新课标高一英语必修2unit1grammar课件.ppt

TheRestrictiveandNon-RestrictiveAttributiveClauses,Unit1Grammar,1.定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。2.先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。,定语从句,3.关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等；关系副词有when,where,why等。关系词通常有下列三个作用：A.引导定语从句；B.代替先行词；C.在定语从句中担当一个成分。,定语从句,TheteachertoldmethatTomwastheonlypersonthatIcoulddependon.老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一可以依靠的人。Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。,限制性定语从句RestrictiveAttributiveClause,非限制性定语从句Non-restrictiveAttributiveClause,Canyoutellthedifferencebetweenrestrictiveandnon-restrictiveclauses?,限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句都是修饰名词和代词的一种从句，两者虽然性质相同，但在意义上和用法上有许多不同。1.限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种定语从句和主句的关系十分密切，书写时不用逗号分开。,例如：Iwastheonlypersoninmyofficewhowasinvited.我是办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。Hehasfoundthehammerthathewaslookingfor.他找到了他正在寻找的那把锤子。,2.非限制性定语从句同主句的关系不十分密切，只是对先行词作附加或补充的说明，不起限制的作用，如果省去，主句的意思仍然清楚完整。非限制性定语从句仅仅是对意思已经相当明确的先行词加以补充说明，不起限制的作用。这类定语从句在书写时大多用逗号与主句分开。,例如：LastweekImetJohn,whoseemedtobeveryexcited.上星期我见到了约翰，他好像很兴奋。Theproject,whichlastedtwoyears,costfivemilliondollars.这项工程历时两年，耗资五百万美元。,3.非限制性定语从句对所谈及的人或事物只提供进一步的说明或解释，它形式上是一个从句，但在功能上相当于一个分句，在意义上相当于一个状语，故可根据其句意改为并列句或状语从句。,例如：Themeeting,whichwasheldinthepark,wasattendedby1000people.Themeetingwasattendedby1000people,anditwasheldinthepark.那次会议有一千人参加,它是在公园里举行的。Idontliketheboy,whoisverylazy.Idontliketheboy,sinceheisverylazy.我不喜欢这个男孩,(因为)他太懒惰了。,4.关系代词who,whom,which在限制性定语从句中作动词的宾语时往往可以省略，但在非限制性定语从句中不能省略。值得注意的是，关系代词that可引导限制性定语从句，但一般不可引导非限制性定语从句。,例如：Iknowtheman(whom)youmean.我认识你指的那个人。IhappenedtomeetLiHong,whomIdidntrecognizeatonce.我碰巧遇到李红，但并没有马上认出她来。Theseappletrees,whichIplantedthreeyearsago,havenotborneanyfruit.这些苹果树是我三年前栽的，还没有结过果实。,(不可将which改为that),5.限制性定语从句对先行词起限制的作用，非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明的作用，故两者的意义往往有别。,例如：Hisbrother,whoiseighteenyearsold,isaPLAman.他的哥哥是个解放军战士，现今十八岁。(说明他只有一个哥哥)HisbrotherwhoiseighteenyearsoldisaPLAman.他那个十八岁的哥哥是位解放军。(说明他还有别的哥哥),Allthebooksthere,whichhavebeautifulpicturesinthem,werewrittenbyhim.那里所有的书都是他写的,书里附有漂亮的插图。(说明那里没有除他以外的人写的书)Allthebookstherewhichhavebeautifulpicturesinthemwerewrittenbyhim.那里所有附插图的书都是他写的。(暗示没有附插图的书不是他写的),非限制性定语从句应注意以下几点：,一、非限制性定语从句通常不能用that引导。1.Ilikethebook,whichwasboughtyesterday.我喜欢这本书，这是昨天买的。2.Ilikethebookwhich/thatwasboughtyesterday.我喜欢昨天买的那本书。,二、非限制性定语从句不能用why引导,要用forwhich代替why。1.Ihadtoldthemthereason,forwhichIdidntattendthemeeting.我已经把理由告诉了他们，为此我没有去开会。2.IhadtoldthemthereasonwhyIdidntattendthemeeting.我告诉了他们我不去开会的理由。(限制性定语从句“thereasonwhy.”是常见搭配。),三、非限制性定语从句置于句首时，不能用which引导。关系代词as引导非限制性定语从句位置比较灵活，可以放主句前，也可以放主句后。1.AsIexpected,hedidntbelieveme.正如我所预料的，他不相信我。2.Sheheardaterriblenoise,whichbroughtherheartintohermouth.她听到一个可怕的声音，这让她把心都提到嗓子眼了。,四、非限制性定语从句由“介词+关系代词”引导时，其中的关系代词不能用as。1.Heboughtthecarformorethan$20,000,withwhichhisfatherwasangry.他花两万多美元买了这辆车，他父亲对此很生气。2.Ifinishedmyworkaheadoftime,afterwhichIsatsometimereadingthenewspaper.我提前干完了我的活，随后我坐着看了一会儿报纸。,五、在非限制性定语从句中，指人的关系代词作宾语时，只能用宾格whom;不能用who替换，也不能省略。1.DoyouknowTom,whomwetalkedabout?你认识汤姆吗?我们谈到过他。2.Thisbook,whichyoucangetatanybookshop,willgiveyoualltheinformationyouneed.这本书会给你提供所有你需要的资料，它在任何一家书店都能买到。(非限制性定语从句中引导词在从句中作宾语，无论指人还是指物都不能省略。),六、which可指前面整个句子。Thesunsendsoutlightandheat,whichmakesitpossibleforlivingthingstoexistontheearth.太阳发出光和热，这使得生物能够在地球上生存。,which可代替句子,用于非限定性定语从句,而what不可。that不能用于非限定性定语从句,it不为连词,使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。,限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别,限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别,1.YesterdayMr.Lifinallyboughthisownhouse,_isahospital.A.inwhereB.totheeastofwhichC.totheeastofitD.intheeastofthat2.Mybrotherspurse,_heput￥1,000,wasmissingonthebus.A.thereB.whichC.inwhichD.that,单选,3.Thefootballmatch_thestudentscompetedyesterdaywasverywonderful.A.inwhichB.whichC.inthatD.that4.Thereason_hewaslateagainwasthathewascaughtinatrafficjamintherushhour.A.whichB.inwhichC.forwhichD.ofwhich,5.Hisglasses,_hecouldseenothing,wastakenawaybyanaughtyboy.A.whichB.withoutwhichC.withwhichD.withoutthose6.Thecomputer,_hepaid￥3,000,wasonceownedbyhisuncle.A.whichB.forwhichC.thatD.tothat,7.Maryhastwobrothers,_aredoctors.A.bothoftheyB.bothofwhomC.bothofthemD.whomofboth8.Theproblem_youarguedaboutyesterdayhasbeensolved.A.thatB.whatC.whyD.forwhich,9.OnthewayhomeImetmyfriendJohn,from_homethethiefhadstolenacomputer.A.whomB.whichC.thatD.whose10.Atlastwefoundtheholeinthewall_themousegotintothehouselastnight.A.inwhichB.whichC.throughwhichD.bywhich,1.Herearethefarmers.Theydiscoveredtheundergroundcitylastmonth.,合并下列句子。,2.Shegotsoangry.Idontknowthereason.,Herearethefarmerswhodiscoveredtheundergroundcitylastmonth.,Idontknowthereasonwhyshegotsoangry.,3.StPetersburgisaverybeautifulcity.ItwasoncecalledLeningrad.,4.Irememberthesoldier.HetoldmenottotellanyonewhatIhadseen.,StPetersburgisaverybeautifulcity,whichwasoncecalledLeningrad.,Irememberthesoldier,whotoldmenottotellanyonewhatIhadseen.,5.Thesoldiersmovedtheboxestoamine.Theywantedtohidethem.,6.Xianisoneofthefewcitieswithwalls.Itswallsremainasgoodasbefore.,Xianisoneofthefewcitiesinwhich/wherewallsremainasgoodasbefore.,Thesoldiersmovedtheboxestoamine,wheretheywantedtohidethem.,7.TheoldmansawsomeGermanstakingaparttheAmberRoomandremovingit.Youaretalkingtoanoldman.,Theoldman(who/whom/that)youaretalkingtosawsomeGermanstakingaparttheAmberRoomandremovingit.,1.Whatsurprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbuttheway_hesaidit.2.Werejusttryingtoreachapoint_bothsideswillsitdowntogetherandtalk.,(that/inwhich),where,填空,3._isoftenthecase,wehaveworkedouttheproductionplan.4.Thisistheveryhouse_helived.5.Nextwinter,_youwillspendinHarbin,Imsure,willbeanotherexcitingholiday.6.Thatsthereason_hewaslate.,As,where,which,why,7.Thepicturesbroughtthedaysbacktotheold_theyswamintheriver.8.Robertandhissongs_werefamousintheU.S.arealsopopularinChina.9.Theyarealwayssmoking,_,ofcourse,willdoharmtotheirhealth.10Thesituation_youuset