Chinese Culture—7 Science and Technology.ppt

ChineseCulture,Chapter7ScienceandTechnology,TheHistoryofScienceandTechnologyinAncientChina,ThehistoryofscienceandtechnologyinChinaisbothlongandrichwithmanycontributionstoscienceandtechnology.Inantiquity,ancientChinesephilosophersmadesignificantadvancesinscience,technology,mathematics,andastronomy.Thefirstrecordedobservationsofcomets,solareclipses,andsupernovaeweremadeinChina.TraditionalChinesemedicine,acupunctureandherbalmedicinewerealsopracticed.,TheHistoryofScienceandTechnologyinAncientChina,Amongtheearliestinventionsweretheabacus(算盘),theshadowclock,(日晷)andthefirstflyingmachinessuchaskitesandKongminglanterns.,TheHistoryofScienceandTechnologyinAncientChina,ThefourGreatInventionsofancientChina:thecompass,gunpowder,papermaking,andprinting,wereamongthemostimportanttechnologicaladvances,onlyknowninEuropebytheendoftheMiddleAges.TheTangDynasty(AD618-906)inparticular,wasatimeofgreatinnovation.,TheHistoryofScienceandTechnologyinAncientChina,TheJesuitChinamissionsofthe16thand17thcenturiesintroducedWesternscienceandastronomy,thenundergoingitsownrevolution,toChina,andknowledgeofChinesetechnologywasbroughttoEurope.MuchoftheearlyWesternworkinthehistoryofscienceinChinawasdonebyJosephNeedham(李约瑟).,JosephandhisBook,JosephNeedham(19001995),FourGreatInventionsofAncientChina,Paper-firstappearedintheWesternHanDynasty(206BC-23AD)IntheEasternHanDynasty(25-220),acourtofficialnamedCaiLunmadeanewkindofpaperfrombark,hemp,rags,fishnet,wheatstalksandothermaterials.Gunpowder,alsocalledblackpowder,isamixtureofsulfur,charcoal,andpotassiumnitrate.hasbeenwidelyusedasapropellantinfirearmsandasapyrotechniccompositioninfireworks.Printingisaprocessforreproducingtextandimage,typicallywithinkonpaperusingaprintingpress.ByAD593,woodblockprintingwasinwideuseinChina,andthefirstprintedperiodical,theKaiyuanZaBaowasmadeavailableinBeijinginAD713.CompassThecompassstartedoutasawoodencirclewithmarkingsonit,andamagneticspoonontop.,蔡伦和纸,印刷术,Compass,Compass-wasforreligioususe.Whenanewhouseswasbeingbuilt,theusedittoseeifthehousewasfacedinperfectharmonywithnature(whichmeanttheythoughtifyoufacedyourhousetomagneticnorth,youandnaturewouldgetalong).Thecompassstartedoutasawoodencirclewithmarkingsonit,andamagneticspoonontop.,Compass,Fireworks,ThesewereThefireworksweremainlysmallbamboocasesfilledwithgunpowder,andafusewasputontheside.FireworkswereinventedintheTangdynastyinthe12thcenturytoscareawayevilspirits,asanaturalextensionoftheChineseinventionofgunpowder.SuchimportanteventsandfestivitiesasChineseNewYearandtheMid-AutumnMoonFestivalwereandstillaretimeswhenfireworksareguaranteedsights.Chinaisthelargestmanufacturerandexporteroffireworksintheworld.,Anotherpictureaboutfirework,MoziandScience,AprecursortoNewtonsfirstlawofmotion.JosephNeedham（韩少功）：我读古代的书有一个爱好，特别喜欢注意作者举什么样的例子，打什么样的比方，注意这些例子和比方来自什么样的生存方式。我读墨子的时候，发现他最喜欢用制陶、造车、筑墙一类活动来打比方，一看就知道这是个工程师，实干家，成天在生产现场转，肯定经常有一身臭汗，与孔子、孟子、荀子那一类白领阶级不一样。我读柏拉图、亚里士多德、贺拉斯的时候，发现他们常常说到牧羊人、羊皮、马、牛肉，很容易从中嗅出游牧生活背景；还发现他们常常说到船、战船、帆、船长、舵、航行、进口、出口，商人，一一透出地中海岸商业繁荣的气息。钱穆先生说，读史一定要读出人，这是对的。我们读语言也一定要读出生活，就像你说的要读出苏南和苏北的生存方式来，如此才能设身处地地了解人文。,KaoGongJi,HandcraftindustryTechnicalstandardinancientChina,Astronomy,ConstellationsSunspots,meteorites,eclipses,andcometsShiShen:starmaps,DuJiangYanWeir,ChengduPlainLandofNaturalAbundance(天府之国),ShuPrefecture:LiBing,Crossbow弩,Bronzecrossbowboltsdatingasearlyasmid5thcenturyBCwerefoundataStateofChuburialsiteinYutaishan,Hubei.Theearliesthandheldcrossbowstockswithbronzetrigger,datingfromthe6thcenturyBC,comesfromTomb3and12foundatQufu,Shandong,capitaloftheStateofLu.OtherearlyfindsofcrossbowswerediscoveredinTomb138atSaobatang,Hunandatedtomid4thcenturyBC.,TheGreatScientistZhangHeng,AmultitalentedscientistHouFengDiDongYiThearmillarysphere,ZhoubiSuanjing周髀算经,ZhoubiSuanjing(TheArithmeticalClassicoftheGnomonandtheCircularPathsofHeaven)(100B.C.-100A.D.):anastronomytextMeasuresthepositionoftheheavenlybodiesThemovementofthesunandobservationsofthemoonandstarsGougurule=PythagorasTheorem,JiuzhangSuanshu九章算术,FinishedintheearlyEasternHanDynastyNinechapters,246questionsLiuHuiandLiChunfengannotated:263and656IntroducedtoKoreaandJapanduringtheSuiandTangDynasties,MaJun马钧,WeiintheThreeKingdomsOeriodDesignweaponsThecompassvehicle：ageardriven-systemanautomaticclutch(自动离合装置)EnhancetheweavingmachineInventakindofwaterwheel,GeHong葛洪,Taoism:innerchapters:Daoistthemesouterchapters:ConfusiantopicsAlchemy:modernchemistry,ZuChongzhi祖冲之,Mathematicianandastonomerpibetween3.1415926and3.1415926TheDamingCalendar:theprecessionoftheequinoxesequinoxes平分点(春、秋分)(precessionoftheequinoxes)gradualchangeintheangleatwhichtheearthrevolvesdaily,causingtheequinoxestooccurslightlyearlierineachsuccessiveyear岁差（地球自转角度的渐次变化,使每年的春分点及秋分点比上年略为提前）.,JiaSixie贾思勰,AviceroyofNorthernWeiEssentialSkillsinImprovingPeoplesLife齐民要术：farmingandhusbandryplantinganddroughtcontrol,LiDaoyuan郦道元,ANorthernWeiofficerNotesonWaterClassic水经注illustrationsandmapshydrologyoftheYangtzeRiverWhiteCraneRidge(白鹤梁),ScienceandTechnologyinSui,Tang,FiveDynastiesandTenKingdomsPeriod,LiuZhuo刘焯:animportantastronomerTheHuangjiCalender皇极历CalculatethepositionsandpathsofthefiveplanetsZhugeYing诸葛颖:SewingandCultivation种植法ChaoYuanfang:巢元方OriginandTreatmentoftheDisease诸病源候论PeiJu裴矩:XiyuTuji西域图记,AnjiBridgenearZhaozhoutheoldestextantsegmentarchstonebridgeinChinainHebeiProvinceLiChun李春intheSuiDynastyEmperorYangdi隋炀帝:theGrandCanalthebridgeofeconomicandculturecommunication,ScienceandTechnologyinSui,Tang,FiveDynastiesandTenKingdomsPeriod,AstronomyYixing一行：TheDayanCalendar大衍历XuAng徐昂：TheXuanmingCalendar宣明历MathematicsWangXiaotong王孝通：JiguSuangjing缉古算经LiChunfeng李淳风,LiangShu梁述,WangZhenru王真儒:TheTenmathematicalClassics算经十书,ScienceandTechnologyinSui,Tang,FiveDynastiesandTenKingdomsPeriod,AgricultureLuGuimeng陆龟蒙：TheBookofAgriculturalTools耒耜经LuYu陆羽：TheBookofTea茶经LiShi李石：SimuAnjiJi司牧安骥集HanE韩鄂：EssentialFarmActivitiesinAllFourSeasons四时纂要Ceramics：glazingandthethreecoloredglazing,ScienceandTechnologyinSui,Tang,FiveDynastiesandTenKingdomsPeriod,GoldandsilverworkScientificdescriptionof:rainbow,waves,echo,andcrystalsBookprinting:BuddhistmonksTheNineConfucianClassics九经,ScienceandTechnologyinSui,Tang,FiveDynastiesandTenKingdomsPeriod,ScienceandTechnologyinSongandYuanDynasties,MoveableprintingtypesblockprintingBiSheng毕昇:BakedclayMoveabletypeprintingKorea,Japan,Vietnam,andEurope,GunpowderandRocketry真元妙道要略武经总要齐东野语,ScienceandTechnologyinSongandYuanDynasties,ShenKuo沈括BrushTalksfromDreamBrook梦溪笔谈a.fossilb.沧海桑田c.气候变迁d.coalcharcoale.inkf.Magnetizedneedlesg.dailyrecordsofobservationh.trigonometry（三角法）,ScienceandTechnologyinSongandYuanDynasties,GuoShoujing郭守敬a.莲花漏：awaterclockb.theregulationsofChinasirrigationandwaterwaysc.TheShoushiCalender授时历d.astronomicalobservationstations,ScienceandTechnologyinSongandYuanDynasties,XuGuangqi徐光启a.PaulMatteoRiccib.EuclidsFundamentalsofGeometry欧几里得的几何原理c.TheBookofAgriculture农政全书d.