（英语语言文学专业论文）从交际理论看英语导游口译中的文化因素及其翻译策略.pdf

x 摘摘 要要 随着我国国际旅游业的蓬勃发展，英语导游成为传播文化和增加友谊的重要桥 梁和纽带。2008年北京奥运会的成功举办，吸引了更多的外国游客来到中国了解中 国文化。在这一过程中，导游口译员的作用是不可忽视的。因为他们是外国游客接 触中国文化的直接途径，其口译质量的好坏直接影响到外国游客对中国的印象。在 导游口译员的解说过程中，会遇到许多含有中国文化的词汇及表达，例如典故、民 间传说、历史事件及人物等，然而，在任何一个景点停留的时间都是有限的，在短 时间内要把众多的文化信息准确传达给外国游客是不可能的。因此，这些跨文化的 交际障碍给导游口译员带来巨大的挑战。 本文旨在根据纽马克交际翻译理论对导游口译中的跨文化交际障碍进行分析， 试图寻找克服导游口译中交际障碍的有效策略。论文首先回顾了东西方对口译的研 究以及对导游口译中文化因素的相关研究，并指出导游口译是口译的一种形式。接 下来文章讨论了造成导游口译文化障碍的原因，即：东西方不同的历史背景、价值 观、思维方式等，进而对导游口译中遇到的文化障碍进行了分类阐述。接着论文从 纽马克交际翻译理论及其对文本类型的分类进行探讨。根据交际翻译理论的概念可 以知道，交际翻译理论的核心是以受众为中心，尽量使译语读者产生和原语读者相 同的感受，而导游口译兼有信息和呼唤两种功能。因此，纽马克的交际翻译理论对 于导游口译过程中文化障碍的处理具有一定的指导意义。综合导游口译的特有属性 和交际翻译理论的内容，作者提出处理导游口译中文化因素的原则。最后作者援引 相关例证提出处理导游口译中文化障碍的策略。 通过研究，文章得出：第一，导游口译属于信息型和呼唤型文本，其目的是在 有限的时间内向外国游客传达中国文化。因此，交际翻译理论是指导导游口译中文 化障碍的一个有效理论。第二，导游口译发生在较短的时间内，因此口译的原则应 该是表达的尽量简化、信息的准确传达及中国文化特色的完整保留。第三，导游口 译中文化障碍的处理应该是异化和同化的结合运用并以同化为主，采取直译/意译+ 解释、类比、地道表达等策略以实现文化交流的目的。 关键词:关键词:导游口译,文化障碍,跨文化交流,交际翻译理论,文本类型 viii abstract because of the long history and the rich culture, china is one of the countries with fast development of tourism industry. as for the development of international tourism, english guide is an important medium for disseminating the culture and intercultural communication. the successful holding of beijing olympics in 2008 showed more foreign people the splendid chinese culture, which will definitely result in the increasing number of the foreign tourist coming to china. guide-interpretation is the direct approach for the foreign tourist to learn chinese culture, so the service of the guide-interpreter and his/her interpretation can affect foreign tourists impression of china. in the process of guide-interpretation, there are a lot of heavy culture-loaded items, such as allusions, folk legends, historical events and characters. however, it is impossible for the guide-interpreter to transfer all of this cultural information to the foreign tourist. therefore, how to overcome these cultural barriers becomes a great challenge for the guide-interpreter. through the analysis of communicative theory of newmark and cultural barriers encountered in guide-interpretation, the author tries to find out effective measures for coping with them. according to newmarks translation theory, text types should be divided into three kinds: expressive type, informative type and vocative type. the mission of the guide-interpreter is transferring chinese cultural information to foreign tourists as much as he/she can and realizing the cultural exchange between china and foreign countries, so guide-interpretation belongs to informative type and vocative type. apart from this consideration, the key point of communicative theory is reader-oriented, and trying to find the closet equivalence in the target language. these two aspects imply that communicative theory is applicable for coping with cultural barriers in guide-interpretation. first, the paper discusses the definition, characteristics and classification of interpretation and the relevant research on cultural factors in guide-interpretation. then, the paper discusses reasons forming cultural barriers in guide-interpretation, namely, the historical background, the value system, the thinking pattern and so on. after this, the paper has a detailed discussion about the definition of communicative theory and the classification of text types proposed by newmark. at the end of the paper, the author puts forward three suggestions about the principle dealing with cultural barriers encountered in ix guide-interpretation: simplifying sentence structure for easy understanding of the foreign tourist, interpreting cultural information accurately and remaining chinese characteristics contained in cultural information completely. based on these three principles, some concrete suggestions for coping with cultural barriers are proposed and some examples are quoted to explain them. the paper draws conclusions as follows: first, guide-interpretation belongs to informative type and vocative type, and its purpose is transferring and disseminating chinese culture to foreign tourists in short time. hence, communicative theory is applicable to coping with cultural barriers in guide-interpretation. second, guide-interpretation begins and finishes in very short time, so simplifying sentence structure, interpreting cultural information accurately and remaining chinese cultural characteristics completely are its main principles. third, foreignization and domestication should not be used independently for coping with cultural barriers, and four concrete measures are suggested: literal interpretation/transliteration plus explanation, analogy, recomposing and adaptation and idiomatic expression. these measures are not mutually exclusive, and they should be used comprehensively for realizing cultural communication between china and other foreign countries. key word: guide-interpretation; cultural barriers; intercultural communication; communicative theory; text type chapter one introduction 1 chapter one introduction 1.1 research background since 1950, when international tourism industry started to become accessible to the general public, the number of tourists has risen each year at an average rate of 72%, from 25 million arrivals to 476 million arrivals in 1999, and international tourism income has increased from us $21 billion to us $279 billion (zhu, 1994). since the 1980s international tourism income has grown faster than the world trade. they now constitute a higher proportion of national income than world exports in all sectors other than crude petroleum or petroleum products and motor vehicles, motor accessories. tourism has become the most important earner of foreign exchange in many countries or even polar industry in some countries such as thailand, switzerland and so on. tourism has become an important industry undergoing rapid growth on a global scale. the world travel and tourism organization estimates that the number of international tourists is expected to reach 937 million by the year 2010 (zhu, 1994). tourism industry is the pillar industry of the 21st century. with its unprecedented development, tourism industry has become one of the goals pursued by many countries in international market. to some degree, whether the tourism industry can have a fast development depends on whether it can attract the tourist as many as possible. all of tourists demands in their traveling, purchasing, and entertaining all need the guides service. so, for a country, if she wants to attract more foreign tourists and create more social and economic profit, what foreign tourists are interested in and what their demands are should be the premier consideration. there are abundant natural resources and historical relics in china. since the 1980s, thanks for the open and reform policy, the huge tourist market has attracted more and more foreign tourists. tourism in china started from scratch, although china surpasses those countries where tourism is well-developed in terms of resources of tourism. chinas huge amount of cultural heritage, its scenery known far and wide for its beauty, the splendor of its ancient art and culture, its traditional multi-national arts and crafts and various local foodsall these have attracted foreign visitors for a long time. chinas entry into wto can be said a turning point of the tourism when general agreement on trade in service (gats) was signed. gats gave the service industry access to the multilateral trading chapter one introduction 2 system and promoted it to develop in international market. with the advancing of globalization, there are more and more intercommunications between china and other countries, and china also has a higher status in the international world, so more and more foreign people are eager to come to china. the successful holding of beijing olympics in 2008 advances this process. it can be predicted that in the coming years, the number of the foreign tourists will increase year after year, following which will be economic increase. whether tourism industry can bring the increase of economic profit and whether it can integrate chinas economy with the global market and intensify market competition to meet new challenges appearing after chinas entry into wto are to a great extent dependent on the guide-interpreters service. however, as the development of tourism in china has just been in the initial state, there arent sufficient transportation and other facilities. in addition, we still have a lot of problems to be solved in the management of tourism, in the quality of service and in the quality and quantity of guide-interpreters. relevant studies indicate that the number of the english guide (guide-interpreter) cant satisfy the market need. it is said that the competition of tourism industry in the 21st century is the competition of guide-interpreters. therefore, guide-interpreters should not act in the same way as other guides, but there are higher demands for them. their guiding had better being carried out by means of high technology and they should have a good knowledge of culture about the west and the east. 1.2 significance of the present paper intercultural tourism is a kind of social phenomenon and interpersonal activity, also a kind of intercultural communication. in the historical process of human beings, traveling activities drive the flowage of the population, the information, the material and the capital, which also accelerate the understanding and communication among the people of the different areas, and realize the dissemination of the various cultures among different countries. the guide is the main channel for the culture transmission, and his/her explanation in the travel process, even casual talking can influence the understanding and attitude of the tourist. as the saying goes: “tour guides make or break a tour” (成也导游， 败也导游). the guide should be the spirit of mountains and rivers, envoy of friendship, disseminator of culture and civilization of the motherland and publicity agent of the new idea. if a guide-interpreters service is satisfactory, foreign tourists would have a good impression of china and the travel agency, so that they would plan their second trip to chapter one introduction 3 china for other sights and furthermore, they would urge others to come along to see china with their own eyes. a travel agency would, of course, employ as many such competent and qualified interpreters as possible so as to make their business thrive with each passing day. the guide-interpreter serves foreign tourists, so his/her role is more significant for disseminating the culture. the guide-interpreter has two responsibilities: guiding and interpreting. he/she provides the explanation along the road and on the spot, the service to the foreign tourists meeting and seeing off, accommodation arrangement, safety guarantee and so on. as a guide-interpreter, he/she should not only have a good master of the chinese language, but also be fluent in the foreign language. just as deng yanchang (1989) pointed that when facing the people with heterogonous culture, the basic demand for the interpreter is that he/she must have the idea about how to speak. besides, the explanation of a guide covers a large field, including historical events and characters, traditional architecture skills, folk legends and so on. a qualified guide-interpreter, in direct service of foreign tourists, can interpret the traditional cultures with chinese characteristics and his/her service can influence to a great extent the tourism development. his/ her mission is trying best to make the speech interesting enough to foreign tourists, and let them know the chinese history, literary characters, geographic features, and the traditional customs which are necessary for understanding the cultural information contained in scenery sights. in the guide-interpretation, the participants involve the foreign tourist and the guide, and maybe sometimes the local chinese people. the whole process is on-site visit, which refers to that the guide-interpreter is constrained by the space and the time, but he/she has to finish his/her duty of disseminating chinese culture to foreign tourists. in a sense, a guide-interpreter can be viewed as a medium of cultural intercommunication. since what the guide-interpreter does is an activity of cultural intercommunication, then the most direct approach for foreign tourists to learn about chinese culture is from their speech. in the process of guides interpreting, because of the different language, cultural background, and other factors, communicative barriers often present themselves. these barriers may happen when having conversation in the traveling, introducing the scenic spot and so on. being culture propagandists and tourism service providers, the guide-interpreter has to master english and chinese cultural knowledge very well so that he/she can provide satisfactory service for foreign tourists. chapter one introduction 4 1.3 structure of the paper the paper consists of six chapters. chapter one is a general introduction of the whole paper. this part contains the research background as well as the structure of the paper. with the development of the chinese tourism and the successful holding of 2008 beijing olympics, more and more foreign tourists come here for admiring chinese culture. so how to maintain the original cultural meaning contained in the scenic spot and make it easy-understanding for foreign tourists is a big problem. chapter two is literature review of interpretation study and guide-interpretation study. these two parts are further analyzed from four aspects: interpretation study in the west, interpretation study in china, guide-interpretation study till now as well as the former studies about the cultural factors encountered in the process of interpreting. chapter three is the analysis about the definition and characteristics of guide-interpretation as well as the cultural barriers encountered in the guide-interpretation. the cultural barriers are caused by the different historical background, the value system, the thinking pattern and the different belief. they can be geographical features, natural reserves, historical stories contained in man-made sceneries and the idioms used in causal conversation. chapter four discusses the applicability of communicative theory to cope with the cultural barriers encountered in guide-interpretation. the guide-interpreters duty is making the introduction of the scenic spot easy to understand for foreign tourists on the principle of keeping the original cultural massage to a high degree, and his/her satisfactory service could make the tourists have a good impression on china, which will attract foreign tourists to come to china again. therefore, guide-interpretation is informative and vocative. according to newmarks theory and the distinctive characteristics of guide-interpretation, the applicability of communicative theory for coping with the cultural barriers in guide-interpretation is proved. chapter five covers the principles and strategies of coping with the cultural barriers in guide-interpretation. in this part, on the basis of four principles, the author proposes four strategies: literal interpretation or transliteration plus explanation, analogy, recomposing and adaptation, and idiomatic expression, and following them are examples for testifying. chapter six is the conclusion. this chapter is divided into three parts: major findings, chapter one introduction 5 limitations and implications. chapter two literature review 6 chapter two literature review 2.1 differences between written translation and interpretation while most scholars stress that translation and interpretation essentially fulfill the same function, many-especially interpreters-consider that the two are very different, even incompatible professions. this assertion, as well as alleged personality differences between translators and interpreters (henderson, 1987h), have been clearly documented in the literature. however, as regards actual translation and interpreting practice, some differences are not controversial. the most obvious of these arise from the fact that translators deal with written language and have time to polish their work, while interpreters deal with oral language and have no tome to refine their output. the implications are: translators need to be familiar with the rules of written language and be competent writers in the target language; interpreters need to master the features of oral language and be good speakers, which includes using their voice effectively and developing a “microphone personality”. any supplementary knowledge, for example terminological or world knowledge can be acquired during written translation but has to be acquired prior to interpreting. interpreters have to make decisions much faster than translation. a subtle level of analysis of the skills required in translation and interpreting must await advances in psycholinguistics and cognitive psychology. unlike translation, interpreting requires attention sharing and involves severe time constraints. many recurrent interpreting errors may well prove to be the result of either saturation in or improper management of the interpreters processing capacity. written translation and interpretation can be called “twins”, because there are some theories of translation can be used in both processes. being a good interpreter is the precondition to be a good translator. however, they are two different items at all. some people have the idea that these two skills are both the translating process, and the only di