轻型木结构轻木构件.ppt

加拿大木业协会设计师培训班第一阶段轻型木结构CanadaWoodLevel1-Wood-FrameConstruction,构件设计FramingComponentsHerbertOttoB.Arch.,MRAIC,锯材SawnTimber胶合材Plywood,轻型木结构房屋使用不同的木产品AVarietyofWoodProductsareUsedtoFrameaHouse,木基结构材WoodBasedBuildingMaterials,规格材Dimensionedframinglumber轻型木结构使用标准的规格材（软木）Standarddimensionsoftwoodlumberusedinwood-frameconstruction名义尺寸Nominaldimensions2x2,2x3,2x4,2x6,2x8,2x10,2x12实际尺寸Actualdimensions1”x1”(38mmx38mm)1”x2”(38mmx64mm)1”x3”(38mmx89mm)1”x5”(38mmx140mm)1”x7”(38mmx184mm)1”x9”(38mmx235mm)1”x11”(38mmx235mm)长度Lengths从2.4m到7.3m，每级增加600mmIncrementsof2feet(600mm)from8ft(2.4m)to24ft(7.3m),木基结构材WoodBasedBuildingMaterials,板材Boards标准尺寸的软木板材Standardsizesofsoftwoodlumberboards名义尺寸Nominaldimensions1x21x31x41x61x8实际尺寸Actualdimensions”x1”(19mmx38mm)”x2”(19mmx64mm)”x3”(19mmx89mm)”x5”(19mmx140mm)”x7”(19mmx184mm),框架用木材FramingLumber,用于轻型木结构的软木树种Speciesofsoftwoodlumberusedinwoodframeconstruction花旗松DouglasFir西部落叶松WesternLarch西部铁杉WesternHemlock云杉Spruce松Pine冷衫Fir材性接近的树种放在一起使用Specieswithsimilarcharacteristicsgivencommercialgroupdesignations云杉-松-冷杉SprucePineFirS-P-F花旗松-落叶松DouglasFir-LarchD.Fir-L铁杉-冷杉Hemlock-FirHem-Fir指接材FingerJointedLumber较短的材料，如38x89和38x140指接在一起形成较长的材料Shortlengthsof38x89and38x140(2x4and2x6)joinedtoformlongerpieces.用于墙骨柱Usedforstuds没有翘曲Doesnotwarp材料利用率高Efficientuseofmaterials,规格材分等GradingLumber,加拿大的规格材有目测分等和机械分等(MSR)LumberinCanadavisuallygradedormachinestressrated(MSR)分等依据Selectstructural高强度Higheststrength良好的外观Bestappearance一等Number1和上述分等依据相似，但允许出现更大的结疤Similartoselectstructuralbutlargerknots二等Number2和一等的强度分等相似，但外观稍差Similarstrengthtonumber1butnotasgoodvisualappearance三等Number3大量用于施工，外观没有要求Widelyusedinconstructionwhereappearanceisnotafactor,规格材分等GradingLumber,墙骨柱等级StudGrade2x4和2x6的墙骨柱用于承受竖向荷载2x4and2x6ratedforverticalloading施工级材和标准级材用于结构构件Constructiongradeandstandardgradeusedforstructuralapplications实用级和经济级材用于非结构构件Utilitygradeandeconomygradefornon-structuralapplications,分等机构GradingAgency,生产厂代码Milldesignation,树种SpeciesGroup,含水率MoistureContent,指定的等级AssignedGrade,分等认证章GradingStamps,规格材每600mm有一个分等认证章Gradingstampsareplacedonlumberevery600mm(2ft.)只有经认证的机构才能敲章Onlyissuedbyaccreditedassociationsoragencies,根据树种，木材被锯成标准尺寸，并按照指定的产品强度和性能进行分等Lumberissortedbyspecies,sawnintostandardsizesandisgradedwhichresultsinapredictableproductwithknownstrengthandperformancecharacteristics,加拿大轻型木结构CanadianWoodFrameHousing,木基覆面板材WoodBasedSheathings,在轻型木结构中广泛使用，也可以和轻型钢结构一起使用Widelyusedinwood-frameconstructionandincombinationwithsteelframing墙骨柱、搁栅和椽条之间的跨度Spansbetweenstuds,joistsandrafters可以提高墙体、楼盖和屋顶抵抗振动、静荷以及地震作用的能力Contributestoracking,loadbearingandearthquakeresistanceofwall,floorandroofassemblies,用于楼盖、墙体和屋面的胶合板PlywoodFloor,WallandRoofSheathing,覆面板材料由薄木片胶合成Panelmaterialmadeofthinwoodveneers良好的双向强度和刚度，抵抗冲击破坏和受潮时的尺寸变形Excellenttwowaystrengthandstiffness,resistancetoimpactdamageanddimensionalstabilitywhenwet采用企口板以保证楼面的平整和连续性，并考虑是否需要使用填块T&Gusedtoaensurecontinuousflatfloorandeliminateneedforblocking.保证平滑的表面，可以铺地毯或者其他的地面做法Providessmoothsurfaceforcarpetingandresilientflooring.根据结构需要，为了支承陶瓦，需要增加覆面板厚度Thickerfloorsheathingforincreasedstructuralsupportrequiredforceramictile,CourtesyoftheCanadianWoodCouncil,定向刨花板OrientedStrandBoard(OSB)Sheathing,定向刨花板采用速生材锯末、碎屑等细料胶合而成，其速生材可以用杨树和白杨Panelmaterialmadefromadhesiveandstrands,flakesorwafersproducedfromsmalldiameterlogsoffastgrowingspeciessuchasPoplarandAspen.墙体、楼盖和屋顶也可以使用相近厚度的胶合板Wall,floorandroofsheathingwithsimilarthicknessesaplywood.可以参考结构板材协会的网站获得技术资料和正确的安装步骤RefertoStructuralBoardAssociationforwebsitefortechnicalinformationandcorrectinstallationprocedures,CourtesyoftheStructuralBoardAssociation,其它覆面板产品OtherSheathingProducts,沥青基防火板Asphaltimpregnatedfibreboard沥青处理过的石膏板Asphalttreatedgypsumboard(gyplap)内墙用石膏板Interiorgypsumboard刚性保温覆面板Rigidinsulationsheathings聚苯乙烯挤塑板Extrudedpolystyrene发泡聚苯乙烯板Expandedpolystyrene多异氰脲酸酯板Polyisocyanurate水泥板Cementboard,工程木产品EngineeredWoodProducts,搁栅、梁和框架构件可以用规格材、木纤维或刨花合成材Joists,beamsandframingmadefromdimensionlumber,woodfibresorstrandsheldtogetherwithabinder.保护森林资源Conservesforestresources降低建筑浪费Reducesconstructionwaste实现更大的建筑净跨Allowslongerclearspans类型Types木工字型搁栅WoodIjoists平行木片胶合木Parallelstrandbeamsandposts层叠木片胶合木Laminatedveneerlumber(LVL)腹板开洞搁栅Openwebjoists,工字型搁栅WoodIjoists,弦杆由规格材或层叠木片胶合木构成，腹板由定向刨花板或胶合板构成DimensionlumberorLVLcordsandOSBorplywoodweb相同跨度时，比规格材轻Lighterweightforsamespanasdimensionedlumber实现的跨度比规格材更大Capableoflongerspansthandimensionedlumber风道和电线在搁栅中穿越的空间更大Deeperjoistscanallowforductworkaswellaselectricalandplumbing当用于屋顶椽条时，可以建造较大层高的天花板Whenusedasrafterscanallowforhighlevelsofinsulationabovecathedralceilings深度可以从241mm到508mmDepthsrangefrom241mm(9-1/2)to508mm(20)长度最大可达到18.3mLengthsupto18.3m(60ft),平行木片胶合木ParallelStrandLumber(PSL),花旗松的小木片胶合成梁，过梁和柱StripsofDouglasFirgluedtoformbeams,lintelsandposts材性稳定，不会出现收缩、翘曲、扭转、开裂和隆起Stablepredictableperformance,willnotshrink,warp,twist,splitorcrown平行木片胶合木的厚度从45mm到178mmPSLbeamsaresoldinthicknessesrangingfrom45mm(1-3/4),to178mm(7).长度最大可以达到20mUpto20m(66feet)inlength,层叠木片胶合木LaminatedVeneerLumber(LVL),软木薄片木纹方向交错胶合而成的梁Pliesofsoftwoodveneerwiththegrainrunninginthelongdirection,gluedtogethertoformabeam.结构性能可靠Reliablestructuralcharacteristics也适用于建筑上暴露的构件Alsoavailableinarchitecturalgradeforusewhereexposed厚度从19mm到89mmThicknessesfroml9mm(3/4)to89mm(3-1/2).长度最大可以达到24.4mLengthsupto24.4m(80ft.),CourtesyoftheCanadianWoodCouncil,腹板开洞平行弦桁架OpenWebParallelCordTrusses,上下弦杆采用规格材，腹板采用金属杆或规格材Dimensionedlumbertopandbottomcordwithwebmadeofmetalstrapsofdimensionedlumber跨度更大Canspanlargedistances自重轻Lightweight材料利用率高Efficientuseofmaterials管道和电线的排布穿越方便Canallowforeasyinstallationofductwork,plumbingandwiring现场不易调整长度Limitedabilitytoadjustlengthonsite,钉Nails,木结构Framing大多数轻型木结构用的钉都是低碳钢制作的Mostnailsusedinwoodframeconstructionaremadefrommildsteel当用于室外或易腐蚀环境中时，要使用热浸镀锌钉，不锈钢钉或表面处理过的钉Forexterioruseandwherecorrosionisaconcerngalvanized,stainlesssteelorcoatednailsareused顶的尺寸从12mm到150mm，最常用的钉为83mmNailsizesrangeinsizeform12mm(1/2”)to150mm(6”)withthemostcommonframingnailsbeing83mm(3”),钉的类型NailTypes普通钉Common带头的低碳钢钉Mildsteelnailwithhead双头钉Doubleheaded用于临时固定Usedfortemporaryfastening光圆钉Finishing用于需要隐蔽的连接Usedwherenailistobeconcealed螺纹钉Spiral可以增加握钉力Providesextraholdingpower环纹钉Ringed握钉力最大，永久性固定Highestholdingpower,permanentfastening屋面钉Roofing大而平的钉头防止撕裂Largeflatheadfortearresistance挂板钉CladdingandDecking圆头可以保证搭接时必要的间隙Roundedheadprovidesgapsbetweenlappedsiding,CourtesyCanadianWoodCouncil,钉Nails,金属连接件MetalFramingConnectors,用于木框架的连接Allpurposeframinganchor,抗拔连接件Tiedownframinganchor,用于抵抗地震荷载和风的上拔力Forresistingearthquakeandwinduplift,CourtesyCanadianWoodCouncil,金属连接件MetalFramingConnectors,三向连接件Triplegripframinganchor,直角连接件Framingangle,CourtesyCanadianWoodCouncil,金属连接件MetalFramingConnectors,搁栅和檩条挂钩Joistandpurlinhangers,桁架齿板Trussplates,CourtesyCanadianWoodCouncil,金属连接件MetalFramingConnectors,抗震锚固件Seismicanchors,轻型木结构建造方法FramingMethods,规格材的建造有三种基本的方法Constructionusinglumbercanbebrokenintothreebasicmethods一体通柱建造法Balloonframeconstruction多用于过去，现在很少使用Usedmoreinthepast,limitedusetoday梁柱建造法Postandbeamconstruction利基市场建造方法Nichemarketconstructionmethod平台式建造法Platformframeconstruction加拿大最常用的建造方法ThemostcommonmethodusedinCanada,一体通柱建造法BalloonFraming,一体通柱建造法Balloonframing外墙墙骨柱从基础到屋顶椽条是连续的Theexteriorwallsmadefromcontinuousstudsthatrunfromthefoundationroofrafters.楼盖搁栅支承在板条上Floorjoistsaresupportedonribbonboards较长的墙骨柱不容易施工Longstudlengthsmoredifficulttohandle收缩小于平台式建造法Lessshrinkagethanplatformframeconstruction墙体内的保温层可以从基础到屋顶连续布置Allowsfulldepthwallinsulationfromthefoundationtotheroof.墙体空腔内要设置防火挡块Fireblockingmayberequiredinwallcavity,梁柱式或重型木结构PostandBeamorHeavyTimberFraming,主要的结构构件采用大尺寸的规格材做梁和柱Majorstructuralmembersarelargedimensionlumberpostsandbeams可以使用胶合木或平行木片胶合木Mayusegluelaminatedorparallelstrandcomponents通常结构在室内是暴露的Structuretypicallyexposedinside非承重墙体由墙骨柱和预制面板构成Wallinfillpanelsconsistofstudframedwallsorprefabricatedpanels,平台式建造法PlatformFraming,平台式建造法Platformframing一种简便的建造方式，可以使用小断面的规格材Asimpleconstructionmethodthatallowstheuseofstandardsmalldimensionlumber每一层楼盖都能提供一个施工平台用以布置和搭建内外墙体Eachfloorprovidesaworkingplatformforthelayoutandframingoftheinteriorandexteriorwalls理论上说灵活的施工方法可以建造各种形状和风格的建筑Flexibilityallowsvirtuallyanyshapeorstyleofbuildingtobeconstructed修改方便Canbeeasilymodified.,平台式建造法PlatformFraming,屋顶桁架Rooftrusses,38x89or38x140mm墙骨柱38x89or38x140mm(2x4or2x6)studwalls,楼盖覆面板Floorsheathing,楼盖搁栅Floorjoists,基础Foundation,结构概念和构件StructuralConceptsandComponents,可以指定一或两个构件来解释和抵抗下述任何一种结构概念和受力Foreachofthefollowingstructuralconceptsandforces,identifyoneor2woodframebuildingcomponentsthatareusedtoresistthese受压Compression受拉Tension水平支撑Lateralbracing受剪Shear楼盖/墙体Diaphragms悬挑Cantilevers,结构概念和构件StructuralConceptsandComponents,受压Compression墙骨柱Studs柱Posts地梁板Sillplates过梁Lintels梁Beams支撑Blocking搁栅Joists,结构概念和构件StructuralConceptsandComponents,受拉Tension搁栅Joists梁Beams桁架Trusses木板条Straps锚固件Anchors,结构概念和构件StructuralConceptsandComponents,水平支撑LateralBracing横撑Struts覆面板（胶合板、定向刨花板和石膏板）Sheetgoods(plywood,OSB,gypsumboard)金属拉条Metalstraps,结构概念和构件StructuralConceptsandComponents,受剪Shear胶合板Plywood钉Nails连接板Gussetplates节点Joists梁Beams,结构概念和构件StructuralConceptsandComponents,楼盖或墙体Diaphragms胶合板和定向刨花板PlywoodandOSB石膏板Gypsumboard椽条和搁栅Raftersandjoists剪刀撑Crossbracing,结构概念和构件StructuralConceptsandComponents,悬挑Cantilevers搁栅Joists梁Beams椽条Rafters桁架Trusses,规格材含水率FramingLumberMoistureContent,木材含水率Moisturecontentinwood湿材含水率为30%到300%Greenlumbermoisturecontent30%to300%木材干燥时收缩Aswooddriesshrinkageoccurs顺纹方向出现最大的收缩Largestshrinkageparalleltograin规格材含水率为19%或更低Framinglumberconsidereddrywhen19%orless干燥材Driedlumberis尺寸更稳定Moredimensionallystable更轻Lighter运输更经济Moreeconomicaltoship,Typically8%shrinkage,Typically4%shrinkage,Typically0.1%shrinkage,规格材的干燥FramingLumberDrying,气干AirDrying防止雨水的侵蚀Protectedfromrain需要数月时间Processtakesmonths不需要使用能源Noenergyrequired窑干KilnDrying热量和相对湿度可以控制，空气可以循环流通Heatandrelativehumidityarecontrolled,airiscirculatedthroughlumber高温可以杀死昆虫和其它大部分有机物质，和干燥材一样Temperatureskillinsectsandmostotherorganismsaswellasdrylumber需要几天时间Processtakesdays需要使用能源，会间接影响规格材成本Energyrequiredtoheatkilnspotentiallyaffectingcostoflumber窑干的规格材需要敲章S-DRY或S-GDNKilndriedlumberstampedS-DRYorS-GDN,PhotoNickMorley,CourtesyCanadianWoodCouncil,规格材FramingLumber,堆放和防潮StorageandProtectionFromMoisture当干燥到19%的含水率后必须保持干燥Oncedriedto19%mustbekeptdry需要遮盖Undercover用防水材料包裹Wrappedinwaterresistantwrapping(housewrap),现场含水率测试FieldMoistureMeasurement,测试规格材含水率Measuringmoisturecontentofframinglumber插入式含水率测量仪是最常用的PintypeDCresistancemoisturemetermostcommonlyused必须插入木材8mm才能精确测量Mustpenetratewood8mm(5/16”)foraccuratereading不同的树种需要进行调整Mustbeadjustedforeachspecies,现场含水率测试FieldMoistureMeasurement,所有的木材在完工前含水率必须控制在19%或以下Allframingmust19%moisturecontentorlessbeforeclosingin检测含水率的关键Keyareastocheckformoisture外墙ExteriorWalls木材大面积集中的地方Areasoflar