Singlechip microcomputer.doc

无 锡 职 业 技 术 学 院毕业设计说明书（英文翻译） 英文 we learned in electronic courses are based on single chip computer, with the single chip processor as the core of the main, the rest of the extracurricular courses are in order to expand our knowledge, to aid in the us better development.single-chip microcomputerscm is a kind of integrated circuit chips, is to use very large scale integrated circuit technology has the ability to handle data cpu cpu, ram random access memory read only memory rom, a variety of i/o mouth and interrupt system, timer/timer function (may include display driver circuit, pulse width modulation circuit, simulation way more converter, a/d converter circuits, etc) integrated into one of these forms of a small and perfect computer system.single-chip microcomputer and says monolithic micro controller, it is not a complete a logical function chips, but put a computer system integration to a chip. the equivalent of a miniature computer, and computer, compared to the microcontroller lack only i/o devices. summary of speak: a chip to become a computer. its small volume, light quality, price cheap, application and development of learning, provides the convenience. at the same time, learn to use single chip computer is to know the principle and structure of the best choice.the basic structure of single chip microcomputersingle chip microcomputer, controller, by unit memory, input and output devices to form.hardware characteristicssingle chip microcomputer high level of integration. scm includes cpus, 4 kb capacity of the rom (8031 no), 128 b capacity of the ram, two 16 timing/counters, four eight parallel port, full-duplex serial line mouth. 2, system structure is simple, easy to use, realize the modular; 3 and single-chip microcomputer high reliability, can work to 10 6 10 7 hours trouble-free; 4, processing functions is strong, fast speed.working processsingle chip microcomputer automatic completion of task to give it the process, is also the microcontroller program execution process, i.e. a executed instructions of the process, the so-called is the single chip microcomputer instruction execution of all kinds of operation requirements with the form of the command to write down, this is the design personnel give it the instructions of the system of the decision, an instruction corresponds to a fundamental operation; single chip can perform all of the instructions, is the single chip microcomputer instruction system, and different kinds of single chip microcomputer, the instruction system is also different. in order to make scm can automatically accomplish a specific task, must take to solve the problem into a series of instructions (these instructions must be selected single chip can identify and executed instructions), this series of set of instructions will become program, the program need to be stored in the memory function is part-storage. memory by many storage unit (minimum storage unit) composition, like big buildings have many of the same room, the instruction is stored in the unit, the unit of instructions in take out and execute like big buildings of each room is assigned to the only one room number, each a storage unit must also be assigned to the only address number, this address, known as the address of a storage location, such as long as know the address of the storage unit, you can find the storage unit, including storage instructions can be taken out, and then executed. program is usually sequential order, so the instructions in the program is also a sequence of storage, microcomputer in the execution procedures can put these instructions to take out and to perform a, there must be a component can track instructions location, the components that are the program counter pc (including the cpu) at the beginning of the execution procedures, to pc attached to the first instruction program in the address, and then get each to perform commands, pc in content will automatically increase, by the instructions to increase the length, may be 1, 2 or 3, the next instruction to point to the starting address of the, ensure instruction sequence execution.the application of single chip microcomputerat present single chip microcomputer permeate every aspect of our lives, almost hard to find no trace of the single chip microcomputer which field. missile navigation device, the plane on various kinds of instrument control, computer network communication and data transmission, industrial automation process real-time control and data processing, the extensive use of all kinds of intelligent ic card, civilian luxury car security system, video, video camera, automatic washing machine control, and spc toys, electronic pets, all of these cannot leave the microcontroller. not to mention the automatic control in the field of intelligent instruments, robot, medical equipment and various kinds of intelligent machinery. therefore, the study of single chip, the development, and the application will create a number of computer application, and intelligent control of scientists and engineers.microcontroller learningsingle chip technology have been widely used in every field, this is a very popular in the unceasing innovation and technology. have a chance or are interested in studying the door technology, is to be encouraged to try, this technology is also recommended door. in fact many people now use the c programming language, assembly seems to be behind the times, however, it is still the most direct description language, hope some experience of the author, a little reference for beginners. learn the key of single chip microcomputer, also is to study the programming, learning to make up chengxian learning instruction system. master the accurate meaning, using the instructions and related conditions and hardware resources, the relations of the understand the hardware resources, such as memory, interruption, counter, timers and i/o, and external resources. a program or a program, always a certain purpose or some purpose, organization instructions, with the language to mobilize the related resources, achieve certain design goal. learning programming the primary phases, can be read from a small routine started by jane to numerous, 2, and gradually to read a short complete program. like before writing articles, should have to learn to read the article, article describing, finally can write a good article. reference existing procedures for a new purpose modify the program; gradually skilled can strategy resource architecture program. read program will analyze the program. program and the article, there in a program should have a clear purpose, analysis program to have the concept of paragraphs and architecture. no matter how long the program, it will be divided into several paragraphs, simplified structure diagram, the programs structure and purpose is clearly visible. read procedure, can see the thread of the program, understand the gist of program, if we can find out the sword of incision, still can find and modify the omissions, is from a programming staff not far away. write a program, often in one take, then dont pay attention to add comments, actually comments is very important. because a commercial value software, often can be yourself or other personnel within the team repeatedly borrow, again and again modification; clear comments, favorable future borrowing and modification. note the key is: the memory unit assign the use, marks definition, procedure of inlet and outlet, i/o use. these all should have a clear list, not in use and modify conflicts, also conducive to testing software failure. for a long program, had better have paragraph the labeling of target. a programming staff of resources and the relationship between language, should have a profound understanding. resources are the object of the language is to be described; programming is organic to organize language, use and transfer these resources, and then reach some design purpose. using relevant instructions composition statements, and describe the changing process of some resources, which constitute a events; interlaced several events constitute a design project. the timer and counter that events have the time and the concept of order, also is our common speak of time and space concept. scm (computer as well) to describe the space and time, also can describe our concern many events; therefore, we also are all over the side of the single chip computer. on the phone, mp3, pda, the home of air conditioning, the refrigerator, microwave oven, and vehicle, the office of printers, fax machines, all areas of measurement control instruments and so on, microcontroller is everywhere. really master of single chip microcomputer, no doubt, to the personal employment and career development is very beneficial. a truly effective master this door technology, but also to the related electronic technology is certain to fix for, such as digital logic and analog electronic technology and electronic technology foundation. the rise the electronic technology in addition to the single chip microcomputer, and cpld, fpga, dsp technology. in the present application series microcontroller arm and most widely used. hope are interested in the opportunity and friends, according to their own conditions and work need, first introduction to master the essentials, we learn the practice, always began in earnest.sensorsensor is a physical device or biological organs, can detect, feeling outside signal, physical conditions, such as light, heat, degrees or chemical composition (such as smoke), and the discovery of information to other devices or organs. english name: transducer/sensor gb7665-87 national standards for the definition of the sensor is: can feel the provisions that is measured according to certain rules can be converted into a signal devices or device, usually by sensitive components and conversion components. sensor is a detection device, can feel the information is measured, and can feel of the information, test according to certain rule transformation become electrical signals or other required forms of information output, to meet the information transmission, processing, storage, display, record and control requirements. it is achieve automatic detection and automatic control of the first link.functionoften the function of the sensors with human 5 big sense organs par: photosensitive sensor-visual sound sensor-hearing gas sensors-smell chemical sensors-taste pressure sensitive, wenmin, fluid sensor-touch sensitive element classification: (1) physical class, based on force, heat, light, electric, magnetic harmony etc physical effects. (2) the chemical class, based on the principle of chemical reaction. (3) of biological, based on the enzyme, antibodies, and hormone and molecular recognition function. according to the basic perception usually function can be divided into temperature sensing elements, photosensitive components, gas-sensitive element, force sensitive components, magnetic susceptibility components, wet sensitive components, sound sensitive components, radiation sensitive components, color sensitive components and taste sensitive components, the 10 categories (and people who brought sensitive components points 46 class).according to the classification of sensor principlevibration sensor wet sensor magnetic sensor vacuum gas sensor sensor biological sensors, etc.but as a gas sensor to various kinds of gas sensitive device, capable of detecting various gas composition and concentration, so are widely used in detect all kinds of poisonous and harmful gas; all kinds of combustible gas detection; the greenhouse gas detection and pollution environment gas; monitoring and control car tail gas, industrial waste gas; detection and analysis, such as fish, meat food smell and breathe out, in order to understand the freshness and food health,. . in short, with the development of scientific technology, peoples living standard and life quality improvement and application field of gas sensors is more and more expanded. along with the application domain expansion, the people to the requirements of the gas sensor more and more is also high, ask its sensitive and selective, low power consumption, small volume, light weight, low price, integration, intelligence, muti_function change, etc.various traditional gas sensors, as long as the structure and production technology of the corresponding change, in principle can be used to create a mems technology, become mems gas sensors. with the powerful microelectronics industry for its powerful support, ic technology and mems technology progress was, for gas sensors will provide an excellent opportunity.characteristicssensor and static characteristicthe sensor static characteristic is to point to to static input signal, sensor output and input of the relationship between has. because the input of the output and time is of all and, so, the relationship between them is static characteristic of the sensor can be used a excluding time variable algebraic equation, or to enter the abscissa denotes of, and its corresponding output and draw for y-coordinate characteristic curve to describe. characterization of the main parameters of sensor static characteristics are: linearity, sensitivity, hysteresis, repeatability, drifting, etc. (1) linear degrees: refers to the sensor output and input of the relationship between the actual curve deviation from the extent of the fitting line. defined as in all the range range actual characteristic curve and the fitting line the maximum deviation between value and the full range of output value than. (2) sensitivity: sensitivity is the sensor and static characteristic is one of important index. defined as the output value increment and cause the increment of the input of the corresponding ratio of the delta. use s said sensitivity. (3) hysteresis: sensor in the input of the small to large (are trip) and by the input of the big to small (the trip) during changes its input/output characteristic curve is not coincidence phenomenon be delay. for the same size of input signal, and the output signal of the sensor trip is not equal size, the difference value is called the delay difference. (4) repeatability: repeatability is refers to the sensor in the same direction according to the input of the whole range has repeatedly change, the characteristic curve is not the same degree. (5) drift: the sensor is to point to in input of the drift under the condition of invariable, sensor output change over time, this phenomenon is called drift. the cause of the drift has produced two aspects: one is the sensor itself structure parameters; 2 it is the surrounding environment, such as temperature, humidity, etc.).the dynamic characteristics of the sensordynamic characteristics, it is to point to in the input sensor changes, it is the output characteristics. in practice, the dynamic characteristics of the sensor used it for some standard input signal response to said. this is because the standard input signal sensors to the response of the easy to use the experimental method calculated, and it for standard input signal and the response of the input signal for any it has certain relationship between response, often know the former can presumed the latter. the most commonly used standard input signal have order jump signal and the sine signal two kinds, so the dynamic characteristic of sensor are also used step response and frequency response to said.sensor linearityusually, the actual static output features sensor is a curve rather than a straight line. in actual work, to make instruments have uniform scale readings, commonly used a fitting lines approximate represent the actual characteristic curve, the linear degrees (nonlinear error) is the approximate degree of a performance indicators. the fitting line, the selection of a number of methods. if the zero input and output connected full range theory as a straight line fitting line; or will and characteristic curve deviation of different points on the theory of minimum squares of the straight line as the fitting line, the fitting line called least squares fitting lines.the sensitivity of the sensorsensitivity refers to the steady-state operation situation sensor output change input of the change of accidents y x of the ratio of the accidents. it is a characteristic curves of input output slope. if the sensor output and input show linear relationship between, the sensitivity s is a constant. otherwise, it will be on the input of the changes. the dimension is the output, the sensitivity of the ratio of the input of the dimension. for example, a displacement sensor, the displacement change 1 mm, the output voltage change for 200 mv, it should be said for 200 mv sensitivity/mm. when the output of the input of the sensor, the same in dimension, can understand the sensitivity for magnification. improve sensitivity, can get high measuring accuracy. but the higher the sensitivity, measurement range is narrow, the stability also often the worse.the resolution of the sensorresolution is refers to the sensor can be felt by measuring the minimal change ability. that is, if the input of from a nonzero value change slowly. when the input change does not exceed a certain numerical value, the sensor output will not change, namely the quantity change this input sensor is distinguish not to come out. only when the quantity change more than resolution, the output will change. usually in full range sensor range of the each point is not the same resolution, so commonly used full range can output quantity to produce order of step change input of the biggest changes in the value as a measure of resolution index. the above indexes with full range if percent, it is known as resolution. resolution and the stability of the sensor is a nega