, and the other panel resistance was 53 k. Other testing found the voltage and current provided by the sensing solar panels to the motor to be consistent at all points, excluding when the solar panels are directly facing the sun. Through testing it was concluded that resistance may need to be added to one of the panels to compensate for the differences in the internal resistances of the individual panels, and a voltage regulator needs to be added to decrease the voltage seen across the motor. The original motor was prone to failure as its slippage caused the breakdown of our initial prototype after testing. This led to the institution of the pulley and belt driven system which would allow for easier maintenance given motor failure or slippage. The success of our initial testing and prototype proved to us the efficacy of our solar tracker design. 7. ConclusionThroughout this project we enlisted the support of multiple resources (i.e. ME and EE professors, previous Smart House teams). We learned early on that a clear problem definition was essential to efficient design and progress. We struggled initially as we tried to design a tracking device that was different from the previous solar tracker groups attempt, without fully weighing the size of their investment and the advantages of using the existing frame for our purposes. As we worked with the fixed frame construction from the previous group we learned that variability of design is key, especially when in the initial phases of prototyping. After many setbacks in testing of the solar panels, we learned that when working with solar panels, much time needs to be set aside for testing due to the unpredictability of the weather.The actual implementation of using the prototype in its intended location on the Smart House roof requires weather-proofing to protect the wiring and electrical connections from the elements, housing for the motor, a bracing system to attach the structure to the roof, and possible redesign to eliminate excess height and simplify overall geometry. The efficiency of the sensor system could be improved by widening the mirrors or by placing blinders along the sides of the panels to decrease the effects of reflected and refracted light incident on the shaded sensing panel. 附录2 太阳能跟踪器大卫罗素克洛，杰夫麦考密克，约珥米切尔托马斯斯特拉顿，杰夫泰森2005年12月15日杜克大学智能家居普拉特工程学院摘要太阳能跟踪队成立于2005年秋季，设计团队由五名队员组成，我们还负责与智能家居的联络工作。我们的太阳能跟踪小组继续以前的工作，现在的任务是设计一个新的跟踪装置，因为太阳光的方向是变化的，所以要最大限度地使太阳能电池板向着太阳。实施这种跟踪，可以大大提高太阳能电池板工作效率，并且使太阳能电池板用来提供智能家居。本报告审查过程中设计和建造的样机以及所得到经验和遇到的问题激励我们继续这一项目。一、导言改变太阳能电池板的角度，这样能使太阳能电池板充分利用太阳能。这是通过旋转面板始终垂直于太阳的入射角实现的。初步测试后，这个过程可以提高太阳能发电系统50 的工作效率。这些测试结果说明这是一个很有吸引力的研究，加强了现有的太阳能发电系统。其目标是建立一个跟踪机，完成太阳能跟踪，并实现最高的效率。其终极目标是本项目要符合成本效益，那也就是说随着时间的推移将大大降低发展跟踪机的成本。除了上述功能目标，智能家居还为我们的项目提出了以下的其他目标：必须不吸取外部电源（自我维持） ，必须美观，而且还要能防水。我们设计的太阳能跟踪器包括三个组成部分：结构，传感器和驱动系统。每个都被仔细审查和检测，实行跟踪。先前的太阳能跟踪小组设计的框架是一个铝棱柱形框架。它采用了一种格设计并且旋转轴在中间，与方形电池板底部相连的是一个用来支撑集热板的平台。该框架本身有一个角度，此角度的度数由小组对当地实际情况调查而定，其旋转的轨道是系统随太阳从东到西转动，这一过程在白天进行。该传感器系统设计采用了两个小型太阳能电池板作为跟踪机的采集板。这些传感器面板采用垂直的反光镜相连接，除非反光镜接收不到任何太阳光，不然它会遮挡其中一个面板，而另外一个能够接收到太阳光。我们的传感器依靠这种差异继续研究，结果两种差异很大的面板都能驱动电机跟踪的方向，直到反光镜子再次得不到任何阳光，而此时双方的太阳能板对传感器能得到同等阳光。所有我们拭目以待。 我们认为以往用于跟踪直接驱动系统是很容易在跟踪时失败。所以我们设计了一个带系统，系统的一端是一个马达，具有传动皮带轮和输出的功能。电机旋转传动皮带，然后旋转滑轮上的轮轴。这个系统简单，易于拆解，所以很容易根据需要将传动做进一步的改进和优化。正如任何设计过程中都会遇到问题。我们遇到的首要的问题是天气恶劣而否认我们宝贵的测试时间。尽管遇到挫折，我们相信，这样的设计与原型是非常有价值的。在我们的测试中，我们已经消除了许多重复的问题，使今后的工作和该项目的研究更为顺利。我们也已将我们的样机做跟踪太阳的演示，在没有任何外部辅助下，我们能让跟踪器依靠自己的能量旋转和停止，演示过程中没有任何援助。联合国向我们提出的智能家居的主要目标是：在今后的发展中将这项技术推广到普通家庭。所以我们相信我们研究一定能使太阳能跟踪向前迈一步。二、问题设定该项目完成了太阳能跟踪器设计阶段的任务，以用于智能家居。而团队组成后，成员完成高级程序设计，客户可以为这个项目进行内部设计。值得提一下的是，杰夫泰森代表智能家居与我们进行联系和沟通，以及聪明的众议院领导人也认同我们的研究 。在我们的第一次会议上，杰夫和汤姆确定了以下目标： a 白天追踪太阳 b 不使用任何外部电源 c 不受天气影响 d符合成本效益 e 必须外观好看 f 太阳能电池板大众化即能够适用于不同类型的面板根据这些目标，我们构建了质量功能配置图。此图可以发现，其主要关注的领域可能有以下几个：面板数量，面板尺寸 ，内部电源要求，电动机的扭矩要求。 在我们的第一次会议上，我们设定了我们这一阶段的目标：做出一个工作原型，能够跟踪太阳。这也是完成该项目的主要标准，但我们很快发现要做到这一点，我们将被迫省略部分的设计，他们希望工作列其后，这将导致在优化平台空间时是不是屋顶无关重要？我们的目标是要有一个平台上的轨道，它也说明了为了稳定或需要，我们的原型需要测试。我们开始有一个想法，这一想法从无到有， 就是有可能使用帧，舍弃最初的设想即采用REV 1设计方案或采用转动原型方案，我们的设计图见附件B，以应付与杰夫每周一次的会议，以确保我们在设计时能够满足他们的需要。杰夫也将会见汤姆，总之与智能家居的会议每周至少一次，以使每个人都能在同一高度上。从我们的目标开始，我们着手对这一进程的进行构想 。三、观念和研究3.1跟踪模式我们小组用了一个集思广益的方法来界定概念。我们的思想理念是为了设计不同条件下使用的太阳能跟踪装置，因为它们克服了不同条件下的困难，再把可行的框架和概念介绍给我们的智能家居。其他的概念产生是通过研究事先存在的太阳能跟踪装置得到的。原来我们的概念是面向创造一个完全新的太阳能跟踪装置，以前的设计结构方法已经给我们的智能家居提供了思路。这一初步献策产生了许多观点：第一个观点是一个单向轴跟踪系统，该系统将追踪太阳从东到西横跨天空的全过程，检测每一段时间， 直到第二天结束。这一概念的提出很简单，我们选择使用的结构材料正在制作中；另一种更复杂的概念是双向轴跟踪系统，并在整个季节都能从东到西跟踪太阳。这种概念是较为高效率的利用太阳能；第三个概念是只随季节跟踪。这将提供小型效率收益，但远不及第二个概念提供的从东到西的跟踪装置。我们设计的跟踪装置结构包括一个旋转中心轴和附加板以及液压机或电动升降机，将提供主要方向的跟踪，还有一个机械臂将使它转到面对着太阳。清晰的效率收益，再加上设计简单的单向轴跟踪系统，以及以电机轴为旋转中心轴的结构，使我们能够实现从东到西的跟踪。3.2结构一旦方法的议案被选择，有必要使产生的观念、结构支持车轴。可提供三角棱柱结构，也就是说由前智能家居太阳能跟踪小组，或通过使用栏目将对任何一方提供支持。而棱柱结构提交的优势和现有的框架、栏目会为我们提供方便的建设，简单的几何考虑，并准确安装在屋顶上。由于提高了强度的时间考虑，而我们的预算又有限，在加上现有的框架被证明是最重要的因素，由于这些因素，我们决定用过去的太阳能跟踪组向我们提供的工作框架。3.3跟踪运动一旦支撑结构确定，最后我们需要一种手段来决定这项议案，我们决定之后感受到这一议案的可行性，这将使太阳跟踪器的研究方向和进度向前一步。在连续讨论议案后，决定在跟踪太阳的基础上，预先确定太阳在天空中的位置，所以我们选择连续跟踪太阳能的议案，就是根据其知觉的准确性和存在的已知定时技术进行。在评估阶段我们意识到：连续跟踪太阳能的的议案将被证明是困难的。其中一个原因是无法从太阳帆板提请不断的电压和电流，要保持一贯的议案，从而有必要性改变遥感轮换的立场。连续跟踪的议案还需要近恒定的功率，一天的运作中这将需要一个机制来存储能量。除了这些因素，实施的时间安排电路和位置传感装置似乎是艰巨的。与博士乔治协商后，我们决定对装置
- 温馨提示:
1: 本站所有资源如无特殊说明，都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
2: 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等，如果需要附件，请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
3.本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸，网页内容里面会有图纸预览，若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间，仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理，对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑，并不能对任何下载内容负责。
6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容，请与我们联系，我们立即纠正。
7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
人人文库网所有资源均是用户自行上传分享，仅供网友学习交流，未经上传用户书面授权，请勿作他用。
川公网安备: 51019002004831号