修辞格“转喻”与“提喻”的区别.ppt

英语易混修辞格,metonymy,synecdoche,Metonymy转喻,Metonymy:Afigureofspeechthatconsistsinusingthenameofonethingforthatofsomethingelsewithwhichitisassociated;Afigureofspeechwhichconsistsinsubstitutingforthenameofathingthenameofanattributeofitorofsomethingcloselyrelated.,Metonymy是用甲事物的名称代替乙事物的名称，而甲、乙两事物在某一方面有着密切的联系，但没有相似之点。当提到甲事物时就自然联想到乙事物。换言之，它是用与甲事物密切相关的乙事物来代替甲事物。转喻使用恰当能产生幽默、含蓄、讽刺等修辞作用。转喻是英语常用的修辞格，仅次于明喻与隐喻。,1）以容器代其内容或以容器代其容器,Thekettle(=Thewaterinthekettle)isboilingover.壶开了。（壶中的水开了。）Thehearth/stove(=Thefireinthehearth/stove)isburningbrightly.炉燃得正旺。（炉火燃得正旺。）Hesettheroom(=thepeopleintheroom)roaringwithlaughter.他使全屋子爆发出笑声。（他使全屋的人笑起来。）,Hekeepsagoodtable.(=Heprovidesgoodmeals/food.)他的席面总是很讲究的。（他能提供丰盛的饭菜。）Heisinhiscupsagain.他又喝醉了。Theirfive(=Theirbasketballteam)haswonthegame.他们队赢得了这场篮球赛。Pleasedrinkacuportwo.(=Pleasedrinksometea,wine,etc.)请喝一两杯。,Hekeptafinestable.(=finehorses.)他养了些好马。Heisfondofthebottle.(=thewine,liquor,hebottle.)他喜欢喝酒。Thewholevillage(=Thepeopleinthevillage)rejoicedatnews.全村的人听到这个消息很高兴。Thecoatwouldbebeyondhismiserablepocket(=money).他的钱少得可怜，买不起那件大衣。,2)以作者代其作品；以人体部分或器官代其功能,IhavereadsomeofDickensandScottandThackeray(=someoftheworksbyDickensandScottandThackeray.)我读过狄更斯、司各脱和萨克雷的一些作品。HaveyoueverreadDickensandScott(=theworksbyDickensandScott)?你读过狄更斯和司各脱的作品吗？MyunclepreferstheRembrandttothePicasso.我叔叔喜欢伦勃朗特画的画，不喜欢毕加索画的画。,WehaveseveralTurners(=picturesbyTurner).我们有几张特纳所做的画。HaveyougotaHornby(=acopyofthedictionarybyHornby)?你有一本荷恩毕编的词典吗？IhaveneverreadHomer(=thepoemsofHomer).我从未读过荷马的诗。,Shehasagoodear(=thepowerofhearing)formusic.她在音乐方面很有鉴赏力。Hehasagoodeye(=thepowerofseeing)forbeauty/thepicturesque.他很会欣赏美（美的东西）。Shehasareadytongue(=thepowerofspeech).她口齿伶俐。,3）以工具代其使用者或使用工具的结果,Thepenismightier/strongerthanthesword/gun.(=Thosewhousethepenhavemoreinfluencethanthosewhousethesword/gun.)笔杆子比枪杆子厉害。Hispenswaysoverhalfofthecivilizedworld.(=Hiswritingsswayoverhalfofthecivilizedworld.)他的作品影响着半个文明世界。,4）用人或物的显著特征代替人或物,Theblueeyes(=peoplewithblueeyes)walkedintotheoffice.那些蓝眼睛走进了办公室。Youngpeopleshouldhavemorerespectforgreyhairs(=theaged/oldwithgreyhair).年轻人应该多尊重老年人。Nocross,nocrown.没有苦就没有甜。,5）以与甲事物密切相关的乙事物代替甲事物,Thecamp(=thearmy),thepulpit(=thereligion)andthelawforrichmenssonsarefree.兵营，布道坛和法律保障有钱人的子孙无忧无虑。Shetooktheveil(=anunshead-covering)at20.(=Shebecameanunat20.)她20岁开始当尼姑。broughtto/underthehammer(=themalletusedatauction)(=puttoauction)拿去拍卖,6）以某物的商标代替该物,YoudroveyourfancyJaguar,andyoutookaladyfriend.你开了那辆华丽的“美洲虎”轿车到那儿，还带了一位情妇去。DidyouseeaFordthere?你看到那儿有一辆“福特”牌汽车吗？,7）以穿着代替人,Areweboysgoingtobebeatenbyabunchofskirts(=girlsinskirts)?我们男孩子会被一些穿裙子的女孩子打败吗？Hesucceededtothecrown(=royaloffice).他继承了王位。Theplaygroundroaredlikearodeo,oldboots,raggedstockings,torntrousersandskirts(=childrendressedinsuchapparel)wentskatingandskiddingaround.游乐场好像竞技场一样，人声鼎沸，穿着旧冰鞋，破长统袜，烂裙子的孩子门去滑冰、垫木侧滑。,8）以某机关、团体所在地的名称代替该机关、团体,Whitehalldoesnotseemtocareaboutthisproblematall.看来英国政府对这个问题一点也不关心。TheWhiteHouseimmediatelydeniedthestory.白宫立即对这一报导予以否认。LightsburnlateinFoggyBottom.雾谷的灯光亮至深夜。,DowningStreet（唐宁街）theBritishgovernmentorcabinetTheWhiteHouse（白宫）thePresidentorExecutivebranchoftheUSgovernmentTheKremlin（克里姆林宫）thegovernmentoftheSovietUnionWallStreet（华尔街）U.S.FinancialcirclesCapitalHill（国会山）thelegislativebranchoftheUSgovernmentHollywood（好莱坞）Americanfilm-makingindustry,ThePentagon（五角大楼）theUSmilitaryestablishmentFleetStreet（舰队街）theBritishpressFoggyBottom（雾谷）theUSStateDepartmentMadisonAvenue（麦迪逊大街）AmericanadvertisingindustryWhitehall（白厅）theBritishgovernmentWestminster（威斯敏斯特）theBritishParliamentorgovernment,9)以某物的产地代替某物,OKnight,thoulackestacupofcanary,whendidIseeyousoputdown?(Shakespeare:TwelfthNight)啊，骑士！你需一杯加那利酒，什么时候我看到你这么沉默？（注：加那利白葡萄酒原产于加那利群岛。）Wouldyouhaveaglassofchampagne?你喝杯香槟酒好吗？（注：Champagne，法国东部一地区，所产葡萄酒很著名，通常称香槟酒。）,2019/12/13,19,可编辑,10）以具体代替抽象,(1)以人体器官代替其功能。如：Ihavehisear,ofcourse.当然他听我的话。（以具体的ear代抽象的thesenseofhearing.）Thecolurispleasanttotheeye.这颜色很好看。（以具体eye的代抽象的thesenseofseeing.）Ihadthemuscle,andtheymademoneyoutofit.我有力气，而他们就利用我的力气赚钱。（以具体的muscle代抽象的bodilystrength.Doyouhavethenerve(=coolcourage)todoit?你敢做这件事吗？,（2）某些表示人或事物的可数名词前加the，表示人的特性、事物的功能、属性等。如：,WhenIwaslisteningtohisfieryspeech,Ifeltthepatriot(=thepatrioticfeeling)risewithinmybreast.当我听到他的激昂的演讲时，我的爱国心油然而生。Helivesbythepen(=writing).他以写作为生。Heisathomeinthesaddle(=ridingonahorse).他的骑术很到家。,有些具体名词放在act,play,make后面构成习语，表示抽象概念。如：,Dontact/playthefool.(=Dontact/behavefoolishly.)不要装疯卖傻。（以具体的fool代替抽象的foolishness.）Wemakepigsofourselves(=eattoomuch)onhercakes.我们拼命地吃她的蛋糕。Playtheman!(=Bebrave!)拿出男子汉气概来！,11）以抽象代具体,Lifewasaweariness(=wearisomething)tome.生活使我感到厌倦。Hehasdonemekindness(=kindacts).他为我做了很多好事。HumboldtbroughtbackvaluablespecimenstoEuropeanscience(=scientist).洪堡德为欧洲科学界带回了有价值的标本。Theproposalswereexpectedtobeunacceptabletocapital(=thecapitalists).不能希望资方接受这些建议。,12）以感情的称谓代替感情所施加的对象,Sheiscoming,mylife,myfate.她来了，我的生命，我的命运。（此句中用表示说话人感情的抽象名词life,fate来代替说话人感情施加的对象she。）Heistheadmirationofthewholeschool.他是全校所敬佩的人。（此句中用表示说话人感情的抽象名词admiration代替说话人感情施加的对象she。）Thegirlisverysubtlestudypsychologically.那女孩是研究微妙心理的好对象。,13）原因、结果相互指代,Deathfellinshowers.子弹像阵雨一样落下来。（这里，death指代的是bullets，子弹是致人死亡的原因。）Hehelduphishandasiftokeepthelifefromspilling.他抬起手来，好像要使血停止流淌。（这里life指代的是blood，而血是生命存在的原因。）Andallthepavementstreamedwithmassacre.人行道上到处是血。（这里的massacre指代的是blood，而血是屠杀产生的结果。）,14）以“颜色词+名词”构成的名词来替代意义上与之有关的名词,Heisthedarksheepinthefamily.他是他家的害群之马。Hehasayellowstreak.他有着怯懦的性格。Thisprizeistheblueribboninmathematicalresearch.这奖品是数学研究的最高奖。Mentioningadulteducationinadiscussionondecolonizationisacompleteredherring.在讨论非殖民化时谈成人教育，这全然是转移注意力的闲扯。,15）以人名代替国家、民族等,JohnBull:England,ortheEnglishpeopleUncleSam:TheUnitedStatesofAmericanIvan:theRussianpeopleJohnDoe:ordinaryAmericancitizen,16)以动物名代替国家或政府,theBritishLion:EnglandortheEnglishgovernmenttheBear:theformerSovietUnionortheSovietgovernment,Synecdoche提喻,Synecdoche:Afigureofspeechbywhichapartisputforthewhole,thewholeforapart,thespeciesforthegenus,thegenusforthespecies,orthenameofthematerialforthethingmade.,提喻是以部分代替整体或以整体代替部分；以类属代替其中一种或以一种代替其所在类属；以原料代替用该原料制成的东西。该辞格中的两事物只是相关，并没有相似之处。提喻和转喻一样，也是英语中的重要辞格，用得恰当，可以突出事物的特征，使语言生动、形象。,1）以部分代整体,Greatminds(=persons)thinkalike.英雄所见略同。Youareanobleheart.你是个高尚的人。Herheart(=feeling)ruledherhead.她感情用事。（以器官代其功能）Iwalked,withothersouls(=prisoners)inpain,withinanotherring,我与这些痛苦的魂灵来到另一伙囚徒之中，Thereisaseaoffacesonthesquare.广场上人山人海。,Theywereshortofhands(=helpers)atharvesttime.收割时节，他们人手缺少。Theycountedfiftysails(=shipsorboats)intheharbour.他们数出这港口有50只船。Hepaidthewokers$5perhead(=worker).他付给每个工人5美元工钱。Theriveriscrowdedwithmasts(=shipsorboats).这条河挤满了船只。IdoultiftherewasaneyeinEnglandwhoweptforhisdeath.我也不能确定在英国是否有人为他的死亡而哭泣。,2）以整体代部分,China(=TheChineseteam)wonthechampionshipatthetournament.中国队赢得了邀请赛的冠军。Thebirdssangtowelcomethesmilingyear(=spring/springtime).百鸟歌唱，欢迎出天的到