Seven Wonders of the World 世界七大奇迹.ppt

SevenWondersoftheWorld,Theclassicsevenwonderswere:GreatPyramidsofGizaHangingGardensofBabylonStatueofZeusatOlympusTheTempleofArtemisatEphesusTheMausoleumofHalicarnassusTheColossusofRhodesTheLighthouseofAlexandriaTheonlyancientworldwonderthatstillexistsistheGreatPyramidofGiza.,GreatPyramidsofGiza,TheGreatPyramidofGiza(alsoknownasthePyramidofKhufuorthePyramidofCheops)istheoldestandlargestofthethreepyramidsintheGizaNecropolisborderingwhatisnowElGiza,Egypt.ItistheoldestoftheSevenWondersoftheAncientWorld,andtheonlyonetoremainlargelyintact.,BasedonamarkinaninteriorchambernamingtheworkgangandareferencetofourthdynastyEgyptianPharaohKhufu.Egyptologistsbelievethatthepyramidwasbuiltasatombovera10to20-yearperiodconcludingaround2560BC.Initiallyat146.5meters(481feet),theGreatPyramidwasthetallestman-madestructureintheworldforover3,800years.Originally,theGreatPyramidwascoveredbycasingstonesthatformedasmoothoutersurface;whatisseentodayistheunderlyingcorestructure.Someofthecasingstonesthatoncecoveredthestructurecanstillbeseenaroundthebase.TherehavebeenvaryingscientificandalternativetheoriesabouttheGreatPyramidsconstructiontechniques.Mostacceptedconstructionhypothesesarebasedontheideathatitwasbuiltbymovinghugestonesfromaquarryanddraggingandliftingthemintoplace.,TherearethreeknownchambersinsidetheGreatPyramid.Thelowestchamberiscutintothebedrockuponwhichthepyramidwasbuiltandwasunfinished.Theso-calledQueensChamberandKingsChamberarehigherupwithinthepyramidstructure.TheGreatPyramidofGizaistheonlypyramidinEgyptknowntocontainbothascendinganddescendingpassages.ThemainpartoftheGizacomplexisasettingofbuildingsthatincludedtwomortuarytemplesinhonorofKhufu(oneclosetothepyramidandoneneartheNile),threesmallerpyramidsforKhufuswives,anevensmaller,HangingGardensofBabylon,TheHangingGardensofBabylonwereoneoftheSevenWondersoftheAncientWorld,andtheonlyonewhoselocationhasnotbeendefinitelyestablished.TraditionallytheyweresaidtohavebeenbuiltintheancientcityofBabylon,nearpresent-dayHillah,Babilprovince,inIraq.TheBabylonianpriestBerossus,writinginabout290BCandquotedlaterbyJosephus,attributedthegardenstotheNeo-BabyloniankingNebuchadnezzarII,whoruledbetween605and562BC.TherearenoextantBabyloniantextswhichmentionthegardens,andnodefinitivearchaeologicalevidencehasbeenfoundinBabylon.,StatueofZeusatOlympus,TheStatueofZeusatOlympiawasagiantseatedfigure,about42ft(13m)tall,madebytheGreeksculptorPhidiasaround435BCatthesanctuaryofOlympia,Greece,anderectedintheTempleofZeusthere.Asculptureofivoryplatesandgoldpanelsoverawoodenframework,itrepresentedthegodZeussittingonanelaboratecedarwoodthroneornamentedwithebony,ivory,goldandpreciousstones.ItwasregardedasoneoftheSevenWondersoftheAncientWorlduntilitseventuallossanddestructionduringthe5thcenturyAD.,TheTempleofArtemisatEphesus,TheTempleofArtemisalsoknownlesspreciselyastheTempleofDiana,wasaGreektemplededicatedtothegoddessArtemis.ItwaslocatedinEphesus(nearthemoderntownofSelcukinpresent-dayTurkey),andwascompletelyrebuiltthreetimesbeforeitseventualdestructionin401.Onlyfoundationsandsculpturalfragmentsofthelatestofthetemplesatthesiteremain.,TheMausoleumofHalicarnassus,ModelofareconstructionoftheMausoleum,TheMausoleumatHalicarnassusorTombofMausoluswasatombbuiltbetween353and350BCatHalicarnassus(presentBodrum,Turkey)forMausolus,asatrapinthePersianEmpire,andArtemisiaIIofCaria,whowasbothhiswifeandhissister.ThestructurewasdesignedbytheGreekarchitectsSatyrosandPythiusofPriene.TheMausoleumwasapproximately45m(148ft)inheight,andthefoursideswereadornedwithsculpturalreliefs,eachcreatedbyoneoffourGreeksculptorsLeochares,Bryaxis,ScopasofParosandTimotheus.ThefinishedstructureofthemausoleumwasconsideredtobesuchanaesthetictriumphthatAntipaterofSidonidentifieditasoneofhisSevenWondersoftheAncientWorld.Itwasdestroyedbysuccessiveearthquakesfromthe12thtothe15thcenturyThewordmausoleumhasnowcometobeusedgenericallyforanabove-groundtomb.,TheColossusofRhodes,TheColossusofRhodeswasastatueoftheGreektitan-godofthesunHelios,erectedinthecityofRhodes,ontheGreekislandofthesamename,byCharesofLindosin280BC.ItwasconstructedtocelebrateRhodesvictoryovertherulerofCyprus,AntigonusIMonophthalmus,whosesonunsuccessfullybesiegedRhodesin305BC.Beforeitsdestructionintheearthquakeof226BC,theColossusofRhodesstoodover30meters(98feet)high,makingitoneofthetalleststatuesoftheancientworld.,TheLighthouseofAlexandria,TheLighthouseofAlexandria,sometimescalledthePharosofAlexandria,wasatowerbuiltbythePtolemaicKingdombetween280and247BCwhichwasbetween393and450ft(120and137m)tall.Itwasoneofthetallestman-madestructuresintheworldformanycenturies.Badlydamagedbythreeearthquakesbetween956and1323,itthenbecameanabandonedruin.Itwasthethirdlongestsurvivingancientwonder(aftertheMausoleumatHalicarnassusandthestillexistentGreatPyramidofGiza)untilin1480thelastofitsremnantstoneswereusedtobuildtheCitadelofQaitbayonthesite.,SevenWondersoftheWorld(Middleages),StonehengeColosseumCatacombsofKomelShoqafaTheGreatWallofChinaThePorcelainTowerofNanjingHagiaSophiaTheLeaningTowerofPisa,Stonehenge,Stonehengeisaprehistoricmonument