英文中的修辞.ppt

FiguresofSpeech,修辞学(Rhetoric)是研究如何依据题旨与情景，运用各种语言文字材料以及各种表现手法，来恰当地表达思想和感情。修辞格(Figuresofspeech)是特殊的修辞方式，在修辞学占有重要地位。它是指用来产生特殊文体效果的单词和短语故意偏离字面陈述或普通用法，以加强语气,使之明晰而优美。本文拟就精读5第一课中出现的修辞现象进行识别与探究。,1.Paradox，astatementcontainingtwooppositeideasthatseemimpossibleorunlikely,althoughitisprobablytrue:theuseofthisinwriting.,似是而非的隽语是指在一个陈述中，包含有两个对立的观点。这两个观点看似自相矛盾，细细读来，实则颇有道理。,Eg.Withoutrecognizingthis,wewillendupwithsolutionsthatdontsolve,answersthatdontanswerandexplanationsthatdontexplain.,Analysis:Theunderlinepartsaretheparadox,suchasthe“solutionsdontsolve.HereMartinLutherKingJr.areintendtowarnalltheblacksthatviolencedoesntbounce.Andloveistheonlywaytosolvetheproblems.,Otherexamples:善游者溺，善骑者堕。Childisthefatheroftheman.-WilliamWordsworthOneofthefinethingsaboutowingitissellingit.-VolkswagensWarispeace.Freedomisslavery.Ignoranceisstrength.,排比是指结构相同或相似、语气一致、意义密切祥光的词组或句子排列起来的修辞。,2.Parallelism:Consistsofphrasesorsentencesofsimilarconstructionmeaningsidebyside,balancingeachother.,Eg.AndtheonlythingthatIamconcernedaboutabetterworld.Iamconcernedaboutjustice.Iamconcernedaboutbrotherhood.Iamconcernedabouttruth.,Analysis:Theunderlinepartsarecharacterizedbytheparallelismduetotheirsimilarconstruction-Iamconcerned,throughyoucanbutyoucant,Forthroughviolenceyoumaymurderamurdererbutyoucantmurdermurder.Throughviolenceyoumaymurderaliarbutyoucantestablishtruth.Throughviolenceyoumaymurderahater,butyoucantmurderhate.,3.simile明喻，是比喻的一种，是一两种具有共同特性的事物或现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体的相类关系，两者都在对比中出现。常用比喻词有：like;as;asif;asitwere等。,例子；ThetendencytoignoretheNegroscontributiontoAmericanlifeandtostriphimofhispersonhoodisasoldastheearliesthistorybooksandascontemporaryasthemorningnewspaper.(Para.5),4.Metaphor隐喻，不用like或as表示出来,而是进行隐藏的比较的这样一种修辞手段。隐喻又称暗喻。表达方法:A是B。,Whenourdaysbecomedrearywithlow-hoveringcloudsofdespairPara.27),CityoffreedomThegiganticmountainsofevil.,5.Metonymy借代，afigureofspeechinwhichonewordorphraseissubstitutedforanotherwithwhichitiscloselyassociated.人们具有被称为指称点现象的认知方式，即思维从一个概念导向另一个概念。人们往往用一个概念为参照点来接近另一概念。在借代中，人们使用一个概念（工具概念）来接近另一个概念（目标概念）。两个概念之所以能形成借代关系源于人们心理的某些特征,thepenismightierthanthesword.Pen代words，sword代forces,反语：指所用的词语意欲表达的意义和该词语的意义相反。通常起到讽刺批判的效果，加深读者的认识，激发读者思考。,6.Irony:Itsasubtleformofhumorthatinvolvessayingthingsthataretheopposite.,E.G.：1）Youretellingme!那还用你说；我知道了，不用你说。3）Ishouldworry.(口语）我才不放在心上呢；我一点也不在乎。,2）MuchIcare.我无所谓。,7.Inversion:Akindofwritingdevicethatchangesthenormalorderofsomewordsinasentence.倒装：改变英语句子中的常规语序。1）避免句子头重脚轻；2）某一成分置于句首以突出强调；3）承上启下，使衔接紧凑。,3)Difficultandpainfulasitis(para.26)尽管很艰难很痛苦此处形容词提前，为部分倒装，起强调作用。,E.g.:1)Nowearlyinthiscenturythisproposalwouldhavebeengreetedwithridiculeanddenunciation.(para.10)该项提案在本世纪初就受到了嘲笑和谴责。此处时间状语倒装避免了头重脚轻。,2）Nowherehavetheriotswonanyconcreteimprovement（para.17)暴动并没有在任何方面取得具体的进展此处状语置于句首，起强调作用。,头韵，即开头字母押韵，指在一行诗或一组词中彼此靠近的词，其开头的音节具有同样的字母或声音，读起来具有音韵美。,Eg.Letusbedissatisfieduntilthatdaywhenthelionandthelambshallliedowntogether.(Para.25),8.Alliteration,therepetitionofthesamesoundsorofthesamekindsofsoundsatthebeginningofwordsorinstressedsyllables.,9.SingleRhyme阳韵，单韵。,theNegrohasbeenconfinedtoalifeofvoicelessnessandpowerlessness.(Para.6),10.Assonance准押韵，母韵，也称“元音韵”，“平谐韵”。准押韵是指一句话中有两个或更多的词具有相同的元音。,Nowwerealizethedislocationsinthemarketoperationsofoureconomyandtheprevalenceofdiscriminationthrustpeopleinto（Para.10）发元音/ei/（/e/)。,11.Consonance尾韵，句尾的词押韵。,Stonytheroadwetrod,Bitterthechasteningrod.,2019/12/12,17,可编辑,提喻，是指同性质、同种类、同一体的事物中，以部分代整体，以抽象代具体，以原料代所构成的成品，反之亦然。,Eg.Letusbedissatisfieduntilfromeverycityhall(Para.25),Cityhall,还有上文的statecapitolhouses均以具体代抽象，代governmentorofficialspower.,12.Synecdoche.Itisinvolvesthesubstitutionofthepartforthewhole,orthewholeforthepart.Forinstance,theysaytheresbreadandworkforall.,13.Allusion暗引，指引用典故、神话、圣经故事、习语、谚语等不注明出处，且不引全文，而只是引用一个词组并将其揉进自己的文章中。,everymanwillsitunderhisownvineandfigtreeandnoneshallbeafraid.(Para.25),FromBible.,14.Paregmenon“同源”格。英语同源修辞格是一种特殊的重复修辞手法.它虽名不见经传,但却被广泛运用于各种不同的英语语体,Eg.Homeishomethoughneversohomely.Forthroughviolenceyoumaymurderamurdererbutyoucantmurdermurder.(Para.26),15.Climax.ItisderivedfromtheGreekwordforladderandimpliestheprogressionofthoughtatauniformoralmostuniformrateofsignificanceorintensity,likethestepsofaladderascendingevenly.,渐进法,层进法。将一系列词语按照意念的大小.轻重.深浅.高低等逐层渐进,最后达到顶点.可以增强语势,逐渐加深读者印象.,-thatifamanwilllie,hewillsteal.Andifamanwillsteal,hewillkill.(Para.23),整个25段也是以climax的修辞格层层递进，感情愈发激昂和有感染力。,夸张，指为达到幽默效果，故意言过其实。,Whenournightsbecomedarkerthanathousandmidnights,letus(Para.27),16.Hyperbole.Itisthedeliberateuseofoverstatementorexaggerationtoachieveemphasisorhumor.,17.Chiamus，inthesense“crosswisearrangement”.交错法，交错配列法。,Poweratitsbestisloveimplementingthedemandsofjustice,andjusticeatitsbestispowercorrectingeverythingthatstandsagainstlove.(Para.8),18.Rhetoricalquestion:Aquestionthatisnotreallyaquestionbecauseitdoesnotexpectananswer.反问：寓问于答的设问。同平铺直叙的表达相比，反问语气强烈，能激发读者的感情。,E.g.:1)Wheredowegofromhere?First,（para.3)我们该何去何从？首先，该句为设问句(rhetoricquestion)自问自答，行文紧凑。2)Canwereallybelievethatanyconsiderablenumberofthepoorpreferwelfaretoagoodjob?难道大部分穷人都更希望享受好的社会福利而不是一份好的工作么？通过上下文推断，答案无疑是否定的。,Transferredepithet(移就）,19.移就是指把本该描写甲事物的形容词，放到乙事物的前面。最常见的是将修饰人的形容词用来修饰物，这种修辞格往往引人联想。,Butthosewhoexpressthisviewalwaysendupwithstumblingwordswhen（Para.17),例如：AllafternoonwhilethemenweregoneIwasfullofhappyenergy.“energy”本身是不能“happy”的，所以这里的happy是修饰主语I的。这句话应该理解为IwasfullofenergybecauseIfeltsohappy.,20.Repetition（重复）Repetitionistousethesameword,phrase,orsentenceagain.Anaphora(首语反复),Anaphoraistherepetitionofawordorphraseatthebeginningofsuccessiveclauseorsentences.,和汉语中的“反复”一样，为突出某个意思，强调某种感情，特意重复某个词或句子。重复某一词叫“Repetition”,首语句重复叫“Anaphora”。,Example,Now,whenIsayquestionthewholesociety,itmeansultimatelycomingtoseethattheproblemofracism,theproblemofeconomicexploitation,andtheproblemof