AP微观经济学ppt课件.ppt

AP微观经济学,1,FinancialAnalyst,2,Economics,3,WhyAP?,CollegelevelcourseGrantstudentcreditHigherchancesforcollegeenrollment,4,Aboutthetest,5,Aboutthetest,6,1.BasicsofMicro-econ,7,Economicsdefined,Economicsstudieshowresourcesareusedandhowcanbeusedtotheirfullestpotential.Macroeconomics:involveseconomicproblemsconcernedbythenation.Microeconomics:concernstheeconomicproblemsfacedbyindividuals,orfirms.,8,Microeconomics,9,Positivevs.normativeeconomics,Positiveeconomics:isbasedonthescientificmethods,Normativeeconomics:involvesonesvaluejudgments,personalopinions,andnotbasedonascientificinvestigation.Neitherofthesetwohassuperiority.,10,Resources,Aresourceisanythingthatcanbeusedtoproduceagoodorservice.Itincludes:Land:allnaturalresources.Labor:allhumanattributesthatareproductive,eg.laborforce,labortime,intellectualcapability,etc.Capital:productiveequipmentormachinery,eg.factory,computers,paperclips,etc.,11,Opportunitycost,Opcostiswhatmustbesacrificedtoobtainsomething.Inthemacroeconomics,opcostis:ifanationdecidestoproduceonemoreunitofproductA,howmanyunitsofproductBwillhavetobesacrificed?E.g.oppcostofguns=1.67poundsbutter/gunOroppcostofbutter=0.6guns/butter,12,Productionpossibilitiesfrontier,Guns,Butter,18,30,Allthepointsalongthefrontierareequal:A,B,CPointsinsidethefrontier,D:resourcesarenotfullyused.Pointsoutsidethefrontier,E:cannotbereached.,B,A,C,D,E,13,Productionpossibilitiesfrontiershifts,Twofactorscausethefrontiertoshift:Changesintheamountofresources:Land:newterritoryfound,oilexploitationLabor:populationgrowth,Capital:placenewequipmentChangesintechnologyandproductivity.Positivechange:,reach“E”Negativechange:,reach“D”,14,Lawofincreasingcosts,Guns,Butter,15,25,B,A,Asmoreofaproductisproduced,itsopcostincreases.Whentheresourcesareshiftedfrombuttertogunproduction,notmanymoregunsareproduced,butalotofbuttermustbesacrificed.Theopcostofproducinggunsbecomeshigh.Whenresourcesareforcedtoworkinanindustrywheretheyarenotproficient,theyarelessproductive,andtheopcostofproducingagoodbecomesgreater.,15,Comparativeadvantage,Absoluteadvantage:theproductioncanbemademoreefficiently.Comparativeadvantage:anationcanproducethegoodwithaloweropcost.PortugalhasanabsoluteadvantageoverEnglandinbothwheatandclothproduction.ButtradecanstillbebeneficialtobothcountriesevenifPortugalhastheabsoluteadvantage.Astradeisbasedoncomparativeadvantage,notabsoluteadvantage.,16,Comparativeadvantage,Englandhasloweropcostinwheat,Portugalhasloweropcostincloth.Eachcountryproducedonlythegoodwithcomparativeadvantage(loweropcost)andtradedfortheothergood.,17,Specialization:eachgiven120hrs,Tradeisbeneficialtoallpartiesevenwhenonepartyhasanabsoluteadvantageineverything.,18,2.DemandandSupply,19,DemandandSupply,DemandLawofdemandDemandcurveDeterminantsofDemandShiftindemandandmovealongdemandSupplyLawofsupplySupplycurveDeterminantsofsupplyShiftinsupplyandmovealongsupplyEquilibriumPricecontrolPriceceilingPricefloor,20,Demand,TheDemandFunctionthequantityofdemandeddependsonincome,thepricesofothergoods,aswellasotherfactorsLawofDemanddemanddecreasedasthepriceincreased,21,Demand,DeterminantsofDemandPriceofproductConsumersincomeConsumertastesPricesofsubstituteproductsPricesofcomplementaryproductsExpectedfuturepriceoftheproduct,22,Supply,TheSupplyFunctionThequantitysupplydependsonthesellingprice,thecostsofproductionwhichdependontechnology,thecostoflabor,andthecostofotherinputsintotheproductionprocess.Lawofsupplysupplyincreasedasthepriceincreased,23,DeterminantsofSupplyPriceoftheproductThenumberofsellers(providers,suppliers)CostsofresourcesorproductionPricesofsubstitutegoods(goodsthatarealsoproducedorcouldbeusingsimilarresources)PriceexpectationsTechnologyTaxes/subsidies,Supply,24,ShiftsinandMovementsalongDemandandSupplyCurves,Movementsalongdemandandsupplycurves.沿着需求（供给）曲线移动Achangeinthemarketpricethatsimplyincreasesordecreasesthequantitysuppliedordemandedisrepresentedbyamovementalongthecurve.Shiftsindemandandsupplycurves.需求（供给）曲线本身发生移动Achangeinoneoftheindependentvariablesotherthanpricewillresultinashiftofthecurveitself.,25,ShiftsinDemandandSupplyCurves,26,ChangeinQuantityDemand,ChangeinQuantitySupplied,MovementsalongDemandandSupplyCurves,27,MarketEquilibrium,EquilibriumpriceandtheequilibriumquantityWhenhaveamarketsupplyandmarketdemandcurveforagood,wecansolveforthepriceatwhichthequantitysuppliedequalsthequantitydemanded.Wedefinethisastheequilibriumpriceandtheequilibriumquantity.E:marketequilibrium.Attheprice,thequantityofsupply=thequantityofdemand.D:买方对每个产量愿意支付的最高价格；S:卖方对每个产量愿意出售的最低价格;E:买方愿意支付的最高价格=卖方愿意出售的最低价格,28,MovementtowardEquilibrium,Ifthepriceisaboveitsequilibriumlevel,thequantitywillinglysuppliedexceedsthequantityconsumersarewillingtopurchase,andwehaveexcesssupply.Supplierswillingtosellatlowerpricewillofferthosepricestoconsumers,drivingthemarketpricedowntowardstheequilibriumlevel.Ifthemarketpriceisbelowitsequilibriumlevel,thequantitydemandedatthatpriceexceedsthequantitysupplied,andwehaveexcessdemand.Consumerswillofferhigherpricestocompetefortheavailablesupply,drivingthemarketpriceuptowardsitsequilibriumlevel.,29,ChangesinEquilibria,30,ChangeinbothDandS,31,Equilibrium,32,TheCharacteristicsofEquilibrium,ThereisnotendencyforchangeThedemandfunctionandsupplyfunctionstaythesameorconstant.Theamountsdemandedequaltheamountssupplied(attheintersectionofsupplyanddemand).Thereisnosurplusorshortage;theequilibriumprice“clears”themarket.,33,PriceCeilings,34,PriceCeilings,Priceceilingwillleadto:Consumersmayhavetowaitinlonglinestomakepurchases.Theypayaprice(anopportunitycost)intermsofthetimetheyspendinline.Suppliersmayengageindiscrimination,suchassellingtofr