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配气机构横臂零件工艺规程设计及铣、钻夹具毕业设计【优秀】【CAD图纸准确】

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关键词：: a1 工艺机构零件规程设计夹具

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摘要

本课题来源于生产实践，充分利用所学的机械制图、机械设计及机械制造等课程，了解针对配气机构的特点，通过CAD软件，利用该软件制图功能，完成配气机构横臂零件铣钻孔夹具的设计。
在课题的研究设计阶段，首先从众多的零件中选择一个作为设计夹具的零件。针对该零件的结构特点，制定该零件的加工工艺。其次要了解夹具的相关知识，结合零件的结构特点选择需要的夹具元件，设计出夹具的大体结构。机床夹具作为一种重要的工艺装备在机械制造工艺过程中起着十分重要的作用，它的设计不但要保证工件的加工质量，提高加工效率，降低成本，在操作维护中安全方便还要注意到夹具结构的标准化，夹具制造的精密化。为了保证夹具组装精度，需要学习了解工件定位原理。根据这些原理结合零件的结构特点确定零件在夹具中以一面两孔作为定位，计算夹具的定位精度与夹紧力保证零件在夹具上的加工精度。然后使用CAD绘图软件参考《夹具设计手册》绘制夹具元件的机械图，完成夹具的设计。

关键词：CAD 加工工艺工件定位

Abstract

This topic comes from production practice, make full use of what have learned mechanical drawing, mechanical design and mechanical manufacturing, and other programs, to understand the characteristics for the gas distribution sector, through the CAD software, the use of the software mapping function, complete with gas sector arm holes milling drilling fixture design.
In the research projects in the design phase, first select from a number of parts as the design of a fixture parts. For that part of the structural characteristics of the development of the parts processing technology. Second, we must understand the fixture knowledge, combined with the structural features of components select the required fixture components, the general structure of fixture design. As an important fixture of the technology and equipment in the mechanical manufacturing process plays an important role, it is designed not only to ensure that the workpiece processing quality, improve processing efficiency, reduce costs, in the operation and maintenance of safe and convenient but also noted that Fixture structure of standardization, the precision of fixture manufacturing .In order to ensure the fixture assembly of precision, need to learn to understand principles of positioning the workpiece. Combination of components based on these principles to determine the structural characteristics of components in the fixture to one side two holes as the positioning of the positioning accuracy of calculation of fixture clamping force to ensure the parts with the fixture on the machining accuracy. And then use the CAD drawing software reference, "Fixture Design Handbook," a mechanical fixture elements drawn map, complete fixture design.

Key words: CAD processing technology positioning

前言 1
第一章配气机构的简介 2
1.1配气机构的工作原理 2
1.2配气机构的优点及应用 2
1.3配气机构横臂零件的作用 3
第二章配气机构横臂零件的机械加工工艺规程 4
2.1配气机构横臂零件的工艺分析 4
2.2配气机构横臂零件的机械加工工艺规程 4
2.2.1工艺规程的作用 4
2.2.2生产类型的确定 5
2.2.3材料及毛坯的选择 5
2.3配气机构横臂零件加工工艺过程的设计 5
2.3.1定位基准的选择 5
2.3.2加工方法的选择 6
2.3.3加工顺序的安排 6
2.3.4配气机构横臂零件零件加工工艺过程的确定 7
2.4工序设计 9
2.4.1工时定额的计算 9
2.4.2机床的选择 9
2.4.3工艺装备的选择 9
2.4.4加工余量及工序尺寸的确定 9
2.4.5具体的工序计算过程 10
第三章专用夹具设计 23
3.1夹具的设计要求 23
3.2铣无凸台面夹具设计-铣床专用夹具 23
3.3钻Φ16孔及M18孔夹具设计-钻床专用夹具 24
结论 26
谢辞 27
参考文献 28

前言
本课题来源于配气机构横臂零件的生产制造。本课题要求对配气机构横臂零件进行合理的工艺规程设计，包括零件每一道工序的选用设备、切削刀具、切削用量、定位方式等，并要求对铣无凸台面和钻Φ16孔、M18孔进行夹具设计。其目的是把所学的机械制造工艺，金属切削原理及工艺装备设计基础知识与计算机辅助设计方法结合起来，加强理论知识并锻炼实践和动手的能力。
在设计加工柴油机配气机构中的气门横臂时，首先要清楚配气机构在柴油机中所起到的作用。配气机构是柴油机换气过程的控制结构，它根据汽缸工作循环的要求，按发火顺序和配气相位，准确地使汽缸排除废气，吸入新鲜空气。它对柴油机的工作性能，可靠性和耐久性有很大的影响。因此在生产时可靠的生产加工工艺和组装工艺是非常重要的。
配气机构的动作如下：曲轴通过正时齿轮驱动凸轮轴，凸轮轴上的凸轮顶起挺住、推杆，经调节螺钉摇臂摆动。摇臂的另一端通过横臂、气门、锁夹和弹簧座压缩气门弹簧，使两个同名气门下行，逐渐开启气门。当凸轮转过最大升程后，挺住和推杆下移，摇臂和横臂逐渐减少对弹簧的压缩，由弹簧复原弹力顶起弹簧座，推动气门关闭，封闭气缸。
横臂的作用是将推杆传来的运动传给气门。横臂上设有气门间隙调节螺钉和锁紧螺母，以保证必要的气门冷态间隙。气门横臂为了保证同名气门同时启闭，设有调节螺钉和锁紧螺母。
夹具设计必须满足工艺要求，结构性能可靠，使用安全，操作方便，有利于实现优质、高产、低耗，改善劳动条件，提高标准化、通用化、系列化水平。在设计时还应尽量采用有关的国家标准、行业标准、企业标准。这些都是一个好的夹具产生之前必不可少的条件。
此次设计，在老师的指导下，将所学的理论知识与实际问题相结合，达到了巩固、扩大、深化知识的目的，提高了分析问题解决问题的能力，进一步锻炼了有关设计、计算、绘图等方面的实际动手能力，为今后更好的走向工作岗位打下了坚实的基础。

第一章配气机构的简介
1.1配气机构的工作原理
配气机构的组成：配气机构由凸轮轴、挺杆、推杆、摇臂、摇臂轴、气门弹簧及气门导管等一些相关部件组成。
凸轮轴在发动机上的布置有下置，侧置和顶置。现代发动机上常采用顶置式，它位于气缸盖上。凸轮轴直接通过摇臂驱动气门，省去了一大套如挺杆、推杆等往复运动的部件，很适用于高转速发动机，但也带来传动轴的困难，由于凸轮轴在气缸盖上，气缸盖拆装较为麻烦，并且喷油器的布置也较困难。另有一种顶置式是凸轮轴的幅轮直接驱动气门。这种形式的优点不但机构简单、惯性小、对凸轮轴的要求不高，故在新式汽车应用广泛。
那么凸轮轴是靠什么带动使它旋转的呢?
最早形式的汽车多采用正时齿轮传动，曲轴转动时通过它前端的一对齿轮来带动凸轮轴，有时还增加一个中间齿轮(惰轮)。为了降低传动的噪声，使啮合平稳，正时齿轮多用夹布胶木制成，且为斜齿。在顶置气门传动机构上多采用链条传动或皮带传动。皮带的基体为氯丁橡胶，中间夹入玻璃纤维或尼龙织物，强度高，噪声小，质量小，价格低，近年来己广泛用。
一般发动机每个气缸只有一个进气门和一个排气门。为了提高充气效率，现在多采用多气门技术，例如每个气缸有4个气门。这种多气门结构对燃油直接喷射的发动机特别有利，喷油器布置在燃烧室中央，点火燃烧途径均匀，各气门的开度也可适当减小。
每缸采用4气门时，气门排列有两种：一是进气门和排气门混合排；另一种是进气门和排气门各自排成一列。前者的所有气门由一根凸轮轴

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内容简介：: 大连交通大学2010届本科毕业生毕业设计（论文）外文翻译Machine design theoryI. Introduction Mechanical engineering, an important and widely applied engineering field closely related to peoples social activities, provides manufacturing technologies and equipment to create material wealth and promote social progress in the construction of Chinas national economy. As a traditional engineering field since the beginning of human history, mechanical engineering has always been the focus of all kinds of production activities. For instance, the First and Second Industrial Revolutions, as well as the present Information Revolution, are all directly or indirectly related to its development. Mechanical engineering is also a rapidly developing field. With the growth and permeation of electronic technology, automation technology, computer and software technique, material science, the foundation of the field has been enriched, the research in this field has been broadened and developed. Therefore, mechanical products and production processes are promoted to develop toward precision, automation, intelligence, progression, integration and high efficiency. II.Machine design theory The machine design is through designs the new product or improves the old product to meet the human need the application technical science. It involves the project technology each domain, mainly studies the product the size, the shape and the detailed structure basic idea, but also must study the product the personnel which in aspect the and so on manufacture, sale and use question.Carries on each kind of machine design work to be usually called designs the personnel or machine design engineer. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge. If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of productMust regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea. Newly designs itself can have the question occurrence which many flaws and has not been able to expect, only has after these flaws and the question are solved, can manifest new goods come into the market the product superiority. Therefore, a performance superior product is born at the same time, also is following a higher risk. Should emphas ize, if designs itself does not request to use the brand-new method, is not unnecessary merely for the goal which transform to use the new method. In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts. How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnels basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process. Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on. In order to carry on the effective exchange, needs to solve the following problem: (1) designs whether this product truly does need for the people? Whether there is competitive ability (2) does this product compare with other companies existing similar products? (3) produces this kind of product is whether economical? (4) product service is whether convenient? (5) product whether there is sale? Whether may gain?Only has the time to be able to produce the correct answer to above question. But, the product design, the manufacture and the sale only can in carry on to the above question preliminary affirmation answer foundation in. Project engineer also should through the detail drawing and the assembly drawing, carries on the consultation together with the branch of manufacture to the finally design proposal.Usually, can have some problem in the manufacture process. Possibly can request to some components size or the common difference makes some changes, causes the components the production to change easily. But, in the project change must have to pass through designs the personnel to authorize, guaranteed cannot damage the product the function. Sometimes, when in front of product assembly or in the packing foreign shipment experiment only then discovers in the design some kind of flaw. These instances exactly showed the design is a dynamic process. Always has a better method to complete the design work, designs the personnel to be supposed unceasingly diligently, seeks these better method. Recent year, the engineerig material choice already appeared importantly. In addition, the choice process should be to the material continuously the unceasing again appraisal process. The new material unceasingly appears, but some original materials can obtain the quantity possibly can reduce. The environmental pollution, material recycling aspect and so on use, workers health and security frequently can attach the new limiting condition to the choice of material. In order to reduce the weight or saves the energy, possibly can request the use different material. Comes from domestic and international competition, to product service maintenance convenience request enhancement and customers aspect the and so on feedback pressure, can urge the people to carry on to the material reappraises. Because the material does not select when created the product responsibility lawsuit, has already had the profound influence. In addition, the material and between the material processing interdependence is already known by the people clearly. Therefore, in order to can and guarantees the quality in the reasonable cost under the premise to obtain satisfaction the result, project engineer makes engineers all to have earnestly carefully to choose, the determination and the use material. Makes any product the first step of work all is designs. Designs usually may divide into several explicit stages: (a) preliminary design; (b) functional design; (c) production design. In the preliminary design stage, the designer emphatically considered the product should have function. Usually must conceive and consider several plans, then decided this kind of thought is whether feasible; If is feasible, then should makes the further improvement to or several plans. In this stage, the question which only must consider about the choice of material is: Whether has the performance to conform to the request material to be possible to supply the choice; If no, whether has a bigger assurance all permits in the cost and the time in the limit develops one kind of new material.In the functional design and the engineering design stage, needs to make a practical feasible design. Must draw up the quite complete blueprint in this stage, chooses and determines each kind of components the material. Usually must make the prototype or the working model, and carries on the experiment to it, the appraisal product function, the reliability, the outward appearance and the service maintenance and so on. Although this kind of experiment possibly can indicate, enters in the product to the production base in front of, should replace certain materials, but, absolutely cannot this point take not earnestly chooses the material the excuse. Should unify the product the function, earnestly carefully considers the product the outward appearance, the cost and the reliability. Has the achievement very much the company when manufacture all prototypes, selects the material sh ould the material which uses with its production in be same, and uses the similar manufacture technology as far as possible. Like this has the advantage very much to the company. The function complete prototype if cannot act according to the anticipated sales volume economically to make, or is prototypical and the official production installment has in the quality and the reliable aspect is very greatly different, then this kind of prototype does not have the great value. Project engineer is best can completely complete the material in this stage the analysis, the choice and the determination work, but is not remains it to the production design stage does. Because, is carries on in the production design stage material replacement by other people, these people are inferior to project engineer to the product all functions understanding.In the production design stage, is should completely determine with the material related main question the material, causes them to adapt with the existing equipment, can use the existing equipment economically to carry on the processing, moreover the material quantity can quite be easy to guarantee the supply. In the manufacture process, inevitably can appear to uses the material to make some changes the situation. The experience indicated that, may use certain cheap materials to take the substitute. However, in the majority situation, in will carry on the production later to change the material to have in to start before the production to change the price which the material will spend to have to be higher than. Completes the choice of material work in the design stage, may avoid the most such situations. Started after the production manufacture to appear has been possible to supply the use the new material is replaces the material the most common reason. Certainly, these new materials possibly reduce the cost, the improvement product performance. But, must carry on the earnest appraisal to the new material, guarantees its all performance all to answer the purpose. Must remember that, the new material performance and the reliable very few pictures materials on hand such understood for the people. The majority of products expiration and the product accident caused by negligence case is because in selects the new material to take in front of substitution material, not truly understood their long-term operational performance causes. The product responsibility lawsuit forces designs the personnel and the company when the choice material, uses the best procedure. In the material process, five most common questions are: (a) did not understand or cannot use about the material application aspect most newly the best information paper; (b) has not been able to foresee and to consider the dusk year possible reasonable use (for example to have the possibility, designs the personnel also to be supposed further to forecast and the consideration because product application method not when creates consequence. ecent years many products responsibilities lawsuit case, because wrongly uses the plaintiff which the product receives the injury to accuse produces the factory, and wins the decision); (c) uses the material data not entire perhaps some data are indefinite, works as its long-term performance data is the like this time in particular; (d) the quality control method is not suitable and not after the confirmation; (e) the personnel which completely is not competent for the post by some chooses the material. Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity. May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding机械设计理论一、概述机械工程是为国民经济建设和社会发展提供各类机械装备和生产制造技术以创造物质财富和提高社会文明水准的重要工程领域，是与人类社会活动关系十分密切、应用非常广泛的工程领域。它是一个传统的工程领域，自人类有史以来，就为生产活动所关注，第一次工业革命、第二次工业革命乃至当前的信息革命，无不直接或间接地同机械工程的发展有密切关系；它也是一个发展迅速的工程领域，随着电子技术、自动化技术、计算机及软件技术、材料科学的发展和渗透，充实和丰富了本领域的基础，拓宽和发展了本领域的研究范畴，并促进机械产品和生产过程向精密化、自动化、智能化、连续化、高效化、集成化方向发展。本领域涉及机械设计、制造、试验、使用、维修等基础理论、技术和方法。并与材料工程、动力工程、电气工程、电子与信息工程、控制工程、计算机技术、工业设计工程等工程领域及力学学科密切相关。二、机械设计理论机械设计是一门通过设计新产品或者改进老产品来满足人类需求的应用技术科学。它涉及工程技术的各个领域，主要研究产品的尺寸、形状和详细结构的基本构思，还要研究产品在制造、销售和使用等方面的问题。进行各种机械设计工作的人员通常被称为设计人员或者机械设计工程师。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性，还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。如前所诉，机械设计的目的是生产能够满足人类需求的产品。发明、发现和科技知识本身并不一定能给人类带来好处，只有当它们被应用在产品上才能产生效益。因而，应该认识到在一个特定的产品进行设计之前，必须先确定人们是否需要这种产品。应当把机械设计看成是机械设计人员运用创造性的才能进行产品设计、系统分析和制定产品的制造工艺学的一个良机。掌握工程基础知识要比熟记一些数据和公式更为重要。仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好的设计中做出所需的全部决定的。另一方面，应该认真精确的进行所有运算。例如，即使将一个小数点的位置放错，也会使正确的设计变成错误的。一个好的设计人员应该勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承担一定的风险，当新的方法不适用时，就使用原来的方法。因此，设计人员必须要有耐心，因为所花费的时间和努力并不能保证带来成功。一个全新的设计，要求屏弃许多陈旧的，为人们所熟知的方法。由于许多人墨守成规，这样做并不是一件容易的事。一位机械设计师应该不断地探索改进现有的产品的方法，在此过程中应该认真选择原有的、经过验证的设计原理，将其与未经过验证的新观念结合起来。新设计本身会有许多缺陷和未能预料的问题发生，只有当这些缺陷和问题被解决之后，才能体现出新产品的优越性。因此，一个性能优越的产品诞生的同时，也伴随着较高的风险。应该强调的是，如果设计本身不要求采用全新的方法，就没有必要仅仅为了变革的目的而采用新方法。在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不受各种约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于堵塞创新的思路。通常，要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在最后选定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。心理学家经常谈论如何使人们适应他们所操作的机器。设计人员的基本职责是努力使机器来适应人们。这并不是一项容易的工作，因为实际上并不存在着一个对所有人来说都是最优的操作范围和操作过程。另一个重要问题，设计工程师必须能够同其他有关人员进行交流和磋商。在开始阶段，设计人员必须就初步设计同管理人员进行交流和磋商，并得到批准。这一般是通过口头讨论，草图和文字材料进行的。为了进行有效的交流，需要解决下列问题：（1）所设计的这个产品是否真正为人们所需要？（2）此产品与其他公司的现有同类产品相比有无竞争能力？（3）生产这种产品是否经济？（4）产品的维修是否方便？（5）产品有无销路？是否可以盈利？只有时间能对上述问题给出正确答案。但是，产品的设计、制造和销售只能在对上述问题的初步肯定答案的基础上进行。设计工程师还应该通过零件图和装配图，与制造部门一起对最终设计方案进行磋商。通常，在制造过程中会出现某个问题。可能会要求对某个零件尺寸或公差作一些更改，使零件的生产变得容易。但是，工程上的更改必须要经过设计人员批准，以保证不会损伤产品的功能。有时，在产品的装配时或者装箱外运前的试验中才发现设计中的某种缺陷。这些事例恰好说明了设计是一个动态过程

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