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金属科学与热处理43期，2001年刊钢制夹紧液压缸支架I.A 保利耶夫从metallovedenie i termicheskaya obrabotka metallov，5号刊，24页26，2001年份刊翻译而来。简介创造高功率的装置取决于他们的大小增量与主配件的质量。这就给用于生产重型配件等设施的钢提出了较高要求。在目前的工作中，我们已解决了选择某种钢来制造大型焊件加紧支架元件以用于指定的高负载液压机这个问题，例如，用650锰。设计一个包括20个焊接加紧的支架。每一个加紧部分长三十米，宽1.5-4米，厚度为0.28-0.32米。每个加紧部分重160吨。应该指出的是，用于制造这种加紧部分的板材厚度应该有0.36m的加工余量。基于本地手册中的钢制等级与特殊规格的数据与生产轧制钢板的工厂的以往经验，我们分析了十个碳质合金钢，分别是，25,30,16GS，20GS,25GS,09G2S,22K,20Kh2MA,1Ts-41和16GNMA。被证实只有上述中1Ts-41和16GNMA这两个型号满足于特殊规格的要求。对于厚度为0.36米的元件的生产，关于其用途我们没有任何的经验去借鉴。有一个例外是用于制造板材的钢30厚度可达到0.5米，由于它满足机械性能的水平以及TU方面的要求。钢1Ts-14和16GNMA在制造过程中有相当高的适应性而且在工业压轧板的生产中广泛的运用，他们具有很高的强度和延展性并且双重加倍冲击下的韧性要比TU所要求的更好。面积大的平面的相交部分的可焊性是钢令人满意与否的评判标准。将这些性能考虑进去我们选择制造高蒸汽锅炉鼓风机的钢16GNMA来作为我们研究的标准。研究方法支架钢的特殊机械性能如下：钢16GNMA的化学成分会根据平板的生产量通过改变主要的合金成分来实现调整。特别是，较低的碳限制含量提升到0.1%，锰含量减少0.1%，为了保留强度来改变钒和钛的含量（钒含量0.07%和钛含量0.05%）。这些改变可以直接的改善钢的可制造性并且可以获得一个相对比较稳定的机械性能。因此，钢铁就在重力液压机生产动力部件相较于1Ts-1M变得非常出色。我们也试图用钢30A作为最简单最实惠变更方法。（表格一）通过解体过程与浇筑68吨和82吨钢铁，实验钢铁在100吨平炉熔炉中熔化。铸锭被锻造无论是否进行预处理。在860下（钢30A）和910下（钢Its-1M）被锻造的金属板进行一次退后进行重组（通过全部再结晶），在650下通过熔炉中的后续冷却一次退火（钢30A）或者二次退火（钢Its-1M）。四种飞机金属板的锻件从不同级别的钢铁制造出来。超声波检测通过一个直径为2毫米的标准通道的调节适配装置来进行。剪切200毫米至400毫米宽的废料后，厚度为200毫米的模板从剩余的剪切的一端和铸件粗大的一端的金属板剪切而得。他们用于研究锻造金属的宏观结构与微观结构，用硫镀层，如果有必要可以进行额外的超声波检测。最终热处理包括“柔性”正火和后期退火。为此，最终热处理后重组的模板获得20毫米厚，200毫米宽和380毫米高的铸件通过以下步骤：在920下2小时进行奥氏体化，以150k/h的速率冷却至600然后在空气中空冷（金属板正火过程模拟），然后在650下进行退火10小时。机械性能取决于横向与纵向标本。横向标本金属板表面区域和金属板的深度的三分之一和厚度的二分之一。垂直样本取自于金属板的表面与中心区域（以厚度为标志）。结果与讨论30钢制造的金属板的过程对金属的研究告诉我们机械性能，微观结构以及硫元素的含量需充分满足于样本的要求条件。例如，金属板的化学元素成分的含量的水平包括：碳含量0.32%，硅含量0.37%，锰含量0.71%，铬含量0.25%，镍含量0.23%，铜含量0.15%，硫含量0.017%和磷含量0.008%甚至超过预先热处理时的特点值，换而言之，然而，所有飞机用金属板的超声波控制表示在表面下深度为130毫米至150毫米存在着缺陷区，它沿着填充对接板延伸。因此，四块金属板中的三块不能接受这种检查。另一组四块金属板是由钢ITs-1M制造而成。所制成的飞机用金属板的化学成分含量如在表格二所示；铸造的方法以及铸件和锻件的重量如在表格三所示。飞行金属板在初次热处理后的机械性能的水平以及硫含量的分数比如表格四所示。分析表格二至表格四中的数据我们可以得到钢ITs-1M满足规格所给出的要求即使在退后的状态下，甚至较之钢30A拥有更高的延展性和冲击韧性。四种压力下的金属元素成分的微不足道的差别不同于化学元素成分，但是与规格所要求的一致性表明钢ITs-1M的特定成分是均衡的。铸块的接缝处所取得的金属的接近水平说明由于该种钢铁的很高的可塑性使该种钢铁在大型的锻件的可适用性。所掌握的宏观结构显示是没有缺陷的。铸件接缝处的硫分布点满足于规格的要求（表格四）。标准通道尺寸（2毫米）的个别缺陷仅仅在所制造的金属板的中心部分可以检测得到金属板可从表格五的热处理三中得出实在100毫米到260毫米深处。其余三块飞机金属板是没有瑕疵的。这种境况下，对承压支架的经济适用支架的生产考虑选择钢ITs-1M是决定性的。为了获得关于飞机金属板金属性能的更全面的图标，我们设计了一个研究空间来进行研究模仿正火的程序和金属板的实际退火。对样板进行横向与纵向来切割预先形成的部分来进行机械的实验。预先形成部分从这些方向被切割是为了估计与适配于钢ITs-1M的厚钢板的生产，由于这些方位不仅是最不利的而且还是从金属板的金属性能来看最有象征义的（表格五）进行的研究表明飞机用金属板的机械性能在正火与退火情况下实质上超过规格上所要求的，甚至在从不宜切除的方向的样本实验中。这里应该强调的是在要求被检测的实验的过程中是不能有偏差出现的，而且对于大型金属的预先形成部分也是非常少有的情况。机械加工性能非常接近并略微超过厚度和锻件的不同区域，也就是独立的锻件。这意味着金属是高级等方性的，以及证实了钢ITs-1M的化学成分的选择和金属板生产过程正确性。结论总结1. 我们提及钢ITs-1M的一下化学成分：碳含量0.12-0.18%，硅含量0.17-0.37%，锰含量1.0-1.2%，镍含量0.45-0.55%，钼含量0.45-0.55%，铬含量0.30%，铜含量0.30%，硫含量0.020%，磷含量0.020%，锻造及轧制金属板在高压强状态下的支架生产化学成分。2. 预先热处理后金属板的化学性质和最终热处理后的金属机械性能本质上是超过规格所要求的3. 这些显示低碳含量的锰-镍-钼钢在正火和退火后，以一个厚的轧制和锻造的金属板的形式非常适用于大载荷部件。表格一：所研究钢铁的化学成分表格二：钢ITs-1M的化学成分表格三：钢ITs-1M铸件及锻件的重量表格四：预先热处理后钢ITs-1M的机械加工性能及金属板的硫含量分布点说明：1.分子表示铸件接缝处切除得到的样板所决定的性能；分母表示粗大一端所切除的部分样本的性能。2.硫元素分布点的比例包括四点（第四点与去除的所一致）。表格五：最终热处理后钢ITs-1M所制的金属板的机加工性能。注释：钢板的厚度为h=0.36米说明：分子代表横向的成分；分目表示纵向的成分。文中涉及的参考文献1. 合金及钢铁等级手册TsNIITMASh, Moscow（俄罗斯）（1971）2. 工程师初级钢铁手册V. N. Zhuravlev和 O. I. Nikolaeva（俄罗斯）（1968）3. 加工设备中的热处理Yu. M. Lakhtin 和 A. G. Rakhshtadt（俄罗斯）（1977）UDC 669.14.018.298:621.226STEEL FOR CRAMPS OF HYDRAULIC PRESS CRADLESI. A. Borisov1Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 5, pp. 24 26, May, 2001.INTRODUCTIONCreation of installations with a high unit power is ac-companied by growth of their sizes and the mass of the prin-cipal parts. This raises the requirements to the steels used forthe production of heavy-duty parts for such installations.In the present work we solved the problem of the choiceof steel for making large-size welded cradle cramps that arehighly loaded components of hydraulic presses and can de-velop, for example, a force of 650 MN.The design of a cradle includes twenty welded cramps.The length of each cramp is 30 m, the width is 1.5 4 m, andthe thickness is 0.28 0.32 m. A cramp weighs 160 tons. Itshould be noted that the maximum thickness of the sheetsused for fabricating such cramps is 0.36 m with the processallowance.Based on the data contained in native handbooks of steelgrades and special specifications 1 3 and the experienceof plants producing rolled sheets, we analyzed 10 carbon andlow-alloy steels, namely, 25, 30, 16GS, 20GS, 25GS, 09G2S,22K, 20Kh2MA, ITs-14, and 16GNMA. It turned out thatonly grades ITs-14 and 16GNMA of the list fully satisfy therequirements of the specifications. We did not know of anyexperience of their use for the production of parts with athickness of 0.36 m. Steel 30 used for plates up to 0.5 mthick was the only exception, since it met the requirements ofthe TU with respect to the level of mechanical properties.Steels ITs-14 and 16GNMA have a quite high adaptabi-lity to manufacture and are widely used in the industry forthe production of rolled sheets possessing a high strength andductility and a twice-higher impact toughness than is re-quired by the TU. The steels are satisfactorily weldable inlarge cross sections.Taking these properties into account we chose steel16GNMA used for fabricating boiler drums with high steamparameters as a prototype for our study.METHODS OF STUDYThe specified mechanical properties of cramp steelsare as follows: ?0.2? 225 MPa, ?r? 450 MPa, ? ? 18%,KCU ? 0.4 MJ?m2.The chemical composition of steel 16GNMA was cor-rected for the production of plates with respect to the mainalloying elements. In particular, the lower carbon limit waswidened by 0.1%, the content of manganese was diminishedby 0.1%, and modification with vanadium and titanium(0.05% Ti and 0.07% V) was undertaken in order to preservethe strength. These changes were directed at improving thefabricability of the steel and obtaining a steady level of itsmechanical properties. As a result, the steel has become po-pular in the production of power components of heavy hy-draulic presses under the name of ITs-1M.We also tried steel 30A as the simplest and economicallyexpedient variant (Table 1).The test steels were molten in 100-ton open-hearth fur-naces by the scrap process and cast into 68- and 82-tonmolds. The ingots were forged with and without preliminaryupsetting. The forged plates were subjected to a single an-nealing (with full recrystallization) at 860C (steel 30A) andMetal Science and Heat TreatmentVol. 43, Nos. 5 6, 20011990026-0673/01/0506-0199$25.00 2001 Plenum Publishing Corporation1TsNIITMASh Research and Production Association, Moscow,Russia.TABLE 1. Chemical Composition of the Studied SteelsSteelContent of alloying elements, %Content of admixtures, %CSiMnNiMoCrNiCuSPat most30A0.26 0.32 0.17 0.37 0.50 0.80200.020ITs-1M0.12 0.18 0.17 0.37 0.70 1.001.0 1.30.45 0.550.300.300.0200.020910C (steel ITs-1M) and to a single (steel 30A) or doubleannealing (steel ITs-1M) at 650C with subsequent coolingwith the furnace. Four forgings for pilot plates were pro-duced from each grade of steel. The ultrasonic check of theplates was performed with adjustment of the device for astandard opening 2 mm in diameter.Templates with a thickness of 200 mm were cut from theplates on the sides of the crop and the butt of the ingot aftercutting the recrement 200 400 mm wide. They were usedto study the macro- and microstructure of the metal of theforging, take sulfur imprints, and perform additional ultra-sonic check if necessary.The final heat treatment consisted of “soft” normaliza-tion and subsequent annealing. For this purpose preforms20 mmthick,200 mmwide,and380 mm high taken from the templateswere subjected to a final heat treat-ment by the following regime: 2-haustenization at 920C, cooling at arate of 150 K?h to 600C and then inair (imitation of the regime of norma-lization of plates), and annealing at650C for 10 h. The mechanical pro-perties were determined on transverseandlongitudinalspecimens.Thetransverse specimens were taken from the surface zones ofthe plates and at a depth of 1?3 and 1?2 of the thickness ofthe plate. The vertical specimens were taken from the surfaceand central (with respect to the thickness) zones of the plate.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe study of the metal of the plates fabricated from steel30A showed that it fully meets the requirements of the speci-fications to the mechanical properties, the microstructure,and the sulfur content. For example, the level of the proper-ties of plates with a chemical composition including 0.32%C, 0.37% Si, 0.71% Mn, 0.25% Cr, 0.23% Ni, 0.15% Cu,0.017% S, and 0.008% P exceeded the specified values evenafter a preliminary heat treatment, namely, ?0.2= 240 MPa,?r= 460 MPa, ? = 33.6%, ? = 59%, and KCU = 1.0 MJ?m2.However, the ultrasonic control of all the pilot platesshowed that they possessed defective zones at a distance of130 150 mm from the surface, which stretched from thepadding to the butt of the plates. Therefore, three plates ofthe four ones subjected to this kind of check were rejected.Another four pilot plates were produced from steelITs-1M. The chemical composition of the pilot plates is pre-sented in Table 2; the method of casting and the mass of theingots and the forgings are presented in Table 3.The level of mechanical properties of the pilot plates af-ter the preliminary heat treatment and the points of the sulfurimprints are presented in Table 4.Analyzing the data of Tables 2 4 we can see that steelITs-1M meets the requirements of the specifications even inthe state of annealing, and its characteristics of ductility andimpact toughness are even much higher. The inconsiderabledifference in the properties of the metal of the four heats thatdiffer in the chemical compositions but correspond to thespecifications indicates that the specified composition ofsteel ITs-1M is balanced. The close levels of the metal takenfrom the crop and butt of an ingot show that the steel is appli-cable for large forgings due to its high fabricability.Control of the macrostructure showed the absence of de-fects. The points of the sulfur imprints in the crop and buttparts of the ingot satisfied the requirements of the specifica-tions (Table 4). Individual defects with the size of the stan-dard opening (? 2 mm) were detected by ultrasonic checkonly in the central part of a plate fabricated from heat 3 at a200I. A. BorisovTABLE 3. MassofIngotsandForgingsfromsteelITs-1MHeatCastingtechniqueMass, tonsingotforging1Degassed82.053.5268.036.63Not degassed68.036.6482.053.5TABLE 2. Chemical Composition of Steel ITS-1MHeatContent of alloying elements, %Content of admixtures, %CMnSiNiMoCrCuSP10.170.750.301.20.490.260.120.0160.00820.160.820.290.150.0180.01030.130.70170.00840.130.850.251.080.550.300.150.0180.008TABLE 4. Mechanical Properties and Points of Sulfur Imprintof Plates from Steel ITs-1 after Preliminary Heat TreatmentHeat?0.2,MPa?r,MPa?, %?, %KCU,MJ?m2Pointsof sulfurimprint1280300480480314306.710680.1312.212320330500480304300.730730.1716.213280300450455320308.650690.1514.214335325520510246300.460640.0809.21Notes. 1. The numerators present the properties determined forspecimens cut from the crops of the ingots; the denominators presentthe properties of specimens cut from their butts.2. The scale of points of the sulfur imprint consisted of four points(the fourth point corresponded to rejection).depth of 100 260 mm. The other three pilot plates had nodefects. This circumstance was decisive for choosing steelITs-1M for the production of commercial cramps for presscradles.In order to obtain an all-sided picture of the quality of themetal of the pilot plates we performed a laboratory study im-itating the regime of normalizing and annealing of actualplates. Templates subjected to such a treatment were used tocut transverse and longitudinal preforms for specimens formechanical tests. The preforms were cut in these directionsin order to estimate the suitability of steel ITs-1M for theproduction of thick sheets, because these directions are notonly the worst but the most indicative from the standpoint ofthe quality of the plate metal (Table 5).The performed study showed that the mechanical proper-ties of the pilot plates in the normalized and annealed statesexceeded the requirements of the specifications quite sub-stantially even in tests of the specimens cut in unfavorabledirections. It should be stressed that no deviation from the re-quirements was detected in the course of the tests, which is avery rare case for the metal of large preforms. The level ofthe mechanical properties was close over the thickness and invarious zones of the forgings, as well as in individualforgings. This means that the metal is highly isotropic andconfirms the correctness of the choice of the chemical com-position for steel ITs-1M and the production process for theplates.CONCLUSIONS1. We recommend steel ITs-1M of the following chemi-cal composition: 0.12 0.18% C, 0.17 0.37% Si, 0.7 1.0% Mn, 1.0 1.2% Ni, 0.45 0.55% Mo, ? 0.30% Cr,? 0.30% Cu, ? 0.020% S, ? 0.020% P for the production ofcradle cramps of high-capacity presses in the form of forgedand rolled plates.2. The mechanical properties of the plates after the pre-liminary heat treatment (?0.2= 280 335 MPa, ?r= 450 520 MPa, ? = 24.6 31.4%, KCU = 0.8 1.6 MJ?m2) andafterthefinalheattreatment(?0.2= 350 460 MPa